1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ===============================================
4 RISC-V Kernel Boot Requirements and Constraints
5 ===============================================
7 :Author: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
10 This document describes what the RISC-V kernel expects from bootloaders and
11 firmware, and also the constraints that any developer must have in mind when
12 touching the early boot process. For the purposes of this document, the
13 ``early boot process`` refers to any code that runs before the final virtual
16 Pre-kernel Requirements and Constraints
17 =======================================
19 The RISC-V kernel expects the following of bootloaders and platform firmware:
24 The RISC-V kernel expects:
26 * ``$a0`` to contain the hartid of the current core.
27 * ``$a1`` to contain the address of the devicetree in memory.
32 The RISC-V kernel expects:
34 * ``$satp = 0``: the MMU, if present, must be disabled.
36 Reserved memory for resident firmware
37 -------------------------------------
39 The RISC-V kernel must not map any resident memory, or memory protected with
40 PMPs, in the direct mapping, so the firmware must correctly mark those regions
41 as per the devicetree specification and/or the UEFI specification.
46 The RISC-V kernel expects to be placed at a PMD boundary (2MB aligned for rv64
47 and 4MB aligned for rv32). Note that the EFI stub will physically relocate the
48 kernel if that's not the case.
53 The firmware can pass either a devicetree or ACPI tables to the RISC-V kernel.
55 The devicetree is either passed directly to the kernel from the previous stage
56 using the ``$a1`` register, or when booting with UEFI, it can be passed using the
57 EFI configuration table.
59 The ACPI tables are passed to the kernel using the EFI configuration table. In
60 this case, a tiny devicetree is still created by the EFI stub. Please refer to
61 "EFI stub and devicetree" section below for details about this devicetree.
66 On SMP systems, there are 2 methods to enter the kernel:
68 - ``RISCV_BOOT_SPINWAIT``: the firmware releases all harts in the kernel, one hart
69 wins a lottery and executes the early boot code while the other harts are
70 parked waiting for the initialization to finish. This method is mostly used to
71 support older firmwares without SBI HSM extension and M-mode RISC-V kernel.
72 - ``Ordered booting``: the firmware releases only one hart that will execute the
73 initialization phase and then will start all other harts using the SBI HSM
74 extension. The ordered booting method is the preferred booting method for
75 booting the RISC-V kernel because it can support CPU hotplug and kexec.
83 When booting with UEFI, the RISC-V kernel will use only the EFI memory map to
84 populate the system memory.
86 The UEFI firmware must parse the subnodes of the ``/reserved-memory`` devicetree
87 node and abide by the devicetree specification to convert the attributes of
88 those subnodes (``no-map`` and ``reusable``) into their correct EFI equivalent
89 (refer to section "3.5.4 /reserved-memory and UEFI" of the devicetree
90 specification v0.4-rc1).
92 RISCV_EFI_BOOT_PROTOCOL
93 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
95 When booting with UEFI, the EFI stub requires the boot hartid in order to pass
96 it to the RISC-V kernel in ``$a1``. The EFI stub retrieves the boot hartid using
97 one of the following methods:
99 - ``RISCV_EFI_BOOT_PROTOCOL`` (**preferred**).
100 - ``boot-hartid`` devicetree subnode (**deprecated**).
102 Any new firmware must implement ``RISCV_EFI_BOOT_PROTOCOL`` as the devicetree
103 based approach is deprecated now.
105 Early Boot Requirements and Constraints
106 =======================================
108 The RISC-V kernel's early boot process operates under the following constraints:
110 EFI stub and devicetree
111 -----------------------
113 When booting with UEFI, the devicetree is supplemented (or created) by the EFI
114 stub with the same parameters as arm64 which are described at the paragraph
115 "UEFI kernel support on ARM" in Documentation/arch/arm/uefi.rst.
117 Virtual mapping installation
118 ----------------------------
120 The installation of the virtual mapping is done in 2 steps in the RISC-V kernel:
122 1. ``setup_vm()`` installs a temporary kernel mapping in ``early_pg_dir`` which
123 allows discovery of the system memory. Only the kernel text/data are mapped
124 at this point. When establishing this mapping, no allocation can be done
125 (since the system memory is not known yet), so ``early_pg_dir`` page table is
126 statically allocated (using only one table for each level).
128 2. ``setup_vm_final()`` creates the final kernel mapping in ``swapper_pg_dir``
129 and takes advantage of the discovered system memory to create the linear
130 mapping. When establishing this mapping, the kernel can allocate memory but
131 cannot access it directly (since the direct mapping is not present yet), so
132 it uses temporary mappings in the fixmap region to be able to access the
133 newly allocated page table levels.
135 For ``virt_to_phys()`` and ``phys_to_virt()`` to be able to correctly convert
136 direct mapping addresses to physical addresses, they need to know the start of
137 the DRAM. This happens after step 1, right before step 2 installs the direct
138 mapping (see ``setup_bootmem()`` function in arch/riscv/mm/init.c). Any usage of
139 those macros before the final virtual mapping is installed must be carefully
142 Devicetree mapping via fixmap
143 -----------------------------
145 As the ``reserved_mem`` array is initialized with virtual addresses established
146 by ``setup_vm()``, and used with the mapping established by
147 ``setup_vm_final()``, the RISC-V kernel uses the fixmap region to map the
148 devicetree. This ensures that the devicetree remains accessible by both virtual
154 A few pieces of code need to run before even the first virtual mapping is
155 established. These are the installation of the first virtual mapping itself,
156 patching of early alternatives and the early parsing of the kernel command line.
157 That code must be very carefully compiled as:
159 - ``-fno-pie``: This is needed for relocatable kernels which use ``-fPIE``,
160 since otherwise, any access to a global symbol would go through the GOT which
161 is only relocated virtually.
162 - ``-mcmodel=medany``: Any access to a global symbol must be PC-relative to
163 avoid any relocations to happen before the MMU is setup.
164 - *all* instrumentation must also be disabled (that includes KASAN, ftrace and
167 As using a symbol from a different compilation unit requires this unit to be
168 compiled with those flags, we advise, as much as possible, not to use external