1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 Writing Devicetree Bindings in json-schema
4 ==========================================
6 Devicetree bindings are written using json-schema vocabulary. Schema files are
7 written in a JSON-compatible subset of YAML. YAML is used instead of JSON as it
8 is considered more human readable and has some advantages such as allowing
9 comments (Prefixed with '#').
11 Also see :ref:`example-schema`.
16 Each schema doc is a structured json-schema which is defined by a set of
17 top-level properties. Generally, there is one binding defined per file. The
18 top-level json-schema properties used are:
21 A json-schema unique identifier string. The string must be a valid
22 URI typically containing the binding's filename and path. For DT schema, it must
23 begin with "http://devicetree.org/schemas/". The URL is used in constructing
24 references to other files specified in schema "$ref" properties. A $ref value
25 with a leading '/' will have the hostname prepended. A $ref value with only a
26 relative path or filename will be prepended with the hostname and path
27 components of the current schema file's '$id' value. A URL is used even for
28 local files, but there may not actually be files present at those locations.
31 Indicates the meta-schema the schema file adheres to.
34 A one-line description of the hardware being described in the binding schema.
37 A DT specific property. Contains a list of email address(es)
38 for maintainers of this binding.
41 Optional. A multi-line text block containing any detailed
42 information about this hardware. It should contain things such as what the block
43 or device does, standards the device conforms to, and links to datasheets for
47 Optional. A json-schema used to match nodes for applying the
48 schema. By default, without 'select', nodes are matched against their possible
49 compatible-string values or node name. Most bindings should not need select.
52 Optional. A list of other schemas to include. This is used to
53 include other schemas the binding conforms to. This may be schemas for a
54 particular class of devices such as I2C or SPI controllers.
57 A set of sub-schema defining all the DT properties for the
58 binding. The exact schema syntax depends on whether properties are known,
59 common properties (e.g. 'interrupts') or are binding/vendor-specific
62 A property can also define a child DT node with child properties defined
65 For more details on properties sections, see 'Property Schema' section.
68 Optional. Similar to 'properties', but names are regex.
71 A list of DT properties from the 'properties' section that
72 must always be present.
74 additionalProperties / unevaluatedProperties
75 Keywords controlling how schema will validate properties not matched by this
76 schema's 'properties' or 'patternProperties'. Each schema is supposed to
77 have exactly one of these keywords in top-level part, so either
78 additionalProperties or unevaluatedProperties. Nested nodes, so properties
79 being objects, are supposed to have one as well.
81 * additionalProperties: false
82 Most common case, where no additional schema is referenced or if this
83 binding allows subset of properties from other referenced schemas.
85 * unevaluatedProperties: false
86 Used when this binding references other schema whose all properties
89 * additionalProperties: true
90 Rare case, used for schemas implementing common set of properties. Such
91 schemas are supposed to be referenced by other schemas, which then use
92 'unevaluatedProperties: false'. Typically bus or common-part schemas.
95 Optional. A list of one or more DTS hunks implementing this binding only.
96 Example should not contain unrelated device nodes, e.g. consumer nodes in a
97 provider binding, other nodes referenced by phandle.
98 Note: YAML doesn't allow leading tabs, so spaces must be used instead.
100 Unless noted otherwise, all properties are required.
105 The 'properties' section of the schema contains all the DT properties for a
106 binding. Each property contains a set of constraints using json-schema
107 vocabulary for that property. The properties schemas are what are used for
108 validation of DT files.
110 For common properties, only additional constraints not covered by the common,
111 binding schema need to be defined such as how many values are valid or what
112 possible values are valid.
114 Vendor-specific properties will typically need more detailed schema. With the
115 exception of boolean properties, they should have a reference to a type in
116 schemas/types.yaml. A "description" property is always required.
118 The Devicetree schemas don't exactly match the YAML-encoded DT data produced by
119 dtc. They are simplified to make them more compact and avoid a bunch of
120 boilerplate. The tools process the schema files to produce the final schema for
121 validation. There are currently 2 transformations the tools perform.
123 The default for arrays in json-schema is they are variable-sized and allow more
124 entries than explicitly defined. This can be restricted by defining 'minItems',
125 'maxItems', and 'additionalItems'. However, for DeviceTree Schemas, a fixed
126 size is desired in most cases, so these properties are added based on the
127 number of entries in an 'items' list.
129 The YAML Devicetree format also makes all string values an array and scalar
130 values a matrix (in order to define groupings) even when only a single value
131 is present. Single entries in schemas are fixed up to match this encoding.
136 Use YAML coding style (two-space indentation). For DTS examples in the schema,
137 preferred is four-space indentation.
145 The DT schema project must be installed in order to validate the DT schema
146 binding documents and validate DTS files using the DT schema. The DT schema
147 project can be installed with pip::
149 pip3 install dtschema
151 Note that 'dtschema' installation requires 'swig' and Python development files
152 installed first. On Debian/Ubuntu systems::
154 apt install swig python3-dev
156 Several executables (dt-doc-validate, dt-mk-schema, dt-validate) will be
157 installed. Ensure they are in your PATH (~/.local/bin by default).
159 Recommended is also to install yamllint (used by dtschema when present).
164 The DT schema binding documents must be validated using the meta-schema (the
165 schema for the schema) to ensure they are both valid json-schema and valid
166 binding schema. All of the DT binding documents can be validated using the
167 ``dt_binding_check`` target::
169 make dt_binding_check
171 In order to perform validation of DT source files, use the ``dtbs_check`` target::
175 Note that ``dtbs_check`` will skip any binding schema files with errors. It is
176 necessary to use ``dt_binding_check`` to get all the validation errors in the
177 binding schema files.
179 It is possible to run both in a single command::
181 make dt_binding_check dtbs_check
183 It is also possible to run checks with a subset of matching schema files by
184 setting the ``DT_SCHEMA_FILES`` variable to 1 or more specific schema files or
185 patterns (partial match of a fixed string). Each file or pattern should be
190 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml
191 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml:rtc.yaml
192 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=/gpio/
193 make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml
196 json-schema Resources
197 ---------------------
200 `JSON-Schema Specifications <http://json-schema.org/>`_
202 `Using JSON Schema Book <http://usingjsonschema.com/>`_
206 Annotated Example Schema
207 ------------------------
209 Also available as a separate file: :download:`example-schema.yaml`
211 .. literalinclude:: example-schema.yaml