1 .. _misc-design-philosophies:
7 This document explains some of the fundamental philosophies Django's developers
8 have used in creating the framework. Its goal is to explain the past and guide
19 .. index:: coupling; loose
21 A fundamental goal of Django's stack is `loose coupling and tight cohesion`_.
22 The various layers of the framework shouldn't "know" about each other unless
25 For example, the template system knows nothing about Web requests, the database
26 layer knows nothing about data display and the view system doesn't care which
27 template system a programmer uses.
29 Although Django comes with a full stack for convenience, the pieces of the
30 stack are independent of another wherever possible.
32 .. _`loose coupling and tight cohesion`: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CouplingAndCohesion
39 Django apps should use as little code as possible; they should lack boilerplate.
40 Django should take full advantage of Python's dynamic capabilities, such as
43 .. _quick-development:
48 The point of a Web framework in the 21st century is to make the tedious aspects
49 of Web development fast. Django should allow for incredibly quick Web
54 Don't repeat yourself (DRY)
55 ---------------------------
59 single: Don't repeat yourself
61 Every distinct concept and/or piece of data should live in one, and only one,
62 place. Redundancy is bad. Normalization is good.
64 The framework, within reason, should deduce as much as possible from as little
69 The `discussion of DRY on the Portland Pattern Repository`__
71 __ http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?DontRepeatYourself
73 .. _explicit-is-better-than-implicit:
75 Explicit is better than implicit
76 --------------------------------
78 This, a `core Python principle`_, means Django shouldn't do too much "magic."
79 Magic shouldn't happen unless there's a really good reason for it. Magic is
80 worth using only if it creates a huge convenience unattainable in other ways,
81 and it isn't implemented in a way that confuses developers who are trying to
82 learn how to use the feature.
84 .. _`core Python principle`: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/
91 The framework should be consistent at all levels. Consistency applies to
92 everything from low-level (the Python coding style used) to high-level (the
93 "experience" of using Django).
98 Explicit is better than implicit
99 --------------------------------
101 Fields shouldn't assume certain behaviors based solely on the name of the
102 field. This requires too much knowledge of the system and is prone to errors.
103 Instead, behaviors should be based on keyword arguments and, in some cases, on
104 the type of the field.
106 Include all relevant domain logic
107 ---------------------------------
109 Models should encapsulate every aspect of an "object," following Martin
110 Fowler's `Active Record`_ design pattern.
112 This is why both the data represented by a model and information about
113 it (its human-readable name, options like default ordering, etc.) are
114 defined in the model class; all the information needed to understand a
115 given model should be stored *in* the model.
117 .. _`Active Record`: http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/activeRecord.html
122 The core goals of the database API are:
127 It should execute SQL statements as few times as possible, and it should
128 optimize statements internally.
130 This is why developers need to call ``save()`` explicitly, rather than the
131 framework saving things behind the scenes silently.
133 This is also why the ``select_related()`` ``QuerySet`` method exists. It's an
134 optional performance booster for the common case of selecting "every related
137 Terse, powerful syntax
138 ----------------------
140 The database API should allow rich, expressive statements in as little syntax
141 as possible. It should not rely on importing other modules or helper objects.
143 Joins should be performed automatically, behind the scenes, when necessary.
145 Every object should be able to access every related object, systemwide. This
146 access should work both ways.
148 Option to drop into raw SQL easily, when needed
149 -----------------------------------------------
151 The database API should realize it's a shortcut but not necessarily an
152 end-all-be-all. The framework should make it easy to write custom SQL -- entire
153 statements, or just custom ``WHERE`` clauses as custom parameters to API calls.
161 URLs in a Django app should not be coupled to the underlying Python code. Tying
162 URLs to Python function names is a Bad And Ugly Thing.
164 Along these lines, the Django URL system should allow URLs for the same app to
165 be different in different contexts. For example, one site may put stories at
166 ``/stories/``, while another may use ``/news/``.
171 URLs should be as flexible as possible. Any conceivable URL design should be
174 Encourage best practices
175 ------------------------
177 The framework should make it just as easy (or even easier) for a developer to
178 design pretty URLs than ugly ones.
180 File extensions in Web-page URLs should be avoided.
182 Vignette-style commas in URLs deserve severe punishment.
189 .. index:: urls; definitive
191 Technically, ``foo.com/bar`` and ``foo.com/bar/`` are two different URLs, and
192 search-engine robots (and some Web traffic-analyzing tools) would treat them as
193 separate pages. Django should make an effort to "normalize" URLs so that
194 search-engine robots don't get confused.
196 This is the reasoning behind the :setting:`APPEND_SLASH` setting.
201 .. _separation-of-logic-and-presentation:
203 Separate logic from presentation
204 --------------------------------
206 We see a template system as a tool that controls presentation and
207 presentation-related logic -- and that's it. The template system shouldn't
208 support functionality that goes beyond this basic goal.
210 If we wanted to put everything in templates, we'd be using PHP. Been there,
213 Discourage redundancy
214 ---------------------
216 The majority of dynamic Web sites use some sort of common sitewide design --
217 a common header, footer, navigation bar, etc. The Django template system should
218 make it easy to store those elements in a single place, eliminating duplicate
221 This is the philosophy behind :ref:`template inheritance
222 <template-inheritance>`.
224 Be decoupled from HTML
225 ----------------------
227 The template system shouldn't be designed so that it only outputs HTML. It
228 should be equally good at generating other text-based formats, or just plain
231 XML should not be used for template languages
232 ---------------------------------------------
234 .. index:: xml; suckiness of
236 Using an XML engine to parse templates introduces a whole new world of human
237 error in editing templates -- and incurs an unacceptable level of overhead in
240 Assume designer competence
241 --------------------------
243 The template system shouldn't be designed so that templates necessarily are
244 displayed nicely in WYSIWYG editors such as Dreamweaver. That is too severe of
245 a limitation and wouldn't allow the syntax to be as nice as it is. Django
246 expects template authors are comfortable editing HTML directly.
248 Treat whitespace obviously
249 --------------------------
251 The template system shouldn't do magic things with whitespace. If a template
252 includes whitespace, the system should treat the whitespace as it treats text
253 -- just display it. Any whitespace that's not in a template tag should be
256 Don't invent a programming language
257 -----------------------------------
259 The template system intentionally doesn't allow the following:
261 * Assignment to variables
264 The goal is not to invent a programming language. The goal is to offer just
265 enough programming-esque functionality, such as branching and looping, that is
266 essential for making presentation-related decisions.
268 The Django template system recognizes that templates are most often written by
269 *designers*, not *programmers*, and therefore should not assume Python
275 The template system, out of the box, should forbid the inclusion of malicious
276 code -- such as commands that delete database records.
278 This is another reason the template system doesn't allow arbitrary Python code.
283 The template system should recognize that advanced template authors may want
284 to extend its technology.
286 This is the philosophy behind custom template tags and filters.
294 Writing a view should be as simple as writing a Python function. Developers
295 shouldn't have to instantiate a class when a function will do.
300 Views should have access to a request object -- an object that stores metadata
301 about the current request. The object should be passed directly to a view
302 function, rather than the view function having to access the request data from
303 a global variable. This makes it light, clean and easy to test views by passing
304 in "fake" request objects.
309 A view shouldn't care about which template system the developer uses -- or even
310 whether a template system is used at all.
312 Differentiate between GET and POST
313 ----------------------------------
315 GET and POST are distinct; developers should explicitly use one or the other.
316 The framework should make it easy to distinguish between GET and POST data.