1 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
2 ==========================
4 Documentation is written by Masami Hiramatsu
9 These events are similar to tracepoint based events. Instead of Tracepoint,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the Tracepoint based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly.
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
18 Similar to the events tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enabled.
24 Synopsis of kprobe_events
25 -------------------------
26 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
27 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
28 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear a probe
30 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
31 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
32 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
33 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
34 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
35 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
36 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
37 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
38 as defined in Documentation/kprobes.txt section 1.3.1.
40 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
41 %REG : Fetch register REG
42 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
43 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
44 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
45 $stack : Fetch stack address.
46 $retval : Fetch return value.(*)
47 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
48 +|-offs(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- offs address.(**)
49 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
50 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
51 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
52 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string" and bitfield are supported.
54 (*) only for return probe.
55 (**) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
59 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Kprobe tracer will access memory
60 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
61 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
62 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
63 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
65 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
66 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
68 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
69 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is;
71 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
73 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
76 Per-Probe Event Filtering
77 -------------------------
78 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
79 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
80 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
81 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
82 'enabled', 'format' and 'filter'.
85 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
88 This shows the format of this probe event.
91 You can write filtering rules of this event.
94 This shows the id of this probe event.
99 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
100 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_profile.
101 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
102 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
107 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
110 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
112 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
113 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
114 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
115 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
117 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
119 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
121 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
122 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
123 You can see the format of these events via
124 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
126 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
130 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
131 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
132 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
133 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
135 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
136 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
137 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
138 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
139 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
140 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
143 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
144 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
146 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
148 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
150 This clears all probe points.
154 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
156 This clears probe points selectively.
158 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
159 events, you need to enable it.
161 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
162 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
164 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
166 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
169 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
171 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
172 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
173 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
174 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
175 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
176 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
179 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
180 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
181 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).