1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 .. _media_writing_camera_sensor_drivers:
5 Writing camera sensor drivers
6 =============================
8 This document covers the in-kernel APIs only. For the best practices on
9 userspace API implementation in camera sensor drivers, please see
10 :ref:`media_using_camera_sensor_drivers`.
12 CSI-2, parallel and BT.656 buses
13 --------------------------------
15 Please see :ref:`transmitter-receiver`.
20 Camera sensors have an internal clock tree including a PLL and a number of
21 divisors. The clock tree is generally configured by the driver based on a few
22 input parameters that are specific to the hardware: the external clock frequency
23 and the link frequency. The two parameters generally are obtained from system
24 firmware. **No other frequencies should be used in any circumstances.**
26 The reason why the clock frequencies are so important is that the clock signals
27 come out of the SoC, and in many cases a specific frequency is designed to be
28 used in the system. Using another frequency may cause harmful effects
29 elsewhere. Therefore only the pre-determined frequencies are configurable by the
35 Read the ``clock-frequency`` _DSD property to denote the frequency. The driver
36 can rely on this frequency being used.
41 The preferred way to achieve this is using ``assigned-clocks``,
42 ``assigned-clock-parents`` and ``assigned-clock-rates`` properties. See the
43 `clock device tree bindings
44 <https://github.com/devicetree-org/dt-schema/blob/main/dtschema/schemas/clock/clock.yaml>`_
45 for more information. The driver then gets the frequency using
48 This approach has the drawback that there's no guarantee that the frequency
49 hasn't been modified directly or indirectly by another driver, or supported by
50 the board's clock tree to begin with. Changes to the Common Clock Framework API
51 are required to ensure reliability.
56 Camera sensors are used in conjunction with other devices to form a camera
57 pipeline. They must obey the rules listed herein to ensure coherent power
58 management over the pipeline.
60 Camera sensor drivers are responsible for controlling the power state of the
61 device they otherwise control as well. They shall use runtime PM to manage
62 power states. Runtime PM shall be enabled at probe time and disabled at remove
63 time. Drivers should enable runtime PM autosuspend. Also see
64 :ref:`async sub-device registration <media-registering-async-subdevs>`.
66 The runtime PM handlers shall handle clocks, regulators, GPIOs, and other
67 system resources required to power the sensor up and down. For drivers that
68 don't use any of those resources (such as drivers that support ACPI systems
69 only), the runtime PM handlers may be left unimplemented.
71 In general, the device shall be powered on at least when its registers are
72 being accessed and when it is streaming. Drivers should use
73 ``pm_runtime_resume_and_get()`` when starting streaming and
74 ``pm_runtime_put()`` or ``pm_runtime_put_autosuspend()`` when stopping
75 streaming. They may power the device up at probe time (for example to read
76 identification registers), but should not keep it powered unconditionally after
79 At system suspend time, the whole camera pipeline must stop streaming, and
80 restart when the system is resumed. This requires coordination between the
81 camera sensor and the rest of the camera pipeline. Bridge drivers are
82 responsible for this coordination, and instruct camera sensors to stop and
83 restart streaming by calling the appropriate subdev operations
84 (``.enable_streams()`` or ``.disable_streams()``). Camera sensor drivers shall
85 therefore **not** keep track of the streaming state to stop streaming in the PM
86 suspend handler and restart it in the resume handler. Drivers should in general
87 not implement the system PM handlers.
89 Camera sensor drivers shall **not** implement the subdev ``.s_power()``
90 operation, as it is deprecated. While this operation is implemented in some
91 existing drivers as they predate the deprecation, new drivers shall use runtime
92 PM instead. If you feel you need to begin calling ``.s_power()`` from an ISP or
93 a bridge driver, instead add runtime PM support to the sensor driver you are
94 using and drop its ``.s_power()`` handler.
96 Please also see :ref:`examples <media-camera-sensor-examples>`.
101 ``v4l2_ctrl_handler_setup()`` function may not be used in the device's runtime
102 PM ``runtime_resume`` callback, as it has no way to figure out the power state
103 of the device. This is because the power state of the device is only changed
104 after the power state transition has taken place. The ``s_ctrl`` callback can be
105 used to obtain device's power state after the power state transition:
107 .. c:function:: int pm_runtime_get_if_in_use(struct device *dev);
109 The function returns a non-zero value if it succeeded getting the power count or
110 runtime PM was disabled, in either of which cases the driver may proceed to
113 Rotation, orientation and flipping
114 ----------------------------------
116 Use ``v4l2_fwnode_device_parse()`` to obtain rotation and orientation
117 information from system firmware and ``v4l2_ctrl_new_fwnode_properties()`` to
118 register the appropriate controls.
120 .. _media-camera-sensor-examples:
125 Features implemented by sensor drivers vary, and depending on the set of
126 supported features and other qualities, particular sensor drivers better serve
127 the purpose of an example. The following drivers are known to be good examples:
129 .. flat-table:: Example sensor drivers
138 - ``drivers/media/i2c/ccs/``
139 - Freely configurable
140 - Power management (ACPI and DT), UAPI
142 - ``drivers/media/i2c/imx219.c``
143 - Register list based
144 - Power management (DT), UAPI, mode selection
146 - ``drivers/media/i2c/imx319.c``
147 - Register list based
148 - Power management (ACPI and DT)