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2 Dynamic Audio Power Management for Portable Devices
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8 Dynamic Audio Power Management (DAPM) is designed to allow portable
9 Linux devices to use the minimum amount of power within the audio
10 subsystem at all times. It is independent of other kernel power
11 management frameworks and, as such, can easily co-exist with them.
13 DAPM is also completely transparent to all user space applications as
14 all power switching is done within the ASoC core. No code changes or
15 recompiling are required for user space applications. DAPM makes power
16 switching decisions based upon any audio stream (capture/playback)
17 activity and audio mixer settings within the device.
19 DAPM is based on two basic elements, called widgets and routes:
21 * a **widget** is every part of the audio hardware that can be enabled by
22 software when in use and disabled to save power when not in use
23 * a **route** is an interconnection between widgets that exists when sound
24 can flow from one widget to the other
26 All DAPM power switching decisions are made automatically by consulting an
27 audio routing graph. This graph is specific to each sound card and spans
28 the whole sound card, so some DAPM routes connect two widgets belonging to
29 different components (e.g. the LINE OUT pin of a CODEC and the input pin of
32 The graph for the STM32MP1-DK1 sound card is shown in picture:
34 .. kernel-figure:: dapm-graph.svg
35 :alt: Example DAPM graph
38 You can also generate compatible graph for your sound card using
39 `tools/sound/dapm-graph` utility.
44 There are 4 power domains within DAPM:
47 VREF, VMID (core codec and audio power)
49 Usually controlled at codec probe/remove and suspend/resume, although
50 can be set at stream time if power is not needed for sidetone, etc.
52 Platform/Machine domain
53 physically connected inputs and outputs
55 Is platform/machine and user action specific, is configured by the
56 machine driver and responds to asynchronous events e.g when HP
60 audio subsystem signal paths
62 Automatically set when mixer and mux settings are changed by the user.
63 e.g. alsamixer, amixer.
68 Enabled and disabled when stream playback/capture is started and
69 stopped respectively. e.g. aplay, arecord.
75 Audio DAPM widgets fall into a number of types:
78 Mixes several analog signals into a single analog signal.
80 An analog switch that outputs only one of many inputs.
82 A programmable gain amplifier or attenuation widget.
84 Analog to Digital Converter
86 Digital to Analog Converter
94 Headphone (and optional Jack)
96 Mic (and optional Jack)
98 Line Input/Output (and optional Jack)
102 Power or clock supply widget used by other widgets.
104 External regulator that supplies power to audio components.
106 External clock that supplies clock to audio components.
108 Audio Interface Input (with TDM slot mask).
110 Audio Interface Output (with TDM slot mask).
114 Digital Audio Interface Input.
116 Digital Audio Interface Output.
118 DAI Link between two DAI structures
120 Special PRE widget (exec before all others)
122 Special POST widget (exec after all others)
124 Inter widget audio data buffer within a DSP.
126 DSP internal scheduler that schedules component/pipeline processing
129 Widget that performs an audio processing effect.
131 Sample Rate Converter within DSP or CODEC
133 Asynchronous Sample Rate Converter within DSP or CODEC
135 Widget that encodes audio data from one format (usually PCM) to another
136 usually more compressed format.
138 Widget that decodes audio data from a compressed format to an
139 uncompressed format like PCM.
142 (Widgets are defined in include/sound/soc-dapm.h)
144 Widgets can be added to the sound card by any of the component driver types.
145 There are convenience macros defined in soc-dapm.h that can be used to quickly
146 build a list of widgets of the codecs and machines DAPM widgets.
148 Most widgets have a name, register, shift and invert. Some widgets have extra
149 parameters for stream name and kcontrols.
152 Stream Domain Widgets
153 ---------------------
155 Stream Widgets relate to the stream power domain and only consist of ADCs
156 (analog to digital converters), DACs (digital to analog converters),
159 Stream widgets have the following format:
162 SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC(name, stream name, reg, shift, invert),
163 SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_IN(name, stream, slot, reg, shift, invert)
165 NOTE: the stream name must match the corresponding stream name in your codec
168 e.g. stream widgets for HiFi playback and capture
171 SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC("HiFi DAC", "HiFi Playback", REG, 3, 1),
172 SND_SOC_DAPM_ADC("HiFi ADC", "HiFi Capture", REG, 2, 1),
174 e.g. stream widgets for AIF
177 SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_IN("AIF1RX", "AIF1 Playback", 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
178 SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_OUT("AIF1TX", "AIF1 Capture", 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
184 Path domain widgets have a ability to control or affect the audio signal or
185 audio paths within the audio subsystem. They have the following form:
188 SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA(name, reg, shift, invert, controls, num_controls)
190 Any widget kcontrols can be set using the controls and num_controls members.
192 e.g. Mixer widget (the kcontrols are declared first)
196 static const snd_kcontrol_new_t wm8731_output_mixer_controls[] = {
197 SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Line Bypass Switch", WM8731_APANA, 3, 1, 0),
198 SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Mic Sidetone Switch", WM8731_APANA, 5, 1, 0),
199 SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("HiFi Playback Switch", WM8731_APANA, 4, 1, 0),
202 SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Output Mixer", WM8731_PWR, 4, 1, wm8731_output_mixer_controls,
203 ARRAY_SIZE(wm8731_output_mixer_controls)),
205 If you don't want the mixer elements prefixed with the name of the mixer widget,
206 you can use SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER_NAMED_CTL instead. the parameters are the same
207 as for SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER.
210 Machine domain Widgets
211 ----------------------
213 Machine widgets are different from codec widgets in that they don't have a
214 codec register bit associated with them. A machine widget is assigned to each
215 machine audio component (non codec or DSP) that can be independently
222 A machine widget can have an optional call back.
224 e.g. Jack connector widget for an external Mic that enables Mic Bias
225 when the Mic is inserted::
227 static int spitz_mic_bias(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget* w, int event)
229 gpio_set_value(SPITZ_GPIO_MIC_BIAS, SND_SOC_DAPM_EVENT_ON(event));
233 SND_SOC_DAPM_MIC("Mic Jack", spitz_mic_bias),
239 The codec bias power domain has no widgets and is handled by the codec DAPM
240 event handler. This handler is called when the codec powerstate is changed wrt
241 to any stream event or by kernel PM events.
247 Sometimes widgets exist in the codec or machine audio graph that don't have any
248 corresponding soft power control. In this case it is necessary to create
249 a virtual widget - a widget with no control bits e.g.
252 SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("AC97 Mixer", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
254 This can be used to merge two signal paths together in software.
256 Registering DAPM controls
257 =========================
259 In many cases the DAPM widgets are implemented statically in a ``static
260 const struct snd_soc_dapm_widget`` array in a codec driver, and simply
261 declared via the ``dapm_widgets`` and ``num_dapm_widgets`` fields of the
262 ``struct snd_soc_component_driver``.
264 Similarly, routes connecting them are implemented statically in a ``static
265 const struct snd_soc_dapm_route`` array and declared via the
266 ``dapm_routes`` and ``num_dapm_routes`` fields of the same struct.
268 With the above declared, the driver registration will take care of
271 static const struct snd_soc_dapm_widget wm2000_dapm_widgets[] = {
272 SND_SOC_DAPM_OUTPUT("SPKN"),
273 SND_SOC_DAPM_OUTPUT("SPKP"),
277 /* Target, Path, Source */
278 static const struct snd_soc_dapm_route wm2000_audio_map[] = {
279 { "SPKN", NULL, "ANC Engine" },
280 { "SPKP", NULL, "ANC Engine" },
284 static const struct snd_soc_component_driver soc_component_dev_wm2000 = {
286 .dapm_widgets = wm2000_dapm_widgets,
287 .num_dapm_widgets = ARRAY_SIZE(wm2000_dapm_widgets),
288 .dapm_routes = wm2000_audio_map,
289 .num_dapm_routes = ARRAY_SIZE(wm2000_audio_map),
293 In more complex cases the list of DAPM widgets and/or routes can be only
294 known at probe time. This happens for example when a driver supports
295 different models having a different set of features. In those cases
296 separate widgets and routes arrays implementing the case-specific features
297 can be registered programmatically by calling snd_soc_dapm_new_controls()
298 and snd_soc_dapm_add_routes().
301 Codec/DSP Widget Interconnections
302 =================================
304 Widgets are connected to each other within the codec, platform and machine by
305 audio paths (called interconnections). Each interconnection must be defined in
306 order to create a graph of all audio paths between widgets.
308 This is easiest with a diagram of the codec or DSP (and schematic of the machine
309 audio system), as it requires joining widgets together via their audio signal
312 For example the WM8731 output mixer (wm8731.c) has 3 inputs (sources):
315 2. DAC (HiFi playback)
316 3. Mic Sidetone Input
318 Each input in this example has a kcontrol associated with it (defined in
319 the example above) and is connected to the output mixer via its kcontrol
320 name. We can now connect the destination widget (wrt audio signal) with its
324 {"Output Mixer", "Line Bypass Switch", "Line Input"},
325 {"Output Mixer", "HiFi Playback Switch", "DAC"},
326 {"Output Mixer", "Mic Sidetone Switch", "Mic Bias"},
330 * Destination Widget <=== Path Name <=== Source Widget, or
331 * Sink, Path, Source, or
332 * ``Output Mixer`` is connected to the ``DAC`` via the ``HiFi Playback Switch``.
334 When there is no path name connecting widgets (e.g. a direct connection) we
335 pass NULL for the path name.
337 Interconnections are created with a call to::
339 snd_soc_dapm_connect_input(codec, sink, path, source);
341 Finally, snd_soc_dapm_new_widgets() must be called after all widgets and
342 interconnections have been registered with the core. This causes the core to
343 scan the codec and machine so that the internal DAPM state matches the
344 physical state of the machine.
347 Machine Widget Interconnections
348 -------------------------------
349 Machine widget interconnections are created in the same way as codec ones and
350 directly connect the codec pins to machine level widgets.
352 e.g. connects the speaker out codec pins to the internal speaker.
355 /* ext speaker connected to codec pins LOUT2, ROUT2 */
356 {"Ext Spk", NULL , "ROUT2"},
357 {"Ext Spk", NULL , "LOUT2"},
359 This allows the DAPM to power on and off pins that are connected (and in use)
360 and pins that are NC respectively.
365 An endpoint is a start or end point (widget) of an audio signal within the
366 machine and includes the codec. e.g.
374 Endpoints are added to the DAPM graph so that their usage can be determined in
375 order to save power. e.g. NC codecs pins will be switched OFF, unconnected
376 jacks can also be switched OFF.
382 Widgets needing to implement a more complex behaviour than what DAPM can do
383 can set a custom "event handler" by setting a function pointer. An example
384 is a power supply needing to enable a GPIO::
386 static int sof_es8316_speaker_power_event(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
387 struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
389 if (SND_SOC_DAPM_EVENT_ON(event))
390 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(gpio_pa, true);
392 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(gpio_pa, false);
397 static const struct snd_soc_dapm_widget st_widgets[] = {
399 SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("Speaker Power", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
400 sof_es8316_speaker_power_event,
401 SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMD | SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU),
404 See soc-dapm.h for all other widgets that support events.
410 The following event types are supported by event widgets::
412 /* dapm event types */
413 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU 0x1 /* before widget power up */
414 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU 0x2 /* after widget power up */
415 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMD 0x4 /* before widget power down */
416 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMD 0x8 /* after widget power down */
417 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_REG 0x10 /* before audio path setup */
418 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_REG 0x20 /* after audio path setup */
419 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_WILL_PMU 0x40 /* called at start of sequence */
420 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_WILL_PMD 0x80 /* called at start of sequence */
421 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_POST_PMD (SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMD | SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMD)
422 #define SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_POST_PMU (SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU | SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU)