1 Media Controller devices
2 ------------------------
7 The media controller userspace API is documented in
8 :ref:`the Media Controller uAPI book <media_controller>`. This document focus
9 on the kernel-side implementation of the media framework.
11 Abstract media device model
12 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
14 Discovering a device internal topology, and configuring it at runtime, is one
15 of the goals of the media framework. To achieve this, hardware devices are
16 modelled as an oriented graph of building blocks called entities connected
19 An entity is a basic media hardware building block. It can correspond to
20 a large variety of logical blocks such as physical hardware devices
21 (CMOS sensor for instance), logical hardware devices (a building block
22 in a System-on-Chip image processing pipeline), DMA channels or physical
25 A pad is a connection endpoint through which an entity can interact with
26 other entities. Data (not restricted to video) produced by an entity
27 flows from the entity's output to one or more entity inputs. Pads should
28 not be confused with physical pins at chip boundaries.
30 A link is a point-to-point oriented connection between two pads, either
31 on the same entity or on different entities. Data flows from a source
37 A media device is represented by a :c:type:`struct media_device <media_device>`
38 instance, defined in ``include/media/media-device.h``.
39 Allocation of the structure is handled by the media device driver, usually by
40 embedding the :c:type:`media_device` instance in a larger driver-specific
43 Drivers register media device instances by calling
44 :c:func:`__media_device_register()` via the macro ``media_device_register()``
45 and unregistered by calling :c:func:`media_device_unregister()`.
50 Entities are represented by a :c:type:`struct media_entity <media_entity>`
51 instance, defined in ``include/media/media-entity.h``. The structure is usually
52 embedded into a higher-level structure, such as
53 :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` or :c:type:`video_device`
54 instances, although drivers can allocate entities directly.
56 Drivers initialize entity pads by calling
57 :c:func:`media_entity_pads_init()`.
59 Drivers register entities with a media device by calling
60 :c:func:`media_device_register_entity()`
61 and unregistred by calling
62 :c:func:`media_device_unregister_entity()`.
67 Interfaces are represented by a
68 :c:type:`struct media_interface <media_interface>` instance, defined in
69 ``include/media/media-entity.h``. Currently, only one type of interface is
70 defined: a device node. Such interfaces are represented by a
71 :c:type:`struct media_intf_devnode <media_intf_devnode>`.
73 Drivers initialize and create device node interfaces by calling
74 :c:func:`media_devnode_create()`
75 and remove them by calling:
76 :c:func:`media_devnode_remove()`.
80 Pads are represented by a :c:type:`struct media_pad <media_pad>` instance,
81 defined in ``include/media/media-entity.h``. Each entity stores its pads in
82 a pads array managed by the entity driver. Drivers usually embed the array in
83 a driver-specific structure.
85 Pads are identified by their entity and their 0-based index in the pads
88 Both information are stored in the :c:type:`struct media_pad`, making the
89 :c:type:`media_pad` pointer the canonical way to store and pass link references.
91 Pads have flags that describe the pad capabilities and state.
93 ``MEDIA_PAD_FL_SINK`` indicates that the pad supports sinking data.
94 ``MEDIA_PAD_FL_SOURCE`` indicates that the pad supports sourcing data.
98 One and only one of ``MEDIA_PAD_FL_SINK`` or ``MEDIA_PAD_FL_SOURCE`` must
104 Links are represented by a :c:type:`struct media_link <media_link>` instance,
105 defined in ``include/media/media-entity.h``. There are two types of links:
107 **1. pad to pad links**:
109 Associate two entities via their PADs. Each entity has a list that points
110 to all links originating at or targeting any of its pads.
111 A given link is thus stored twice, once in the source entity and once in
114 Drivers create pad to pad links by calling:
115 :c:func:`media_create_pad_link()` and remove with
116 :c:func:`media_entity_remove_links()`.
118 **2. interface to entity links**:
120 Associate one interface to a Link.
122 Drivers create interface to entity links by calling:
123 :c:func:`media_create_intf_link()` and remove with
124 :c:func:`media_remove_intf_links()`.
128 Links can only be created after having both ends already created.
130 Links have flags that describe the link capabilities and state. The
131 valid values are described at :c:func:`media_create_pad_link()` and
132 :c:func:`media_create_intf_link()`.
137 The media framework provides APIs to iterate over entities in a graph.
139 To iterate over all entities belonging to a media device, drivers can use
140 the media_device_for_each_entity macro, defined in
141 ``include/media/media-device.h``.
145 struct media_entity *entity;
147 media_device_for_each_entity(entity, mdev) {
148 // entity will point to each entity in turn
152 Drivers might also need to iterate over all entities in a graph that can be
153 reached only through enabled links starting at a given entity. The media
154 framework provides a depth-first graph traversal API for that purpose.
158 Graphs with cycles (whether directed or undirected) are **NOT**
159 supported by the graph traversal API. To prevent infinite loops, the graph
160 traversal code limits the maximum depth to ``MEDIA_ENTITY_ENUM_MAX_DEPTH``,
161 currently defined as 16.
163 Drivers initiate a graph traversal by calling
164 :c:func:`media_entity_graph_walk_start()`
166 The graph structure, provided by the caller, is initialized to start graph
167 traversal at the given entity.
169 Drivers can then retrieve the next entity by calling
170 :c:func:`media_entity_graph_walk_next()`
172 When the graph traversal is complete the function will return ``NULL``.
174 Graph traversal can be interrupted at any moment. No cleanup function call
175 is required and the graph structure can be freed normally.
177 Helper functions can be used to find a link between two given pads, or a pad
178 connected to another pad through an enabled link
179 :c:func:`media_entity_find_link()` and
180 :c:func:`media_entity_remote_pad()`.
182 Use count and power handling
183 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
185 Due to the wide differences between drivers regarding power management
186 needs, the media controller does not implement power management. However,
187 the :c:type:`struct media_entity <media_entity>` includes a ``use_count``
188 field that media drivers
189 can use to track the number of users of every entity for power management
192 The :c:type:`media_entity<media_entity>`.\ ``use_count`` field is owned by
193 media drivers and must not be
194 touched by entity drivers. Access to the field must be protected by the
195 :c:type:`media_device`.\ ``graph_mutex`` lock.
200 Link properties can be modified at runtime by calling
201 :c:func:`media_entity_setup_link()`.
203 Pipelines and media streams
204 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
206 When starting streaming, drivers must notify all entities in the pipeline to
207 prevent link states from being modified during streaming by calling
208 :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_start()`.
210 The function will mark all entities connected to the given entity through
211 enabled links, either directly or indirectly, as streaming.
213 The :c:type:`struct media_pipeline <media_pipeline>` instance pointed to by
214 the pipe argument will be stored in every entity in the pipeline.
215 Drivers should embed the :c:type:`struct media_pipeline <media_pipeline>`
216 in higher-level pipeline structures and can then access the
217 pipeline through the :c:type:`struct media_entity <media_entity>`
220 Calls to :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_start()` can be nested.
221 The pipeline pointer must be identical for all nested calls to the function.
223 :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_start()` may return an error. In that case,
224 it will clean up any of the changes it did by itself.
226 When stopping the stream, drivers must notify the entities with
227 :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_stop()`.
229 If multiple calls to :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_start()` have been
230 made the same number of :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_stop()` calls
231 are required to stop streaming.
232 The :c:type:`media_entity`.\ ``pipe`` field is reset to ``NULL`` on the last
235 Link configuration will fail with ``-EBUSY`` by default if either end of the
236 link is a streaming entity. Links that can be modified while streaming must
237 be marked with the ``MEDIA_LNK_FL_DYNAMIC`` flag.
239 If other operations need to be disallowed on streaming entities (such as
240 changing entities configuration parameters) drivers can explicitly check the
241 media_entity stream_count field to find out if an entity is streaming. This
242 operation must be done with the media_device graph_mutex held.
247 Link validation is performed by :c:func:`media_entity_pipeline_start()`
248 for any entity which has sink pads in the pipeline. The
249 :c:type:`media_entity`.\ ``link_validate()`` callback is used for that
250 purpose. In ``link_validate()`` callback, entity driver should check
251 that the properties of the source pad of the connected entity and its own
252 sink pad match. It is up to the type of the entity (and in the end, the
253 properties of the hardware) what matching actually means.
255 Subsystems should facilitate link validation by providing subsystem specific
256 helper functions to provide easy access for commonly needed information, and
257 in the end provide a way to use driver-specific callbacks.
259 .. kernel-doc:: include/media/media-device.h
261 .. kernel-doc:: include/media/media-devnode.h
263 .. kernel-doc:: include/media/media-entity.h