3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 3.2 gcc --version
33 GNU make 3.81 make --version
35 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
36 bison 2.0 bison --version
37 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
38 module-init-tools 0.9.10 depmod -V
39 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
40 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
41 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
42 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
43 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
44 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
45 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
46 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
47 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
48 isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
49 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
50 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
51 oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
52 udev 081 udevd --version
53 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
54 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
55 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
56 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
57 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
58 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
59 ====================== =============== ========================================
61 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
69 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
75 You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
80 The build system has, as of 4.13, switched to using thin archives (`ar T`)
81 rather than incremental linking (`ld -r`) for built-in.o intermediate steps.
82 This requires binutils 2.20 or newer.
87 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
88 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
94 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
95 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
100 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
101 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
106 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
112 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
113 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
115 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
116 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
123 Architectural changes
124 ---------------------
126 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
127 (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
129 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
131 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
132 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
133 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
134 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
135 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
136 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
142 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
143 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
144 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
145 You'll probably want to upgrade.
150 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
151 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
152 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
153 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
154 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
155 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
156 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
162 A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires ``module-init-tools``
163 to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
168 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
169 mkinitrd be upgraded.
174 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
175 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
180 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
181 The following utilities are available:
183 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
184 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
186 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
188 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
193 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
194 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
195 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
196 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
201 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
202 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
203 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
204 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
205 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
210 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
211 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
212 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
218 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
219 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
220 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
221 from the table above.
226 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
227 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
228 udev you may need to::
231 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
232 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
234 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
235 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
240 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
241 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
242 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
248 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
249 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
257 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
258 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
262 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
263 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
264 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
269 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
270 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
271 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
273 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
274 which can be made by::
276 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
283 Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
284 needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
289 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
290 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
291 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
292 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
293 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
295 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
296 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
297 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
298 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
300 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
301 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
302 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
303 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
304 currently active clients.
306 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
308 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
310 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
311 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
317 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
318 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
319 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
327 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in ``Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst``
328 for details about Sphinx requirements.
330 Getting updated software
331 ========================
339 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
344 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
349 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
354 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
359 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
364 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
372 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
377 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
382 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/module-init-tools/>
387 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
392 - <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
397 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
402 - <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
407 - <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
412 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
417 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
423 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
428 - <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
433 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
438 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
446 - <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
451 - <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>
456 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
461 - <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
471 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
476 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
484 - <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>