1 # vboot - Verified Boot Support
3 Google's verified boot support consists of:
6 * Special firmware layout
7 * Firmware verification
8 * Firmware measurements
9 * A firmware update mechanism
10 * Specific build flags
11 * Signing the coreboot image
13 Google's vboot verifies the firmware and places measurements within the TPM.
18 List of supported Devices <list_vboot.md>
25 When using vboot, the root-of-trust is basically the read-only portion of the
26 SPI flash. The following items factor into the trust equation:
28 * The GCC compiler must reliably translate the code into machine code
29 without inserting any additional code (virus, backdoor, etc.)
30 * The CPU must reliably execute the reset sequence and instructions as
31 documented by the CPU manufacturer.
32 * The SPI flash must provide only the code programmed into it to the CPU
33 without providing any alternative reset vector or code sequence.
34 * The SPI flash must honor the write-protect input and protect the specified
35 portion of the SPI flash from all erase and write accesses.
37 The firmware is typically protected using the write-protect pin on the SPI
38 flash part and setting some of the write-protect bits in the status register
39 during manufacturing. The protected area is platform specific and for x86
40 platforms is typically 1/4th of the SPI flash part size.
41 Because this portion of the SPI flash is hardware write protected, it is not
42 possible to update this portion of the SPI flash in the field, without altering
43 the system to eliminate the ground connection to the SPI flash write-protect pin.
44 Without hardware modifications, this portion of the SPI flash maintains the
45 manufactured state during the system's lifetime.
51 Several sections are added to the firmware layout to support vboot:
54 * Google Binary Blob (GBB) area
55 * Read/write section A
56 * Read/write section B
58 The following sections describe the various portions of the flash layout.
62 The read-only section contains a coreboot file system (CBFS) that contains all
63 of the boot firmware necessary to perform recovery for the system. This firmware
64 is typically protected using the write-protect pin on the SPI flash part and
65 setting some of the write-protect bits in the status register during
67 The protected area is typically 1/4th of the SPI flash part size and must cover
68 the entire read-only section which consists of:
70 * Vital Product Data (VPD) area
72 * Google Binary Blob (GBB) area
73 * coreboot file system containing read-only recovery firmware
75 ### Google Binary Blob (GBB) Area
77 The GBB area is part of the read-only section. This area contains a 4096 or 8192
78 bit public root RSA key that is used to verify the *VBLOCK* area to obtain the
83 The recovery firmware is contained within a coreboot file system and consists of:
94 * processor specific files:
99 The recovery firmware is written during manufacturing and typically contains
100 code to write the storage device (eMMC device or hard disk). The recovery image
101 is usually contained on a socketed device such as a USB flash drive or an
102 SD card. Depending upon the payload firmware doing the recovery, it may be
103 possible for the user to interact with the system to specify the recovery
104 image path. Part of the recovery is also to write the A and B areas of the SPI
105 flash device to boot the system.
107 ### Read/Write Section
109 The read/write sections contain an area which contains the firmware signing
110 key and signature and an area containing a coreboot file system with a subset
111 of the firmware. The firmware files in *FW_MAIN_A* and *FW_MAIN_B* are:
118 * processor specific files:
123 The firmware subset enables most issues to be fixed in the field with firmware
124 updates. The firmware files handle memory and most of silicon initialization.
125 These files also produce the tables which get passed to the operating system.
131 The read/write sections exist in one of three states:
135 * Successfully booted
138 Firmware updates are handled by the operating system by writing any read/write
139 section that is not in the "successfully booted" state. Upon the next reboot,
140 vboot determines the section to boot. If it finds one in the "ready to boot"
141 state then it attempts to boot using that section. If the boot fails then
142 vboot marks the section as invalid and attempts to fall back to a read/write
143 section in the "successfully booted" state. If vboot is not able to find a
144 section in the "successfully booted" state then vboot enters recovery mode.
146 Only the operating system is able to transition a section from the
147 "ready to boot" state to the "successfully booted" state.
148 The transition is typically done after the operating system has been running
149 for a while indicating that successful boot was possible and the operating
152 Note that as long as the SPI write protection is in place then the system
153 is always recoverable. If the flash update fails then the system will continue
154 to boot using the previous read/write area. The same is true if coreboot passes
155 control to the payload or the operating system and then the boot fails. In the
156 worst case, the SPI flash gets totally corrupted in which case vboot fails the
157 signature checks and enters recovery mode. There are no times where the SPI
158 flash is exposed and the reset vector or part of the recovery firmware gets
165 The following *Kconfig* values need to be selected to enable vboot:
170 The starting stage needs to be specified by selecting either
171 VBOOT_STARTS_IN_BOOTBLOCK or VBOOT_STARTS_IN_ROMSTAGE.
173 If vboot starts in bootblock then vboot may be built as a separate stage by
174 selecting `VBOOT_SEPARATE_VERSTAGE`. Additionally, if static RAM is too small
175 to fit both verstage and romstage then selecting `VBOOT_RETURN_FROM_VERSTAGE`
176 enables bootblock to reuse the RAM occupied by verstage for romstage.
178 Non-volatile flash is needed for vboot operation. This flash area may be in
179 CMOS, the EC, or in a read/write area of the SPI flash device.
180 Select one of the following:
185 More non-volatile storage features may be found in `security/vboot/Kconfig`.
187 A TPM is also required for vboot operation.
188 TPMs are available in `drivers/i2c/tpm` and `drivers/pc80/tpm`.
190 In addition to adding the coreboot files into the read-only region,
191 enabling vboot causes the build script to add the read/write files into
192 coreboot file systems in *FW_MAIN_A* and *FW_MAIN_B*.
196 The files added to this list will only be placed in the read-only region and
197 not into the read/write coreboot file systems in *FW_MAIN_A* and *FW_MAIN_B*.
199 **VBOOT_ENABLE_CBFS_FALLBACK**
201 Normally coreboot will use the active read/write coreboot file system for all
202 of it's file access when vboot is active and is not in recovery mode.
204 When the `VBOOT_ENABLE_CBFS_FALLBACK` option is enabled the cbfs file system will
205 first try to locate a file in the active read/write file system. If the file
206 doesn't exist here the file system will try to locate the file in the read-only
209 This option can be used to prevent duplication of static data. Files can be
210 removed from the read/write partitions by adding them to the `RO_REGION_ONLY`
211 config. If a file needs to be changed in a later stage simply remove it from
216 ## Signing the coreboot Image
218 The following command script is an example of how to sign the coreboot image
219 file. This script is used on the Intel Galileo board and creates the *GBB* area
220 and inserts it into the coreboot image. It also updates the *VBLOCK* areas with
221 the firmware signing key and the signature for the *FW_MAIN* firmware.
222 More details are available in `3rdparty/vboot/README`.
227 # The necessary tools were built and installed using the following commands:
229 # pushd 3rdparty/vboot
234 # The keys were made using the following command
236 # 3rdparty/vboot/scripts/keygeneration/create_new_keys.sh \
240 # The "magic" numbers below are derived from the GBB section in
241 # src/mainboard/intel/galileo/vboot.fmd.
243 # GBB Header Size: 0x80
244 # GBB Offset: 0x611000, 4KiB block number: 1553 (0x611)
245 # GBB Length: 0x7f000, 4KiB blocks: 127 (0x7f)
246 # COREBOOT Offset: 0x690000, 4KiB block number: 1680 (0x690)
247 # COREBOOT Length: 0x170000, 4KiB blocks: 368 (0x170)
249 # 0x7f000 (GBB Length) = 0x80 + 0x100 + 0x1000 + 0x7ce80 + 0x1000
251 # Create the GBB area blob
252 # Parameters: hwid_size,rootkey_size,bmpfv_size,recoverykey_size
254 gbb_utility -c 0x100,0x1000,0x7ce80,0x1000 gbb.blob
257 # Copy from the start of the flash to the GBB region into the signed flash
260 # 1553 * 4096 = 0x611 * 0x1000 = 0x611000, size of area before GBB
262 dd conv=fdatasync ibs=4096 obs=4096 count=1553 \
263 if=build/coreboot.rom of=build/coreboot.signed.rom
266 # Append the empty GBB area to the coreboot.rom image.
268 # 1553 * 4096 = 0x611 * 0x1000 = 0x611000, offset to GBB
270 dd conv=fdatasync obs=4096 obs=4096 seek=1553 if=gbb.blob \
271 of=build/coreboot.signed.rom
274 # Append the rest of the read-only region into the signed flash image.
276 # 1680 * 4096 = 0x690 * 0x1000 = 0x690000, offset to COREBOOT area
277 # 368 * 4096 = 0x170 * 0x1000 = 0x170000, length of COREBOOT area
279 dd conv=fdatasync ibs=4096 obs=4096 skip=1680 seek=1680 count=368 \
280 if=build/coreboot.rom of=build/coreboot.signed.rom
283 # Insert the HWID and public root and recovery RSA keys into the GBB area.
286 --set --hwid='Galileo' \
287 -r $PWD/keys/recovery_key.vbpubk \
288 -k $PWD/keys/root_key.vbpubk \
289 build/coreboot.signed.rom
292 # Sign the read/write firmware areas with the private signing key and update
293 # the VBLOCK_A and VBLOCK_B regions.
295 3rdparty/vboot/scripts/image_signing/sign_firmware.sh \
296 build/coreboot.signed.rom \
298 build/coreboot.signed.rom
305 The reset vector exist in the read-only area and points to the bootblock
306 entry point. The only copy of the bootblock exists in the read-only area
307 of the SPI flash. Verstage may be part of the bootblock or a separate stage.
308 If separate then the bootblock loads verstage from the read-only area and
309 transfers control to it.
311 Upon first boot, verstage attempts to verify the read/write section A.
312 It gets the public root key from the GBB area and uses that to verify the
313 *VBLOCK* area in read-write section A. If the *VBLOCK* area is valid then it
314 extracts the firmware signing key (1024-8192 bits) and uses that to verify
315 the *FW_MAIN_A* area of read/write section A. If the verification is successful
316 then verstage instructs coreboot to use the coreboot file system in read/write
317 section A for the contents of the remaining boot firmware (romstage, postcar,
318 ramstage and the payload).
320 If verification fails for the read/write area and the other read/write area is
321 not valid vboot falls back to the read-only area to boot into system recovery.
325 ## Chromebook Special Features
327 Google's Chromebooks have some special features:
330 * Write-protect screw
334 Developer mode allows the user to use coreboot to boot another operating system.
335 This may be a another (beta) version of ChromeOS, or another flavor of
336 GNU/Linux. Use of developer mode does not void the system warranty. Upon entry
337 into developer mode, all locally saved data on the system is lost.
338 This prevents someone from entering developer mode to subvert the system
339 security to access files on the local system or cloud.
341 ### Write Protect Screw
343 Chromebooks have a write-protect screw which provides the ground to the
344 write-protect pin of the SPI flash.
345 Google specifically did this to allow the manufacturing line and advanced
346 developers to re-write the entire SPI flash part. Once the screw is removed,
347 any firmware may be placed on the device.
348 However, accessing this screw requires opening the case and voids the