1 # Firmware and Computer Acronyms, Initialisms and Definitions
6 * _XXX - An underscore followed by 3 uppercase letters will typically be
7 an ACPI specified method. Look in the [ACPI
8 Spec](https://uefi.org/specifications) for details, or run the tool
10 * 2FA - [**Two-factor Authentication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication)
11 * 4G - In coreboot, this typically refers to the 4 gibibyte boundary of 32-bit addressable memory space.
12 Better abbreviated as 4GiB
13 * 5G - Telecommunication: [**Fifth-Generation Cellular Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G)
16 * ABI - [**Application Binary Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface)
17 * ABL - AMD: AGESA BootLoader (or AMD BootLoader) - The portion of the AMD processor
18 initialization that happens from the PSP. Significantly, Memory
20 * AC - Electricity: [**Alternating Current**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current)
21 * ACE - AXI Coherency Extensions
22 * Ack - Acknowledgment / Acknowledged
23 * ACM – [**Authenticated Code Module**](https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html)
24 * ACP - [**Average CPU power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
25 * ACPI - The [**Advanced Configuration and Power
26 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface)
27 is an industry standard for letting the OS control power management.
28 * [https://uefi.org/specifications](https://uefi.org/specifications)
29 * [http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html](http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html)
30 * ADC - [**Analog-to-Digital Converter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter)
31 * ADL - Intel: [**Alder Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/alder_lake)
32 * AES - [**Advanced Encryption Standard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard)
33 * AESKL - Intel: AES Key Locker
34 * AGESA - [**AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGESA_)
35 * AGP - The [**Accelerated Graphics
36 Port**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port) is an
37 older (1997-2004) point-to-point bus for video cards to communicate
39 * AHCI - The [**Advanced Host Controller
40 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface)
41 is a standard register set for communicating with a SATA controller.
42 * [http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm](http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm)
43 * [http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf](http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf)
45 * AIO - Computer formfactor: [**All In One**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer#All-in-one)
46 * ALIB - AMD: ACPI-ASL Library
47 * ALS - [**Ambient Light Sensor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_light_sensor)
48 * ALU - [**Arithmetic Logic Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit)
49 * AMBA - ARM: [**Advanced Microcontroller Bus
50 Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture):
51 An open standard to connect and manage functional blocks in an SoC
53 * AMD64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)
54 * AMD-Vi AMD: The AMD name for their IOMMU implementation
55 * AMPL - AMD: [**Advanced Platform Management Link**](https://web.archive.org/web/20220509053546/https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/419181.pdf) - Also referred to as
56 SBI: Sideband Interface
57 * AMT - Intel: [**Active Management Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology)
58 * ANSI - [**American National Standards Institute**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute)
59 * AOAC - AMD: Always On, Always Connected
60 * AON - Always ON: Sometimes used for power domains that are always on (e.g. RTC, GPIOs, Wake on LAN ...)
61 * AP - Application processor - The main processor on the board (as
62 opposed to the embedded controller or other processors that may be on
63 the system), any cores in the processor chip that aren't the BSP (Boot
65 * APB - Advanced Peripheral Bus (part of the AMBA bus specification)
66 * APCB - AMD: AMD PSP Customization Block
67 * AHB - Advanced High-performance Bus (part of the AMBA bus specification)
68 * API - [**Application Programming Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API)
69 * APIC - [**Advanced Programmable Interrupt
70 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
71 this is an advanced version of a PIC that can handle interrupts from
72 and for multiple CPUs. Modern systems usually have several APICs:
73 Local APICs (LAPIC) are CPU-bound, IO-APICs are bridge-bound.
74 * [http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html](http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html)
75 * APL - Intel: [**Apollo Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/apollo_lake)
76 * APM - [**Advanced Power Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management) - The standard for power management
77 before ACPI (Yes, they’re both advanced). APM was managed entirely by
78 the firmware and the operating system had no control or even awareness
79 of the power management.
80 * APOB - AMD: [**AGESA PSP Output Buffer**](https://doc.coreboot.org/soc/amd/family17h.html#additional-definitions)
81 * APU - AMD: [**Accelerated Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit)
82 * ARC - HDMI: [**Audio Return Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI#ARC)
83 * ARM - [**Advanced RISC Machines**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%28company%29) - Originally Acorn RISC Machine. This
84 may refer to either the company or the instruction set.
85 * ARP - Networking: [**Address Resolution Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol)
86 * ASCII - [**American Standard Code for Information Interchange**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII)
87 * ASEG - The A_0000h-B_FFFFh memory segment - this area was typically
88 hidden by the Video BIOS
89 * ASF - [**Alert Standard Format**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Standard_Format)
90 * ASL - [**ACPI Source Language**](https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/19_ASL_Reference/ACPI_Source_Language_Reference.html)
91 * ASLR - Address Space Layout Randomization
92 * ASP - AMD: AMD Security Processor (Formerly the PSP - Platform
94 * ASPM - PCI: [**Active State Power
95 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_State_Power_Management)
96 * ATA - [**Advanced Technology Attachment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA)
97 * ATS - PCIe: Address Translation Services
98 * ATAPI - [**ATA Packet Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI)
99 * ATX - [**Advanced Technology eXtended**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX)
100 * AVX - [**Advanced Vector Extensions**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions)
101 * AXI - [Advanced eXtensible Interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface) part of the AMBA bus specification
105 * BAR - [**Base Address Register**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Address_Register) This generally refers to one of the
106 base address registers in the PCI config space of a PCI device
107 * Baud - [**Baud**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud) - Not an acronym - Symbol rate unit of symbols per second, named
109 * BBS - [**BIOS boot specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_ROM#BIOS_Boot_Specification)
110 * BCD - [**Binary-Coded Decimal**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal)
111 * BCT - Intel: [**Binary Configuration Tool**](https://github.com/intel/BCT)
112 * BDA - [**BIOS Data Area**](http://www.bioscentral.com/misc/bda.htm) This refers to the memory area of 0x40:0000 which is where the original PC-BIOS stored its data tables.
113 * BDF - [**BUS, Device, Function**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_configuration_space#Technical_information) - A way of referencing a PCI Device
115 * BDS - UEFI: [**Boot-Device Select**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#BDS_%E2%80%93_Boot_Device_Select)
116 * BDW - Intel: [**Broadwell**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/broadwell_%28client%29)
117 * BERT - ACPI: [**Boot Error Record Table**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/18_ACPI_Platform_Error_Interfaces/error-source-discovery.html)
118 * BGA - [**Ball Grid Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array)
119 * BGP - Networking: [**Border Gateway Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol)
120 * Big Real mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access
121 the entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as flat mode
122 or [**Unreal mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_mode).
123 * BIOS - [**Basic Input/Output
124 System**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS)
125 * BIST - The [**Built-in Self Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_self-test) is a test run by the processor on
126 itself when it is first started. Usually, any nonzero value indicates
127 that the selftest failed.
128 * Bit-banging - [**Bit-banging**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_banging) - A term for the method of emulating a more complex
129 protocol by using GPIOs.
130 * BKDG - AMD: [**Bios & Kernel Developers' guide**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/List_of_AMD_publications) (Replaced by the PPR -
131 Processor Programming Reference)
132 * BLOB - [**Binary Large OBject**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object) - Originally a collection of binary files
133 stored as a single object, this was co-opted by the open source
134 communities to mean any proprietary binary file that is not available
136 * BM - [**Bus Master**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_mastering)
137 * BMC - [**Baseboard Management Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller)
138 * BMP - [**Bitmap**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format)
139 * BOM - [**Bill of Materials**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials)
140 * BPDT - Boot Partition Description Table
141 * bps - Bits Per Second
142 * BS - coreboot: Boot State - coreboot's ramstage sequence are made up
143 of boot states. Each of these states can be hooked to run functions
144 before the stat, during the state, or after the state is complete.
145 * BSF - Intel: [**Boot Specification File**](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/boot-setting-1-0-820293.pdf)
146 * BSP - BootStrap Processor - The initialization core of the main
147 system processor. This is the processor core that starts the boot
149 * BSS - [**Block Starting Symbol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss)
150 * BT - [**Bluetooth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth)
151 * Bus - Initially a term for a number of connectors wired together in
152 parallel, this is now used as a term for any hardware communication
154 * BWG - Intel: BIOS Writers Guide
158 * C-states: ACPI Processor Idle states.
159 [**C-States**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acpi/c-states) C0-Cx: Each
160 higher number saves more power, but takes longer to return to a fully
162 * C0 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Active - CPU is running
163 * C1 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Halt - Nothing currently
164 running, but can start running again immediately
165 * C2 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Stop-clock - core clocks off
166 * C3 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Sleep - L1 & L2 caches may be
167 saved to Last Level Cache (LLC), core powered down.
168 * C4+ - Processor Specific idle states
169 * CAR - [**Cache As RAM**](https://web.archive.org/web/20140818050214/https://www.coreboot.org/data/yhlu/cache_as_ram_lb_09142006.pdf)
170 * CBFS - coreboot filesystem
171 * CBMEM - coreboot Memory
172 * CBI - Google: [**CrOS Board Information**](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/design_docs/cros_board_info.md)
173 * CDN - [**Content Delivery Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network)
174 * CEM - PCIe: [**Card ElectroMechanical**](https://members.pcisig.com/wg/PCI-SIG/document/folder/839) specification
175 * CFL - [**Coffee Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/coffee_lake)
176 * CHI - Coherent Hub Interface
177 * CID - [**Coverity ID**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverity)
178 * CIM - [**Common Information Model**](https://www.dmtf.org/standards/cim)
179 * CISC - [**Complex Instruction Set Computer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer)
180 * CL - ChangeList - Another name for a patch or commit. This seems to be
182 * CLK - Clock - Used when there isn't enough room for 2 additional
183 characters - similar to RST, for people who hate vowels.
184 * CML - Intel: [**Comet Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/comet_lake)
185 * CMOS - [**Complementary Metal Oxide
186 Semiconductor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
187 - This is a method of making ICs (Integrated Circuits). For BIOS, it’s
188 generally used to describe a section of NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM), in
189 this case a section battery-backed memory in the RTC (Real Time Clock)
190 that is typically used to store BIOS settings.
191 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
192 * CNL - Intel: [**Cannon Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/cannon_lake) (formerly Skymont)
193 * CNVi - Intel: [**Connectivity Integration**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNVi)
194 * CPL - x86: Current Privilege Level - Privilege levels range from 0-3; lower numbers are more privileged.
195 * CPLD - [**Complex Programmable Logic Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device)
196 * CPPC - AMD: Collaborative Processor Performance Controls
197 * CPS - Characters Per Second
198 * CPU - [**Central Processing
199 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
200 * CPUID - x86: [**CPU Identification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUID) opcode
201 * Cr50 - Google: The first generation Google Security Chip (GSC) used on
203 * CRB - Customer Reference Board
204 * CRLF - Carriage Return, Line Feed - \\r\\n - The standard window EOL
205 (End-of-Line) marker.
206 * crt0 - [**C Run Time 0**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crt0)
207 * crt0s - crt0 Source code
208 * CRT - [**Cathode Ray Tube**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube)
209 * CSE - Intel: Converged Security Engine
210 * CSI - MIPI: [**Camera Serial
211 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Serial_Interface)
212 * CSME - Intel: Converged Security and Management Engine
213 * CTLE - Intel: Continuous Time Linear Equalization
214 * CVE - [**Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)
215 * CXMT - ChangXin Memory Technologies
216 * CZN - AMD: [**Cezanne**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/cezanne) - CPU Family 19h, Model 50h
222 * D-States - [**ACPI Device power
223 states**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Device_states)
224 D0-D3 - These are device specific power states, with each higher
225 number requiring less power, and typically taking a longer time to get
226 back to D0, fully running.
227 * D0 - ACPI Device power state: Active - Device fully on and running
228 * D1 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D0
229 * D2 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D1
230 * D3 Hot - ACPI Device power state: Device is in a low power state, but
232 * D3 Cold - ACPI Device power state: Power is completely removed from
234 * DASH - [**Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_and_mobile_Architecture_for_System_Hardware)
236 * DbC - USB: Debug Capability on the USB host controller
237 * DC - Electricity: Direct Current
238 * DCP - Digital Content Protection
239 * DCR - **Decode Control Register** This is a way of identifying the
240 hardware in question. This is generally paired with a Vendor ID (VID)
241 * DDC - [**Display Data Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Data_Channel)
242 * DDI - Intel: Digital Display Interface
243 * DDR - [**Double Data Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate)
244 * DEVAPC - Mediatek: Device Access Permission Control
246 * DFP - USB: Downstream Facing port
247 * DHCP - [**Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol)
248 * DID - Device Identifier
249 * DIMM - [**Dual Inline Memory Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM)
250 * DIP - [**Dual inline package**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package)
251 * DMA - [**Direct Memory
252 Access**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access) Allows
253 certain hardware subsystems within a computer to access system memory
254 for reading and/or writing independently of the main CPU. Examples of
255 systems that use DMA: Hard Disk Controller, Disk Drive Controller,
256 Graphics Card, Sound Card. DMA is an essential feature of all modern
257 computers, as it allows devices of different speeds to communicate
258 without subjecting the CPU to a massive interrupt load.
259 * DMI - Direct Media Interface is a link/bus between CPU and PCH.
260 * DMI - [**Desktop Management Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_Management_Interface)
261 * DMIC - Digital Microphone
262 * DMTF - [**Distributed Management Task Force**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Management_Task_Force)
263 * DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
264 * DNS - [**Domain Name Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System)
265 * DNV - Intel: [**Denverton**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/denverton)
266 * DOS - Disk Operating System
268 * DPM - Mediatek: DRAM Power Manager
269 * DPTC - AMD: Dynamic Power and Thermal Control
270 * DPTF - Intel: Dynamic Power and Thermal Framework
271 * DRAM - Memory: [**Dynamic Random Access Memory**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory)
272 * DRTM - Dynamic Root of Trust for Measurement
273 * DQ - Memory: Data I/O signals. On a D-flipflop, used for SRAM, the
274 data-in pin is generally referred to as D, and the data-out pin is Q,
275 thus the IO Data signal lines are referred to as DQ lines.
276 * DQS - Memory: Data Q Strobe - Data valid signal for DDR memory.
277 * DRM - [**Digital Rights
278 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management)
279 * DRP - USB: Port than can be switched between either a Downstream facing (DFP) or
280 an Upstream Facing (UFP).
282 * DRTU - Intel: Diagnostics and Regulatory Testing Utility
283 * DSDT - The [**Differentiated System Descriptor
284 Table**](http://acpi.sourceforge.net/dsdt/index.php), is generated by
285 BIOS and necessary for ACPI. Implementation of ACPI in coreboot needs
286 to be done in a "cleanroom" development process and **MAY NOT BE
287 COPIED** from an existing firmware to avoid legal issues.
288 * DSC - [**Digital Signal Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_controller)
289 * DSL - [**Digital subscriber line**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line)
290 * DSP - [**Digital Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor)
291 * DTB - U-Boot: Device Tree Binary
292 * dTPM - Discrete TPM (Trusted Platform Module) - A separate TPM chip,
293 vs Integrated TPMs or fTPMs (Firmware TPMs).
294 * DTS - U-Boot: Device Tree Source
295 * DUT - Device Under Test
296 * DvC - USB: Debug Capability on the USB Device (Device Capability)
297 * DVFS - ARM: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
298 * DVI - [**Digital Video Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface)
299 * DVT - Production Timeline: Design Validation Test
300 * DW - DesignWare: A portfolio of silicon IP blocks for sale by the
301 Synopsys company. Includes blocks like USB, MIPI, PCIe, HDMI, SATA,
302 I2c, memory controllers and more.
303 * DXE - UEFI: [**Driver Execution Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#DXE_%E2%80%93_Driver_Execution_Environment_)
304 * DXIO - AMD: Distributed CrossBar I/O
309 * EAPD - Intel: [**External Amplifier Power Down**](https://web.archive.org/web/20210203194800/https://www.eeweb.com/hd-audio-eapd/)
310 * EBDA - Extended BIOS Data Area
311 * EBG - Intel: Emmitsburg PCH
312 * ECC - [**Error Correction Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code) - Typically used to refer to a type of
313 memory that can detect and correct memory errors.
314 * EDID - [**Extended Display Identification Data**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data)
315 * EDK2 - EFI Development Kit 2
316 * EDO - Memory: [**Extended Data
317 Out**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM)
318 - A DRAM standard introduced in 1994 that improved upon, but was
319 backwards compatible with FPM (Fast Page Mode) memory.
320 * eDP - [**Embedded DisplayPort**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort#eDP)
321 * EDS - Intel: External Design Specification
322 * EEPROM - [**Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM) (common mistake:
323 electrical erasable programmable ROM).
324 * EFI - [**Extensible Firmware Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface)
325 * EFS - AMD: Embedded Firmware Structure: The data structure that AMD processors look for first in the boot ROM to start the boot process.
326 * EHCI - [**Enhanced Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29#EHCI) - USB 2.0
327 * EHL - Intel: [**Elkhart Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/elkhart_lake)
328 * EIDE - Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
329 * EMI - [**ElectroMagnetic
330 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
331 * eMMC - [**embedded MultiMedia
332 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard#eMMC)
335 * EPP - Intel: Energy-Performance Preference
336 * EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
337 * EROFS - Linux: [**Enhanced Read-Only File System**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EROFS)
338 * ESD - Electrostatic discharge
339 * eSPI - Enhanced System Peripheral Interface
340 * EVT - Production Timeline: Engineering Validation Test
345 * FADT - ACPI Table: Fixed ACPI Description Table
346 * FAE - Field Application Engineer
347 * FAT - File Allocation Table
348 * FBVDDQ - Nvidia Power: Framebuffer Voltage
349 * FCH - AMD: Firmware Control Hub
350 * FCS - Production Timeline: First Customer Shipment
351 * FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
352 * FFS - UEFI: Firmware File System
353 * FIFO - First In, First Out
354 * FIT - Intel: Firmware Interface Table
355 * FIT - Flattened-Image Tree
356 * FIVR - Intel: Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators
357 * Flashing - Flashing means the writing of flash memory. The BIOS on
358 modern mainboards is stored in a NOR flash EEPROM chip.
359 * Flat mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
360 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as Unreal mode or
362 * FMAP - coreboot: [**Flash map**](https://doc.coreboot.org/lib/flashmap.html)
363 * FPDT - ACPI: Firmware Performance Data Table
364 * FPGA - [**Field-Programmable Gate Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array)
366 [**framebuffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer) is a part
367 of RAM in a computer which is allocated to hold the graphics
368 information for one frame or picture. This information typically
369 consists of color values for every pixel on the screen. A framebuffer
371 * Off-screen, meaning that writes to the framebuffer don't appear on
373 * On-screen, meaning that the framebuffer is directly coupled to the
375 * FPM - Memory: [**Fast Page Mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Page_mode_DRAM) - A DRAM standard introduced in 1990.
376 * FPU - [**Floating-Point Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit)
377 * FSB - [**Front-Side Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus)
378 * FSM - Finite State Machine
379 * FSP - Intel: Firmware Support Package
380 * FSR - Intel: Firmware Status Register
381 * FTP - Network Protocol: [**File Transfer Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol)
382 * fTPM - Firmware TPM (Trusted Platform Module). This is a TPM that is
383 based in firmware instead of actual hardware. It typically runs in
384 some sort of TEE (Trusted Execution Environment).
385 * FWCM Intel: firmware Connection Manager
386 * FWID - Firmware Identifier
391 * G0 - ACPI Global Power State: System is running
392 * G0-G3 - ACPI Global Power States
393 * G1 - ACPI Global Power State: System is suspended
394 * G2 - ACPI Global Power State: Soft power-off. The mainboard is off,
395 but can be woken up electronically, by a button, wake-on-lan, a
396 keypress, or some other method.
397 * G3 - ACPI Global Power State: Mechanical Off. There is no power going
398 to the system except for a small battery to keep the CMOS contents,
399 Real Time Clock, and maybe a few other registers running.
400 * GART - AMD: [**Graphics Address Remapping Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
401 * GATT - Graphics Aperture Translation Table
402 * GDT - [Global Descriptor Table](https://wiki.osdev.org/Global_Descriptor_Table)
403 * GLK - Intel: [**Gemini Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/gemini_lake)
404 * GMA - Intel: [**Graphics Media
405 Accelerator**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA)
406 * GNB - Graphics NorthBridge
407 * GND - Power: Ground
408 * GNVS - Global Non-Volatile Storage
409 * GPD - PCH GPIO in Deep Sleep well (D5 power)
410 * GPE - ACPI: General Purpose Event
411 * GPI - GPIOs: GPIO Input
412 * GPIO - [**General Purpose Input/Output**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_Input/Output) (Pin)
413 * GPMR - Intel: General Purpose Memory Range
414 * GPO - GPIOs: GPIO Output
415 * GPP - AMD: General Purpose (PCI/PCIe) port
416 * GPP - Intel: PCH GPIO in Primary Well (S0 power only)
417 * GPS - Nvidia: GPU Performance Scale
418 * GPT - UEFI: [**GUID Partition Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)
419 * GPU - [**Graphics Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)
420 * GSoC - [**Google Summer of Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code)
421 * GSC - Google Security Chip - Typically Cr50/Ti50, though could also refer to the titan chips
422 * GSPI - Generic SPI - These are SPI controllers available for general
423 use, not dedicated to flash, for example.
424 * GTDT - ACPI: Generic Timer Description Table
425 * GTT - [**Graphics Translation Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
426 * GUID - UEFI: [**Globally Unique IDentifier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier)
431 * HBP - Graphics: [**Horizontal Back Porch**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval) In the Horizontal blanking interval, this is the blank area past the end of the scanline
432 * HDA - [**High Definition Audio**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio)
433 * HDCP - [**High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection)
434 * HDD - Hard Disk Drive
435 * HDMI - [**High-Definition Multimedia Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI)
436 * HDR - [**High Dynamic Range**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range)
437 * HECI - Intel: [**Host Embedded Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface) (Replaced by MEI)
438 * HFP - Graphics: [**Horizontal Front Porch**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval) In the Horizontal blanking interval, this is the blank before the start of the next scanline.
439 * HID - [**Human Interface
440 Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device)
441 * HOB - UEFI: Hand-Off Block
442 * HPD - Hot-Plug Detect
443 * HPET - [**High Precision Event Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timer)
444 * HSP - AMD: Hardware Security Processor
445 * HSPHY - USB: USB3 High-Speed PHY
446 * HSTI - Hardware Security Test Interface
447 * HSW - Intel: Haswell
448 * Hybrid S3 - System Power State: This is where the operating system
449 saves the contents of RAM out to the Hard drive, as if preparing to go
450 to S4, but then goes into suspend to RAM. This allows the system to
451 resume quickly from S3 if the system stays powered, and resume from
452 the disk if power is lost.
453 * Hypertransport - AMD: The
454 [**Hypertransport**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertransport) bus
455 is an older (2001-2017) high-speed electrical interconnection protocol
456 specification between CPU, Memory, and (occasionally) peripheral
457 devices. This was originally called the Lightning Data Transport
458 (LDT), which could be seen reflected in various register names.
459 Hypertransport was replaced by AMD's Infinity Fabric (IF) on AMD's Zen
465 * I$ - Instruction Cache
466 * I2C - **Inter-Integrated Circuit** is a bidirectional 2-wire bus for
467 communication generally between different ICs on a circuit board.
468 * [https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html](https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html)
469 * I2S - [**Inter-IC Sound**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S)
470 * I3C - [**I3c**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3C_%28bus%29) is not an
471 acronym - The follower to I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
472 - Also known as SenseWire
473 * IA - Intel Architecture
474 * IA-64 - Intel Itanium 64-bit architecture
475 * IAFC - RISC-V: [**RISC-V Base Integer instruction set**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V), plus atomic instructions, single precision floating point instructions, and compressed instructions
476 * IBB – Initial Boot Block
477 * IBV - Independent BIOS Vendor
478 * IC - Integrated Circuit
479 * ICL - Intel: Ice Lake
480 * IDE - Software: Integrated Development Environment
481 * IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics - A type of hard drive - Used
482 interchangeable with ATA, though IDE describes the drive, and ATA
483 describes the interface. Generally replaced by SATA (Though again,
484 SATA describes the interface, not actually the drive)
485 * IDSEL/AD - Initialization Device SELect/Address and Data. Each PCI
486 slot has a signal called IDSEL. It is used to differentiate between
488 * IDT - [Interrupt Descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table)
489 * IF - AMD: [**Infinity
490 Fabric**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTransport#Infinity_Fabric)
491 is a superset of AMD's earlier Hypertransport interconnect.
492 * IFD - Intel: Intel Flash Descriptor
493 * IMAFC - RISC-V: [**RISC-V Base Integer instruction set**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V), plus integer multiply & divide, atomic instructions, single precision floating point instructions, and compressed instructions
494 * IMC - AMD: Integrated micro-controller - An 8051 microcontroller built
495 into some AMD FCHs (Fusion Controller Hubs) and Southbridge chips.
496 This never worked well for anything beyond fan control and caused
497 numerous issues by reading from the BIOS flash chip, preventing other
498 devices from communicating with the flash chip at runtime.
499 * IMC - Integrated Memory Controller - This is a less usual use of the
500 IMC acronym, but seems to be growing somewhat.
501 * IO or I/O - Input/Output
502 * IoC - Security: Indicator of Compromise
503 * IOC - Intel: I/O Cache
504 * IOE - Intel: I/O Expander
505 * IOHC - AMD: I/O Hub Controller
506 * IOM - Intel: I/O Manager
507 * IOMMU - [**I/O Memory Management Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit)
508 * IOMUX - AMD: The I/O Mux block controls how each GPIO is configured.
509 * IOSF - Intel: Intel On-chip System Fabric
510 * IP - Intellectual Property
511 * IP - Internet Protocol
512 * IPC - Inter-Processor Communication/Inter-Process Communication
513 * IPI - Inter Processor Interrupt
514 * IPMI - Intelligent Platform Management Interface
515 * IRQ - Interrupt Request
516 * ISA - Instruction set architecture
517 * ISA (bus) - Industry standard architecture - Replaced generally by PCI
518 (Peripheral Control Interface)
519 * ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
520 * ISH - AMD PSP: Image Slot Header
521 * ISH - Intel: Integrated Sensor Hub - A microcontroller built into the
522 processor to help offload data processing from various sensors on a
524 * ISP - Internet Service Provider
525 * ISP - Image-Signal-Process
526 * IVHD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Hardware Definition
527 * IVMD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Memory Definition
528 * IVRS - I/O Virtualization Reporting Structure
529 * IWYU - Include What you Use - A tool to help with include file use
534 * JEDEC - Joint Electron Device Engineering Council
535 * JSL - Intel: Jasper Lake
536 * JTAG - The [**Joint Test Action
537 Group**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG) created a standard for
538 communicating between chips to verify and test ICs and PCB designs.
539 The standard was named after the group, and has become a standard
540 method of accessing special debug functions on a chip allowing for
541 hardware-level debug of both the hardware and software.
546 * KBL - Intel: Kaby Lake
547 * KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
551 * L0s - ASPM Power State: Turn off power for one direction of the PCIe
553 * L1-Cache - The fastest but smallest memory cache on a processor.
554 Frequently split into Instruction and Data caches (I-Cache / D-Cache,
555 also occasionally abbreviated as i$ and d$)
556 * L1 - ASPM Power State: The L1 power state shuts the PCIe link off
557 completely until triggered to resume by the CLKREQ# signal.
558 * L2-Cache - The second level of memory cache on a processor, this is a
559 larger cache than L1, but takes longer to access. Typically checked
560 only after data has not been found in the L1-cache.
561 * L3-Cache - The Third, and typically final memory cache level on a
562 processor. The L3 cache is typically quite a bit larger than the L1 &
563 L2 caches, but again takes longer to access, though it's still much
564 faster than reading memory. The L3 cache is frequently shared between
565 multiple cores on a modern CPU.
566 * LAN - Local Area Network
568 * LBA - Logical Block Address
569 * LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
570 * LCAP - PCIe: Link Capabilities
571 * LED - Light Emitting Diode
572 * LF - Line Feed - The standard Unix EOL (End-of-Line) marker.
573 * LGTM - Looks Good To Me
574 * LLC - Last Level Cache
575 * LLVM - Initially stood for Low Level Virtual Machine, but now is just
576 the name of the project, as it has expanded past its original goal.
578 * LPDDR5 - [**Low-Power DDR 5 SDRAM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR)
579 * LPC - The [**Low Pin
580 count**](http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/industry/lpc.htm) bus
581 was a replacement for the ISA bus, created by serializing a number of
582 parallel signals to get rid of those connections.
583 * LPM - USB: Link Power Management
584 * LPT - Line Print Terminal, Local Print Terminal, or Line Printer. -
586 * LRU - Least Recently Used - a rule used in operating systems that
587 utilises a paging system. LRU selects a page to be paged out if it has
588 been used less recently than any other page. This may be applied to a
589 cache system as well.
590 * LSB - Least Significant Bit
591 * LTE - Telecommunication: [**Long-Term
592 Evolution**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29)
593 * LVDS - Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
598 * M.2 - An interface specification for small peripheral cards.
599 * MAC Address - Media Access Control Address
600 * MAFS - (eSPI) Master Attached Flash Sharing: Flash components are
601 attached to the controller device and may be accessed by by the
602 peripheral devices through the eSPI flash access channel.
603 * MBP - Intel UEFI: ME-to-BIOS Payload
604 * MBR - Master Boot Record
605 * MCA - [**Machine Check Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Check_Architecture)
606 * MCR - Machine Check Registers
607 * MCTP - [**Management Component Transport Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Component_Transport_Protocol)
608 * MCU - Memory Control Unit
609 * MCU - [**MicroController
610 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller)
611 * MCUPM - Mediatek: MCUPM is a hardware module which is used for MCUSYS Power Management. MCUPM firmware (mcupm.bin) is loaded into MCUPM SRAM at system initialization.
612 * MDFIO - Intel: Multi-Die Fabric IO
613 * MDN - AMD: Mendocino
614 * mDP - Mini DisplayPort connector
615 * ME - Intel: Management Engine
616 * MEI - Intel: ME Interface (Previously known as HECI)
617 * Memory training - the process of finding the best speeds, voltages,
618 and delays for system memory.
619 * MHU: ARM: Message Handling Unit
620 * MIPI: The [**Mobile Industry Processor
621 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPI_Alliance) Alliance has
622 developed a number of different specifications for mobile devices.
623 The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) is a widely used interface that has
624 made its way into laptops.
625 * MIPS - Millions of Instructions per Second
626 * MIPS (processor) - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
628 * MKBP - Matrix Keyboard Protocol
629 * MMC - [**MultiMedia
630 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard)
631 * MMIO - [**Memory Mapped I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIO)
632 allows peripherals' memory or registers to be accessed directly
633 through the memory bus. When the memory bus size was very small, this
634 was initially done by hiding any memory at that address, effectively
635 wasting that memory. In modern systems, that memory is typically
636 moved to the end of the physical memory space, freeing a 'hole' to map
638 * MMU - Memory Management Unit
639 * MMX - Officially, not an acronym, trademarked by Intel. Unofficially,
640 Matrix Math eXtension.
641 * MODEM - Modulator-Demodulator
642 * Modern Standby - Microsoft's name for the S0iX states
643 * MOP - Macro-Operation
644 * MOS - Metal-Oxide-Silicon
645 * MP - Production Timeline: Mass Production
646 * MPU - Memory Protection Unit
647 * MPTable - The Intel [**MultiProcessor
648 specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification)
649 is a hardware compatibility guide for machine hardware designers and
650 OS software writers to produce SMP-capable machines and OSes in a
651 vendor-independent manner. Version 1.1 of the spec was released in
652 1994, and the 1.4 version was released in 1995. This has been
653 generally superseded by the ACPI tables.
654 * MRC - Intel: Memory Reference Code
655 * MSB - Most Significant Bit
656 * MSI - Message Signaled Interrupt
657 * MSR - Machine-Specific Register
658 * MTS or MT/s - MegaTransfers per second
659 * MTL - Intel: Meteor Lake
660 * MTL - ARM: MHU Transport Layer
661 * MTRR - [**Memory Type and Range Register**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRR)
662 allows to set the cache behaviour on memory access in x86. Basically,
663 it tells the CPU how to cache certain ranges of memory
664 (e.g. write-through, write-combining, write-back...). Memory ranges
665 are specified over physical address ranges. In Linux, they are visible
666 over `/proc/mtrr` and they can be modified there. For further
667 information, see the [**Linux documentation**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.19/x86/pat.html).
668 * MXM - PCIe: [**Mobile PCI Express Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_PCI_Express_Module)
673 * Nack - Negative Acknowledgement
675 * NBCI - Nvidia: NoteBook Common Interface
676 * NC - GPIOs: No Connect
677 * NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement.
678 * NF - GPIOs: Native Function - GPIOs frequently have multiple different
679 functions, one of which is defined as the default, or Native function.
680 * NFC - [**Near Field
681 Communication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication)
682 * NGFF - [**Next Generation Form
683 Factor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2) - The original name for
685 * NHLT - ACPI Table - Non-HDA Link Table
686 * NIC - Network Interface Card
687 * NMI - Non-maskable interrupt
688 * Nonce - Cryptography: [**Number used once**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce)
690 * NTFS - New Technology File System
691 * NVME - Non-Volatile Memory Express - An SSD interface that allows
692 access to the flash memory through a PCIe bus.
693 * NVPCF - Nvidia Platform and Control Framework
694 * NVVDD - Nvidia Power: Core voltage
700 * ODH - GPIOs: Open Drain High - High is driven to the reference voltage, low is a high-impedance state
701 * ODL - GPIOs: Open Drain Low - Low is driven to ground, High is a high-impedance state.
702 * ODM - [**Original Design Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_design_manufacturer)
703 * OEM - [**Original Equipment Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer)
704 * OHCI - [**Open Host Controller
705 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Controller_Interface_%28USB%29)
706 - non-proprietary USB Host controller for USB 1.1 (May also refer to
707 the open host controller for IEEE 1394, but this is less common).
708 * OOBE - Out Of the Box Experience
709 * OPP - ARM: Operating Performance Points
710 * OS - Operating System
712 * OTP - One Time Programmable
717 * PAE - physical address extension
718 * PAL - Programmable Array Logic
719 * PAM - Intel: Programmable Attribute Map - This is the legacy BIOS
720 region from 0xC_0000 to 0xF_FFFF
721 * PAT - [**Page Attribute
722 Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_attribute_table) This can
723 be used independently or in combination with MTRR to setup memory type
724 access ranges. Allows more finely-grained control than MTRR. Compared to MTRR,
725 which sets memory types by physical address ranges, PAT sets them at Page
727 * PAT - Intel: [**Performance Acceleration
728 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_acceleration_technology)
729 * PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment - A renaming of ATA
730 after SATA became the standard.
731 * PAVP - [**Intel: Protected Audio-Video
732 Path**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA#Protected_Audio_Video_Path)
733 * PC - Personal Computer
734 * PC AT - Personal Computer Advanced Technology
735 * PC100 - An SDRAM specification for a 100MHz memory bus.
736 * PCB - Printed Circuit Board
737 * PCD - UEFI: Platform Configuration Database
738 * PCH - Intel: [**Platform Controller Hub**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub)
739 * PCI - [**Peripheral Control
740 Interconnect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect)
741 - Replaced generally by PCIe (PCI Express)
742 * PCI Configuration Space - The [**PCI Config
743 space**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Configuration_Space) is an
744 [address space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space) for all
745 PCI devices. Originally, this address space was accessed through an
746 index/data pair by writing the address that you wanted to read/write
747 into the I/O address 0xCF8, then reading or writing I/O Address 0xCFC.
748 This has been updated to an MMIO method which increases each PCI
749 function's configuration space from 256 bytes to 4K.
750 * PCIe - [**PCI Express**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pci_express)
751 * PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
752 * PCO - AMD: [**Picasso**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/picasso)
753 * PCR: TPM: Platform Configuration Register
754 * PD - GPIOs: Pull-Down - Drives the pin to ground through a resistor.
755 The resistor allows the pin to be set to the reference voltage as
757 * PD - Power Delivery - This is a specification for communicating power
758 needs and availability between two devices, typically over USB type C.
759 * PEG - PCIe Graphics - A (typically) x16 PCIe slot connected to the CPU
760 for higher graphics bandwidth and lower latency.
761 * PEI - UEFI: Pre-EFI Initialization
762 * PEIM - UEFI: PEI Module
763 * PEP - Intel: Power Engine Plug-in
764 * PEXVDD - Nvidia Power: PCIExpress Voltage
765 * PHX - AMD: Phoenix SoC
766 * PHY - [**PHYsical layer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHY) - The
767 hardware that implements the send/receive functionality of a
768 communication protocol.
769 * PI - Platform Initialization
770 * PIC - [**Programmable Interrupt
771 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interrupt_controller)
772 * PII - [**Personally Identifiable
773 Information**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data)
774 * PIO - [**Programmed
775 I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_input%E2%80%93output)
776 * PIR - PCI Interrupt Router
777 * PIR Table - The [**PCI Interrupt Routing
778 Table**](https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072638/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/pciirq.mspx)
779 was a Microsoft specification that allowed windows to determine how
780 each PCI slot was wired to the interrupt router.
782 * PIT - Generally refers to the 8253/8254 [**Programmable Interval
783 Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer).
784 * PLCC - [**Plastic leaded chip
785 carrier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier)
786 * PLL - [**Phase-Locked
787 Loop**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop)
788 * PM - Platform Management
789 * PM - Power Management
790 * PMC Intel: Power Management Controller
791 * PMIC - Power Management IC (Pronounced "P-mick")
792 * PMIO - Port-Mapped I/O
793 * PMU - Power Management Unit
794 * PNP - Plug aNd Play
795 * PoP - Point-of-Presence
796 * POR - Plan of Record
797 * POR - Power On Reset
798 * Port80 - The [**I/O port
799 0x80**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test#Progress_and_error_reporting)
800 is the address for BIOS writes to update diagnostic information during
802 * POST - [**Power-On Self
803 Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test)
804 * POTS - [**Plain Old Telephone
805 Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service)
806 * PPI - UEFI: PEIM-to-PEIM Interface
807 * PPR - Processor Programming Reference
808 * PPT - AMD: Package Power Tracking
809 * PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
810 * Proto - Production Timeline: The first initial production to test key
812 * PSE - Page Size Extention
813 * PSF - Intel: Primary Sideband Fabric
814 * PSP - AMD: Platform Security Processor
815 * PSPP - AMD: PCIE Speed Power Policy
816 * PSR - Intel: Platform Service Record
817 * PSR - Graphics: Panel Self-Refresh - This is a power-savings feature specified in eDP
818 * PTT - Intel: Platform Trust Technology - Intel's firmware based TPM.
819 * PU - GPIOs: Pull-Up - Drives the pin to reference voltage through a
820 resistor. The resistor allows the signal to still be set to ground
822 * PVT - Production Timeline: (Production Validation Test
823 * PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
824 * PXE - Pre-boot Execution Environment
829 * QOS - Quality of Service
834 * RAID - redundant array of inexpensive disks - as opposed to SLED -
835 single large expensive disk.
836 * RAM - Random Access Memory
837 * RAMID - Boards that have soldered-down memory (no DIMMs) can have
838 various different sizes, speeds, and brands of memory chips attached.
839 Because there is no SPD, (for cost savings) the memory needs to be
840 identified in a different manner. The simplest of these is done using
841 a set of 3 or 4 GPIOs to allow 8 to 16 different memory chips to be
843 * RAPL - Running Average Power Limit
844 * RCB - PCIe: Read Completion Boundary - Sets the address alignment on which a read request may be serviced with multiple completions
845 * RCS - [**Revision control
846 system**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System)
847 * Real mode - The original 20-bit addressing mode of the 8086 & 8088
848 computers, allowing the system to access 1MiB of memory through a
849 Segment:Offset index pair. In 2022, this is still the mode that
850 x86-64 processors are in at the reset vector!
851 * RDMA - [**Remote Direct Memory
852 Access**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access) is
853 a concept whereby two or more computers communicate via DMA directly
854 from main memory of one system to the main memory of another.
855 * RFC - Request for Comment
856 * RFI - [**Radio-Frequency
857 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
858 * RGB - Red, Green, Blue
859 * RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
860 * RMA - Return Merchandise Authorization
862 * ROM - Read Only Memory
863 * RoT - Root of Trust
864 * RPL - Intel: [**Raptor Lake**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake)
865 * RPP - Intel: Raptor Point PCH
866 * RRG - AMD (ATI): Register Reference Guide
867 * RSDP - Root System Description Pointer
868 * RTC - Real Time Clock
869 * RTD3 - Power State: Runtime D3
870 * RTFM - Read the Fucking Manual
871 * RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
872 * RVP - Intel: Reference Validation Platform
879 * S-states - ACPI System Power States: [**Sleep states**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/16_Waking_and_Sleeping/sleeping-states.html)
880 * S0 - ACPI System Power State: Fully running
881 * S0 - S5 - ACPI System power states level 0 - 5, with each higher
882 numbered power state being (theoretically) lower power than the
883 previous, and (again theoretically) taking longer to get back to a
884 fully running system than the previous.
885 * S1 - ACPI System Power State: Standby - This isn’t use much anymore,
886 but it used to put the Processor into a powered, but idle state, power
887 down any drives, and turn off the display. This would wake up almost
888 instantly because no processor context was lost in this state.
889 * S2 - ACPI System Power State: Lower power than S1, Higher power than
890 S3, I don’t know that this state was ever well defined by any group.
891 * S3 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to RAM - A low-power state where
892 the processor context is copied to the system Memory, then the
893 processor and all peripherals are powered off. On wake, or resume,
894 the system starts to boot normally, then switches to restore the
895 memory registers to the previous settings, restore the processor
896 context from memory, and jump back to the operating system to pick up
898 * S4 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to Disk. The processor context
899 and all the contents of memory are copied to the hard drive. This is
900 typically fully handled by the operating system, so resume is a normal
901 boot through all of the firmware, then the OS restore the original
902 contents of memory. Any critical processor state is restored.
903 * S5 - ACPI System Power State: System is “completely powered off”, but
904 still has power going to the board.
905 * SAFS - (eSPI) Slave Attached Flash Sharing: Flash is attached to the
906 peripheral device. Only valid for server platforms.
907 * SAGV - Intel: System Agent Geyserville. The original internal name
908 for the feature eventually released as Speedstep which controls the
909 processor voltage and frequencies.
910 * SAR - The [**Specific Absorption
911 Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate) is the
912 measurement for the amount of Radio Frequency (RF) energy absorbed by
913 the body in units of Watts per Kilogram. This may be built into
915 * SAS - Serial Attached SCSI - A serialized version of SCSI used mostly
916 for high performance hard drives and tape drives.
917 * SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
919 * SB-RMI - AMD: Sideband Remote Management Interface
920 * SB-TSI - SideBand Temperature Sensor Interface
921 * SBA - SideBand Addressing
922 * SBI - SideBand Interface
923 * SBOM - Software Bill of Materials
924 * SCI - System Control Interrupt
925 * SCP - ARM: System Control Processor
926 * SCP - Network Protocol: Secure Copy
927 * SCSI - Small Computer System Interface - A high-bandwidth
928 communication interface for peripherals. This is a very old interface
929 that has seen numerous updates and is still used today, primarily in
930 SAS (Serial Attached SCSI). The initial version is now often referred
932 * SD - [**Secure Digital**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card) card
933 * SDHCI - SD Host Controller Interface
934 * SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
935 * SDLE: AMD: Stardust Dynamic Load Emulator
936 * SEEP - Serial EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
938 * SEV - AMD: Secure Encrypted Virtualization
940 * Shadow RAM - RAM which content is copied from ROM residing at the same
941 address for speedup purposes.
942 * Shim - A small piece of code whose only purpose is to act as an
943 interface to load another piece of code.
944 * SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple Data
945 * SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module
946 * SIPI - Startup Inter Processor Interrupt
947 * SIO - [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
948 * SKL - Intel: SkyLake
949 * SKU - Stock Keeping Unit
950 * SMART: [**Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting
951 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.)
952 * SMBIOS - [**System Management
953 BIOS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS)
954 * SMBus - [**System Management
955 Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus)
956 * [http://www.smbus.org/](http://www.smbus.org/)
957 * SME - AMD: Secure Memory Encryption
958 * SMI - System management interrupt
959 * SMM - [**System management
960 mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Mode)
961 * SMN - AMD: System Management Network
962 * SMRAM - System Management RAM
963 * SMT - Simultaneous Multithreading
964 * SMT - Surface Mount
965 * SMT - Symmetric Multithreading
966 * SNP - AMD: Secure Nested Paging
967 * SMU - AMD: System Management Unit
968 * SO-DIMM: Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module
969 * SoC - System on a Chip
970 * SOIC - [**Small-Outline Integrated
971 Circuit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-outline_integrated_circuit)
972 * SPD - [**Serial Presence
973 Detect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_presence_detect)
974 * SPI - [**Serial Peripheral
975 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface)
976 * SPL - AMD: Security Patch Level
977 * SPM - Mediatek: System Power Manager
978 * SPMI - MIPI: System Power Management Interface
979 * SPR - Sapphire Rapids
980 * SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
981 * SSD - Solid State Drive
982 * SSDT - Secondary System Descriptor Table - ACPI table
983 * SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
984 * SSH - Network Protocol: Secure Shell
985 * SSI - **Server System Infrastructure**
986 * SSI-CEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Compact Electronics
987 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
988 * SSI-EEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Enterprise Electronics
989 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB) is a wider version of
990 ATX with different standoff placement.
991 * SSI-MEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Midrange Electronics
992 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
993 * SSI-TEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Thin Electronics
994 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
995 * SSP - [**Speech Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_processing)
996 * SSPHY - USB: USB3 Super-Speed PHY
997 * STAPM - AMD: Skin Temperature Aware Power Management
998 * STB - AMD: Smart Trace Buffer
999 * STG - System-Top-Group apparently a term for grouping subsystems in an SOC together?
1000 * SuperIO - The [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
1001 (SIO) device provides a system with any of a number of different
1002 peripherals. Most common are: A PS/2 Keyboard and mouse port, LPT
1003 Ports, UARTS, Watchdog Timers, Floppy drive Controllers, GPIOs, or any
1004 of a number of various other devices.
1005 * SVC - ARM: Supervisor Call
1006 * SVI2/3 - Serial VID (Voltage Identification) Interface 2.0 / 3.0
1007 * SWCM - Intel: Software Connection Manager
1013 * TBT - Intel: Turbo Boost Technology
1014 * tBUF - I2C: The bus free time between a STOP and START condition
1015 * TCC - Intel: Thermal Control Circuit
1016 * TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
1017 * TCPC - Type C Port Controller
1018 * TCSS - Intel: Type C SubSystem
1019 * TDMA - Time-Division Multiple Access
1020 * TDP - [**Thermal Design
1021 Power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
1022 * TEE - [**Trusted Execution
1023 Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment)
1024 * TFTP - Network Protocol: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
1025 * TGL - Intel: Tigerlake
1026 * THC - Touch Host Controller
1027 * Ti50 - Google: The next generation GSC (Google Security chip) on
1028 ChromeOS devices after Cr50
1029 * TLA - Techtronics Logic Analyzer
1030 * TLA - Three Letter Acronym
1031 * TLB - [**Translation Lookside
1032 Buffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer)
1033 * TME - Intel: Total Memory Encryption
1034 * TOCTOU - Time-Of-Check to Time-Of-Use
1035 * TOLUM - Top of Low Usable Memory
1036 * ToM - Top of Memory
1037 * TPM - Trusted Platform Module
1039 * TSN - Time-Sensitive Networking
1040 * TSC - [**Time Stamp
1041 Counter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter)
1042 * TSEG - TOM (Top of Memory) Segment
1043 * TSR - Temperature Sensor
1044 * TWAIN - Technology without an interesting name.
1046 * TXE - Intel: Trusted eXecution Engine
1051 * UART - Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
1052 * UC - UnCacheable. Memory type setting in MTRR/PAT.
1053 * uCode - [**Microcode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode)
1054 * UDK - UEFI: UEFI Development Kit
1055 * UDP - User Datagram Protocol
1056 * UDMA - ATA: [**Ultra DMA**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDMA) - The fastest transfer mode for ATA Hard Drives
1057 * UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1058 * UFC - User Facing Camera
1059 * UFP - USB: Upstream Facing Port
1060 * UFS - Universal Flash storage
1061 * UHCI - USB: [**Universal Host Controller
1062 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29%23UHCI)
1063 - Intel proprietary USB 1.x Host controller
1064 * Unreal mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
1065 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space - Also known as Big real mode
1067 * UMA - Unified Memory Architecture
1068 * UMI - AMD: [**Unified Media
1069 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Media_Interface)
1070 * UPD - Updatable Product Data
1071 * UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
1072 * USART - Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
1073 * USB - Universal Serial Bus
1074 * USF - Intel: Universal Scalable Firmware
1079 * VBIOS - Video BIOS
1080 * VBNV - Vboot Non-Volatile storage
1081 * VBT - [**Video BIOS
1082 Table**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/i915.html#video-bios-table-vbt)
1083 * VDDQ Memory/Power: The supply voltage to the output buffers of a memory chip.
1084 * VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
1085 * VGA: Video Graphics Array
1086 * VID: Vendor Identifier
1087 * VID: AMD: Voltage Identifier
1088 * VLB - VESA Local Bus
1089 * VOIP - Voice over IP
1090 * Voodoo mode - a silly name for Big Real mode.
1091 * VMX - Intel: CPU flag for Hardware Virtualization
1092 * VPD - Vital Product Data
1093 * VPN - Virtual Private Network
1094 * VPU - Intel: Versatile Processor Unit
1095 * VR - Voltage Regulator
1096 * VRAM - Video Random Access Memory
1097 * VREF Memory/Power: Reference voltage for the input lines of a chip that determines the voltage level at which the threshold between a logical 1 and a logical 0 occurs. Usually 1/2 VDDQ.
1098 * VRM - Voltage Regulator Module
1099 * VT-d - Intel: Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
1100 * VTT Memory/Power: Tracking Termination Voltage
1101 * vUART - Virtual UART
1106 * WAN - [**Wide Area Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network)
1107 * WB - Cache Policy: [**Write-Back**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1108 * WC - Cache Policy: [**Write-Combining**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1109 * WCAM - World-facing Camera - A camera on a device that is not intended
1110 to be used as a webcam, but instead to film scenes away from the user.
1111 For clamshell devices, his may be on the keyboard panel for devices
1112 devices that open 360 degrees, or on the outside of the cover. For
1113 tablets, it's on the the side away from the screen.
1114 * WDT - [**WatchDog Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer)
1115 * WFC - World Facing Camera
1116 * WLAN - Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)
1117 * WWAN - Telecommunication: Wireless WAN (Wide Area Network)
1118 * WP - Cache policy: [**Write-Protected**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1119 * WPT - Intel: Wildcat Point - PCH for Broadwell
1121 * WOL - [**Wake-on-LAN**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN)
1122 * WT - Cache Policy: [**Write Through**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1127 * x64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) or AMD64.
1128 * x86 - [**x86**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) Originally referred to any device compatible with the 8088/8086
1129 architectures, this now typically means compatibility with the 80386
1130 32-bit instruction set (also referred to as IA-32)
1131 * x86-64 - The 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Also known as
1132 [**AMD64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) as it was developed by AMD. Long-mode refers to when the
1133 processor is running in the 64-bit mode.
1134 * XBAR - AMD: Abbreviation for crossbar, their command packet switch
1135 which determines what data goes where within the processor or SoC
1136 * XHCI - USB: [**Extensible Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Host_Controller_Interface) - USB Host controller
1137 supporting 1.x, 2.0, and 3.x devices.
1142 * YCC - Color Space: [**YCbCr**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr) - A family of color spaces used in video
1147 * ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
1151 * [AMD Glossary of terms](https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/glossary-of-terms-20220505-for-web.pdf)