2 * arch/s390x/kernel/linux32.c
5 * Copyright (C) 2000 IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, IBM Corporation
6 * Author(s): Martin Schwidefsky (schwidefsky@de.ibm.com),
7 * Gerhard Tonn (ton@de.ibm.com)
8 * Thomas Spatzier (tspat@de.ibm.com)
10 * Conversion between 31bit and 64bit native syscalls.
12 * Heavily inspired by the 32-bit Sparc compat code which is
13 * Copyright (C) 1997,1998 Jakub Jelinek (jj@sunsite.mff.cuni.cz)
14 * Copyright (C) 1997 David S. Miller (davem@caip.rutgers.edu)
19 #include <linux/kernel.h>
20 #include <linux/sched.h>
23 #include <linux/file.h>
24 #include <linux/signal.h>
25 #include <linux/resource.h>
26 #include <linux/times.h>
27 #include <linux/utsname.h>
28 #include <linux/smp.h>
29 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
30 #include <linux/sem.h>
31 #include <linux/msg.h>
32 #include <linux/shm.h>
33 #include <linux/slab.h>
34 #include <linux/uio.h>
35 #include <linux/nfs_fs.h>
36 #include <linux/quota.h>
37 #include <linux/module.h>
38 #include <linux/sunrpc/svc.h>
39 #include <linux/nfsd/nfsd.h>
40 #include <linux/nfsd/cache.h>
41 #include <linux/nfsd/xdr.h>
42 #include <linux/nfsd/syscall.h>
43 #include <linux/poll.h>
44 #include <linux/personality.h>
45 #include <linux/stat.h>
46 #include <linux/filter.h>
47 #include <linux/highmem.h>
48 #include <linux/highuid.h>
49 #include <linux/mman.h>
50 #include <linux/ipv6.h>
52 #include <linux/icmpv6.h>
53 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
54 #include <linux/sysctl.h>
55 #include <linux/binfmts.h>
56 #include <linux/capability.h>
57 #include <linux/compat.h>
58 #include <linux/vfs.h>
59 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
60 #include <linux/fadvise.h>
61 #include <linux/ipc.h>
63 #include <asm/types.h>
64 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
69 #include "compat_linux.h"
71 long psw_user32_bits
= (PSW_BASE32_BITS
| PSW_MASK_DAT
| PSW_ASC_HOME
|
72 PSW_MASK_IO
| PSW_MASK_EXT
| PSW_MASK_MCHECK
|
73 PSW_MASK_PSTATE
| PSW_DEFAULT_KEY
);
74 long psw32_user_bits
= (PSW32_BASE_BITS
| PSW32_MASK_DAT
| PSW32_ASC_HOME
|
75 PSW32_MASK_IO
| PSW32_MASK_EXT
| PSW32_MASK_MCHECK
|
78 /* For this source file, we want overflow handling. */
88 #undef SET_OLDSTAT_UID
89 #undef SET_OLDSTAT_GID
93 #define high2lowuid(uid) ((uid) > 65535) ? (u16)overflowuid : (u16)(uid)
94 #define high2lowgid(gid) ((gid) > 65535) ? (u16)overflowgid : (u16)(gid)
95 #define low2highuid(uid) ((uid) == (u16)-1) ? (uid_t)-1 : (uid_t)(uid)
96 #define low2highgid(gid) ((gid) == (u16)-1) ? (gid_t)-1 : (gid_t)(gid)
97 #define SET_UID16(var, uid) var = high2lowuid(uid)
98 #define SET_GID16(var, gid) var = high2lowgid(gid)
99 #define NEW_TO_OLD_UID(uid) high2lowuid(uid)
100 #define NEW_TO_OLD_GID(gid) high2lowgid(gid)
101 #define SET_OLDSTAT_UID(stat, uid) (stat).st_uid = high2lowuid(uid)
102 #define SET_OLDSTAT_GID(stat, gid) (stat).st_gid = high2lowgid(gid)
103 #define SET_STAT_UID(stat, uid) (stat).st_uid = high2lowuid(uid)
104 #define SET_STAT_GID(stat, gid) (stat).st_gid = high2lowgid(gid)
106 asmlinkage
long sys32_chown16(const char __user
* filename
, u16 user
, u16 group
)
108 return sys_chown(filename
, low2highuid(user
), low2highgid(group
));
111 asmlinkage
long sys32_lchown16(const char __user
* filename
, u16 user
, u16 group
)
113 return sys_lchown(filename
, low2highuid(user
), low2highgid(group
));
116 asmlinkage
long sys32_fchown16(unsigned int fd
, u16 user
, u16 group
)
118 return sys_fchown(fd
, low2highuid(user
), low2highgid(group
));
121 asmlinkage
long sys32_setregid16(u16 rgid
, u16 egid
)
123 return sys_setregid(low2highgid(rgid
), low2highgid(egid
));
126 asmlinkage
long sys32_setgid16(u16 gid
)
128 return sys_setgid((gid_t
)gid
);
131 asmlinkage
long sys32_setreuid16(u16 ruid
, u16 euid
)
133 return sys_setreuid(low2highuid(ruid
), low2highuid(euid
));
136 asmlinkage
long sys32_setuid16(u16 uid
)
138 return sys_setuid((uid_t
)uid
);
141 asmlinkage
long sys32_setresuid16(u16 ruid
, u16 euid
, u16 suid
)
143 return sys_setresuid(low2highuid(ruid
), low2highuid(euid
),
147 asmlinkage
long sys32_getresuid16(u16 __user
*ruid
, u16 __user
*euid
, u16 __user
*suid
)
151 if (!(retval
= put_user(high2lowuid(current
->cred
->uid
), ruid
)) &&
152 !(retval
= put_user(high2lowuid(current
->cred
->euid
), euid
)))
153 retval
= put_user(high2lowuid(current
->cred
->suid
), suid
);
158 asmlinkage
long sys32_setresgid16(u16 rgid
, u16 egid
, u16 sgid
)
160 return sys_setresgid(low2highgid(rgid
), low2highgid(egid
),
164 asmlinkage
long sys32_getresgid16(u16 __user
*rgid
, u16 __user
*egid
, u16 __user
*sgid
)
168 if (!(retval
= put_user(high2lowgid(current
->cred
->gid
), rgid
)) &&
169 !(retval
= put_user(high2lowgid(current
->cred
->egid
), egid
)))
170 retval
= put_user(high2lowgid(current
->cred
->sgid
), sgid
);
175 asmlinkage
long sys32_setfsuid16(u16 uid
)
177 return sys_setfsuid((uid_t
)uid
);
180 asmlinkage
long sys32_setfsgid16(u16 gid
)
182 return sys_setfsgid((gid_t
)gid
);
185 static int groups16_to_user(u16 __user
*grouplist
, struct group_info
*group_info
)
190 for (i
= 0; i
< group_info
->ngroups
; i
++) {
191 group
= (u16
)GROUP_AT(group_info
, i
);
192 if (put_user(group
, grouplist
+i
))
199 static int groups16_from_user(struct group_info
*group_info
, u16 __user
*grouplist
)
204 for (i
= 0; i
< group_info
->ngroups
; i
++) {
205 if (get_user(group
, grouplist
+i
))
207 GROUP_AT(group_info
, i
) = (gid_t
)group
;
213 asmlinkage
long sys32_getgroups16(int gidsetsize
, u16 __user
*grouplist
)
220 get_group_info(current
->cred
->group_info
);
221 i
= current
->cred
->group_info
->ngroups
;
223 if (i
> gidsetsize
) {
227 if (groups16_to_user(grouplist
, current
->cred
->group_info
)) {
233 put_group_info(current
->cred
->group_info
);
237 asmlinkage
long sys32_setgroups16(int gidsetsize
, u16 __user
*grouplist
)
239 struct group_info
*group_info
;
242 if (!capable(CAP_SETGID
))
244 if ((unsigned)gidsetsize
> NGROUPS_MAX
)
247 group_info
= groups_alloc(gidsetsize
);
250 retval
= groups16_from_user(group_info
, grouplist
);
252 put_group_info(group_info
);
256 retval
= set_current_groups(group_info
);
257 put_group_info(group_info
);
262 asmlinkage
long sys32_getuid16(void)
264 return high2lowuid(current
->cred
->uid
);
267 asmlinkage
long sys32_geteuid16(void)
269 return high2lowuid(current
->cred
->euid
);
272 asmlinkage
long sys32_getgid16(void)
274 return high2lowgid(current
->cred
->gid
);
277 asmlinkage
long sys32_getegid16(void)
279 return high2lowgid(current
->cred
->egid
);
283 * sys32_ipc() is the de-multiplexer for the SysV IPC calls in 32bit emulation.
285 * This is really horribly ugly.
287 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
288 asmlinkage
long sys32_ipc(u32 call
, int first
, int second
, int third
, u32 ptr
)
290 if (call
>> 16) /* hack for backward compatibility */
297 return compat_sys_semtimedop(first
, compat_ptr(ptr
),
298 second
, compat_ptr(third
));
300 /* struct sembuf is the same on 32 and 64bit :)) */
301 return sys_semtimedop(first
, compat_ptr(ptr
),
304 return sys_semget(first
, second
, third
);
306 return compat_sys_semctl(first
, second
, third
,
309 return compat_sys_msgsnd(first
, second
, third
,
312 return compat_sys_msgrcv(first
, second
, 0, third
,
315 return sys_msgget((key_t
) first
, second
);
317 return compat_sys_msgctl(first
, second
, compat_ptr(ptr
));
319 return compat_sys_shmat(first
, second
, third
,
322 return sys_shmdt(compat_ptr(ptr
));
324 return sys_shmget(first
, (unsigned)second
, third
);
326 return compat_sys_shmctl(first
, second
, compat_ptr(ptr
));
333 asmlinkage
long sys32_truncate64(const char __user
* path
, unsigned long high
, unsigned long low
)
338 return sys_truncate(path
, (high
<< 32) | low
);
341 asmlinkage
long sys32_ftruncate64(unsigned int fd
, unsigned long high
, unsigned long low
)
346 return sys_ftruncate(fd
, (high
<< 32) | low
);
349 asmlinkage
long sys32_sched_rr_get_interval(compat_pid_t pid
,
350 struct compat_timespec __user
*interval
)
354 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs ();
357 ret
= sys_sched_rr_get_interval(pid
,
358 (struct timespec __force __user
*) &t
);
360 if (put_compat_timespec(&t
, interval
))
365 asmlinkage
long sys32_rt_sigprocmask(int how
, compat_sigset_t __user
*set
,
366 compat_sigset_t __user
*oset
, size_t sigsetsize
)
371 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs();
374 if (copy_from_user (&s32
, set
, sizeof(compat_sigset_t
)))
376 switch (_NSIG_WORDS
) {
377 case 4: s
.sig
[3] = s32
.sig
[6] | (((long)s32
.sig
[7]) << 32);
378 case 3: s
.sig
[2] = s32
.sig
[4] | (((long)s32
.sig
[5]) << 32);
379 case 2: s
.sig
[1] = s32
.sig
[2] | (((long)s32
.sig
[3]) << 32);
380 case 1: s
.sig
[0] = s32
.sig
[0] | (((long)s32
.sig
[1]) << 32);
384 ret
= sys_rt_sigprocmask(how
,
385 set
? (sigset_t __force __user
*) &s
: NULL
,
386 oset
? (sigset_t __force __user
*) &s
: NULL
,
391 switch (_NSIG_WORDS
) {
392 case 4: s32
.sig
[7] = (s
.sig
[3] >> 32); s32
.sig
[6] = s
.sig
[3];
393 case 3: s32
.sig
[5] = (s
.sig
[2] >> 32); s32
.sig
[4] = s
.sig
[2];
394 case 2: s32
.sig
[3] = (s
.sig
[1] >> 32); s32
.sig
[2] = s
.sig
[1];
395 case 1: s32
.sig
[1] = (s
.sig
[0] >> 32); s32
.sig
[0] = s
.sig
[0];
397 if (copy_to_user (oset
, &s32
, sizeof(compat_sigset_t
)))
403 asmlinkage
long sys32_rt_sigpending(compat_sigset_t __user
*set
,
409 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs();
412 ret
= sys_rt_sigpending((sigset_t __force __user
*) &s
, sigsetsize
);
415 switch (_NSIG_WORDS
) {
416 case 4: s32
.sig
[7] = (s
.sig
[3] >> 32); s32
.sig
[6] = s
.sig
[3];
417 case 3: s32
.sig
[5] = (s
.sig
[2] >> 32); s32
.sig
[4] = s
.sig
[2];
418 case 2: s32
.sig
[3] = (s
.sig
[1] >> 32); s32
.sig
[2] = s
.sig
[1];
419 case 1: s32
.sig
[1] = (s
.sig
[0] >> 32); s32
.sig
[0] = s
.sig
[0];
421 if (copy_to_user (set
, &s32
, sizeof(compat_sigset_t
)))
428 sys32_rt_sigqueueinfo(int pid
, int sig
, compat_siginfo_t __user
*uinfo
)
432 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs();
434 if (copy_siginfo_from_user32(&info
, uinfo
))
437 ret
= sys_rt_sigqueueinfo(pid
, sig
, (siginfo_t __force __user
*) &info
);
443 * sys32_execve() executes a new program after the asm stub has set
444 * things up for us. This should basically do what I want it to.
446 asmlinkage
long sys32_execve(void)
448 struct pt_regs
*regs
= task_pt_regs(current
);
450 unsigned long result
;
453 filename
= getname(compat_ptr(regs
->orig_gpr2
));
454 if (IS_ERR(filename
)) {
455 result
= PTR_ERR(filename
);
458 rc
= compat_do_execve(filename
, compat_ptr(regs
->gprs
[3]),
459 compat_ptr(regs
->gprs
[4]), regs
);
464 current
->thread
.fp_regs
.fpc
=0;
465 asm volatile("sfpc %0,0" : : "d" (0));
466 result
= regs
->gprs
[2];
474 #ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
477 sys32_init_module(void __user
*umod
, unsigned long len
,
478 const char __user
*uargs
)
480 return sys_init_module(umod
, len
, uargs
);
484 sys32_delete_module(const char __user
*name_user
, unsigned int flags
)
486 return sys_delete_module(name_user
, flags
);
489 #else /* CONFIG_MODULES */
492 sys32_init_module(void __user
*umod
, unsigned long len
,
493 const char __user
*uargs
)
499 sys32_delete_module(const char __user
*name_user
, unsigned int flags
)
504 #endif /* CONFIG_MODULES */
506 asmlinkage
long sys32_pread64(unsigned int fd
, char __user
*ubuf
,
507 size_t count
, u32 poshi
, u32 poslo
)
509 if ((compat_ssize_t
) count
< 0)
511 return sys_pread64(fd
, ubuf
, count
, ((loff_t
)AA(poshi
) << 32) | AA(poslo
));
514 asmlinkage
long sys32_pwrite64(unsigned int fd
, const char __user
*ubuf
,
515 size_t count
, u32 poshi
, u32 poslo
)
517 if ((compat_ssize_t
) count
< 0)
519 return sys_pwrite64(fd
, ubuf
, count
, ((loff_t
)AA(poshi
) << 32) | AA(poslo
));
522 asmlinkage compat_ssize_t
sys32_readahead(int fd
, u32 offhi
, u32 offlo
, s32 count
)
524 return sys_readahead(fd
, ((loff_t
)AA(offhi
) << 32) | AA(offlo
), count
);
527 asmlinkage
long sys32_sendfile(int out_fd
, int in_fd
, compat_off_t __user
*offset
, size_t count
)
529 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs();
533 if (offset
&& get_user(of
, offset
))
537 ret
= sys_sendfile(out_fd
, in_fd
,
538 offset
? (off_t __force __user
*) &of
: NULL
, count
);
541 if (offset
&& put_user(of
, offset
))
547 asmlinkage
long sys32_sendfile64(int out_fd
, int in_fd
,
548 compat_loff_t __user
*offset
, s32 count
)
550 mm_segment_t old_fs
= get_fs();
554 if (offset
&& get_user(lof
, offset
))
558 ret
= sys_sendfile64(out_fd
, in_fd
,
559 offset
? (loff_t __force __user
*) &lof
: NULL
,
563 if (offset
&& put_user(lof
, offset
))
569 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL
570 struct __sysctl_args32
{
580 asmlinkage
long sys32_sysctl(struct __sysctl_args32 __user
*args
)
582 struct __sysctl_args32 tmp
;
585 size_t __user
*oldlenp
= NULL
;
586 unsigned long addr
= (((unsigned long)&args
->__unused
[0]) + 7) & ~7;
588 if (copy_from_user(&tmp
, args
, sizeof(tmp
)))
591 if (tmp
.oldval
&& tmp
.oldlenp
) {
592 /* Duh, this is ugly and might not work if sysctl_args
593 is in read-only memory, but do_sysctl does indirectly
594 a lot of uaccess in both directions and we'd have to
595 basically copy the whole sysctl.c here, and
596 glibc's __sysctl uses rw memory for the structure
598 if (get_user(oldlen
, (u32 __user
*)compat_ptr(tmp
.oldlenp
)) ||
599 put_user(oldlen
, (size_t __user
*)addr
))
601 oldlenp
= (size_t __user
*)addr
;
605 error
= do_sysctl(compat_ptr(tmp
.name
), tmp
.nlen
, compat_ptr(tmp
.oldval
),
606 oldlenp
, compat_ptr(tmp
.newval
), tmp
.newlen
);
610 if (get_user(oldlen
, (size_t __user
*)addr
) ||
611 put_user(oldlen
, (u32 __user
*)compat_ptr(tmp
.oldlenp
)))
614 if (copy_to_user(args
->__unused
, tmp
.__unused
,
615 sizeof(tmp
.__unused
)))
622 struct stat64_emu31
{
623 unsigned long long st_dev
;
625 #define STAT64_HAS_BROKEN_ST_INO 1
627 unsigned int st_mode
;
628 unsigned int st_nlink
;
631 unsigned long long st_rdev
;
635 unsigned char __pad4
[4];
636 u32 __pad5
; /* future possible st_blocks high bits */
637 u32 st_blocks
; /* Number 512-byte blocks allocated. */
643 u32 __pad8
; /* will be high 32 bits of ctime someday */
644 unsigned long st_ino
;
647 static int cp_stat64(struct stat64_emu31 __user
*ubuf
, struct kstat
*stat
)
649 struct stat64_emu31 tmp
;
651 memset(&tmp
, 0, sizeof(tmp
));
653 tmp
.st_dev
= huge_encode_dev(stat
->dev
);
654 tmp
.st_ino
= stat
->ino
;
655 tmp
.__st_ino
= (u32
)stat
->ino
;
656 tmp
.st_mode
= stat
->mode
;
657 tmp
.st_nlink
= (unsigned int)stat
->nlink
;
658 tmp
.st_uid
= stat
->uid
;
659 tmp
.st_gid
= stat
->gid
;
660 tmp
.st_rdev
= huge_encode_dev(stat
->rdev
);
661 tmp
.st_size
= stat
->size
;
662 tmp
.st_blksize
= (u32
)stat
->blksize
;
663 tmp
.st_blocks
= (u32
)stat
->blocks
;
664 tmp
.st_atime
= (u32
)stat
->atime
.tv_sec
;
665 tmp
.st_mtime
= (u32
)stat
->mtime
.tv_sec
;
666 tmp
.st_ctime
= (u32
)stat
->ctime
.tv_sec
;
668 return copy_to_user(ubuf
,&tmp
,sizeof(tmp
)) ? -EFAULT
: 0;
671 asmlinkage
long sys32_stat64(char __user
* filename
, struct stat64_emu31 __user
* statbuf
)
674 int ret
= vfs_stat(filename
, &stat
);
676 ret
= cp_stat64(statbuf
, &stat
);
680 asmlinkage
long sys32_lstat64(char __user
* filename
, struct stat64_emu31 __user
* statbuf
)
683 int ret
= vfs_lstat(filename
, &stat
);
685 ret
= cp_stat64(statbuf
, &stat
);
689 asmlinkage
long sys32_fstat64(unsigned long fd
, struct stat64_emu31 __user
* statbuf
)
692 int ret
= vfs_fstat(fd
, &stat
);
694 ret
= cp_stat64(statbuf
, &stat
);
698 asmlinkage
long sys32_fstatat64(unsigned int dfd
, char __user
*filename
,
699 struct stat64_emu31 __user
* statbuf
, int flag
)
704 error
= vfs_fstatat(dfd
, filename
, &stat
, flag
);
707 return cp_stat64(statbuf
, &stat
);
711 * Linux/i386 didn't use to be able to handle more than
712 * 4 system call parameters, so these system calls used a memory
713 * block for parameter passing..
716 struct mmap_arg_struct_emu31
{
725 /* common code for old and new mmaps */
726 static inline long do_mmap2(
727 unsigned long addr
, unsigned long len
,
728 unsigned long prot
, unsigned long flags
,
729 unsigned long fd
, unsigned long pgoff
)
731 struct file
* file
= NULL
;
732 unsigned long error
= -EBADF
;
734 flags
&= ~(MAP_EXECUTABLE
| MAP_DENYWRITE
);
735 if (!(flags
& MAP_ANONYMOUS
)) {
741 down_write(¤t
->mm
->mmap_sem
);
742 error
= do_mmap_pgoff(file
, addr
, len
, prot
, flags
, pgoff
);
743 if (!IS_ERR((void *) error
) && error
+ len
>= 0x80000000ULL
) {
744 /* Result is out of bounds. */
745 do_munmap(current
->mm
, addr
, len
);
748 up_write(¤t
->mm
->mmap_sem
);
757 asmlinkage
unsigned long
758 old32_mmap(struct mmap_arg_struct_emu31 __user
*arg
)
760 struct mmap_arg_struct_emu31 a
;
763 if (copy_from_user(&a
, arg
, sizeof(a
)))
767 if (a
.offset
& ~PAGE_MASK
)
770 error
= do_mmap2(a
.addr
, a
.len
, a
.prot
, a
.flags
, a
.fd
, a
.offset
>> PAGE_SHIFT
);
776 sys32_mmap2(struct mmap_arg_struct_emu31 __user
*arg
)
778 struct mmap_arg_struct_emu31 a
;
781 if (copy_from_user(&a
, arg
, sizeof(a
)))
783 error
= do_mmap2(a
.addr
, a
.len
, a
.prot
, a
.flags
, a
.fd
, a
.offset
);
788 asmlinkage
long sys32_read(unsigned int fd
, char __user
* buf
, size_t count
)
790 if ((compat_ssize_t
) count
< 0)
793 return sys_read(fd
, buf
, count
);
796 asmlinkage
long sys32_write(unsigned int fd
, char __user
* buf
, size_t count
)
798 if ((compat_ssize_t
) count
< 0)
801 return sys_write(fd
, buf
, count
);
804 asmlinkage
long sys32_clone(void)
806 struct pt_regs
*regs
= task_pt_regs(current
);
807 unsigned long clone_flags
;
809 int __user
*parent_tidptr
, *child_tidptr
;
811 clone_flags
= regs
->gprs
[3] & 0xffffffffUL
;
812 newsp
= regs
->orig_gpr2
& 0x7fffffffUL
;
813 parent_tidptr
= compat_ptr(regs
->gprs
[4]);
814 child_tidptr
= compat_ptr(regs
->gprs
[5]);
816 newsp
= regs
->gprs
[15];
817 return do_fork(clone_flags
, newsp
, regs
, 0,
818 parent_tidptr
, child_tidptr
);
822 * 31 bit emulation wrapper functions for sys_fadvise64/fadvise64_64.
823 * These need to rewrite the advise values for POSIX_FADV_{DONTNEED,NOREUSE}
824 * because the 31 bit values differ from the 64 bit values.
828 sys32_fadvise64(int fd
, loff_t offset
, size_t len
, int advise
)
831 advise
= POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
;
832 else if (advise
== 5)
833 advise
= POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
;
834 return sys_fadvise64(fd
, offset
, len
, advise
);
837 struct fadvise64_64_args
{
845 sys32_fadvise64_64(struct fadvise64_64_args __user
*args
)
847 struct fadvise64_64_args a
;
849 if ( copy_from_user(&a
, args
, sizeof(a
)) )
852 a
.advice
= POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
;
853 else if (a
.advice
== 5)
854 a
.advice
= POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
;
855 return sys_fadvise64_64(a
.fd
, a
.offset
, a
.len
, a
.advice
);