3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash --version
39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount --version
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfs --version
50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimage --version
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python3 --version
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk --version
68 ====================== =============== ========================================
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
78 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``.
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented.
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
168 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
182 -----------------------------
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-boot-tools`` package or can be
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linux
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to generate address range data for
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES).
205 Architectural changes
206 ---------------------
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade.
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded.
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available:
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
264 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above.
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to::
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
310 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
333 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by::
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
370 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients.
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements.
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
406 Getting updated software
407 ========================
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>