drm/ast: Only warn about unsupported TX chips on Gen4 and later

[drm/drm-misc.git] / mm / page-writeback.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * mm/page-writeback.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc., Peter Zijlstra
 *
 * Contains functions related to writing back dirty pages at the
 * address_space level.
 *
 * 10Apr2002    Andrew Morton
 *              Initial version
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/math64.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/mpage.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/sched/rt.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <trace/events/writeback.h>

#include "internal.h"

/*
 * Sleep at most 200ms at a time in balance_dirty_pages().
 */
#define MAX_PAUSE               max(HZ/5, 1)

/*
 * Try to keep balance_dirty_pages() call intervals higher than this many pages
 * by raising pause time to max_pause when falls below it.
 */
#define DIRTY_POLL_THRESH       (128 >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10))

/*
 * Estimate write bandwidth or update dirty limit at 200ms intervals.
 */
#define BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL      max(HZ/5, 1)

#define RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT    10

/*
 * After a CPU has dirtied this many pages, balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited
 * will look to see if it needs to force writeback or throttling.
 */
static long ratelimit_pages = 32;

/* The following parameters are exported via /proc/sys/vm */

/*
 * Start background writeback (via writeback threads) at this percentage
 */
static int dirty_background_ratio = 10;

/*
 * dirty_background_bytes starts at 0 (disabled) so that it is a function of
 * dirty_background_ratio * the amount of dirtyable memory
 */
static unsigned long dirty_background_bytes;

/*
 * free highmem will not be subtracted from the total free memory
 * for calculating free ratios if vm_highmem_is_dirtyable is true
 */
static int vm_highmem_is_dirtyable;

/*
 * The generator of dirty data starts writeback at this percentage
 */
static int vm_dirty_ratio = 20;

/*
 * vm_dirty_bytes starts at 0 (disabled) so that it is a function of
 * vm_dirty_ratio * the amount of dirtyable memory
 */
static unsigned long vm_dirty_bytes;

/*
 * The interval between `kupdate'-style writebacks
 */
unsigned int dirty_writeback_interval = 5 * 100; /* centiseconds */

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dirty_writeback_interval);

/*
 * The longest time for which data is allowed to remain dirty
 */
unsigned int dirty_expire_interval = 30 * 100; /* centiseconds */

/*
 * Flag that puts the machine in "laptop mode". Doubles as a timeout in jiffies:
 * a full sync is triggered after this time elapses without any disk activity.
 */
int laptop_mode;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(laptop_mode);

/* End of sysctl-exported parameters */

struct wb_domain global_wb_domain;

/* consolidated parameters for balance_dirty_pages() and its subroutines */
struct dirty_throttle_control {
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
        struct wb_domain        *dom;
        struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc;    /* only set in memcg dtc's */
#endif
        struct bdi_writeback    *wb;
        struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_completions;

        unsigned long           avail;          /* dirtyable */
        unsigned long           dirty;          /* file_dirty + write + nfs */
        unsigned long           thresh;         /* dirty threshold */
        unsigned long           bg_thresh;      /* dirty background threshold */

        unsigned long           wb_dirty;       /* per-wb counterparts */
        unsigned long           wb_thresh;
        unsigned long           wb_bg_thresh;

        unsigned long           pos_ratio;
        bool                    freerun;
        bool                    dirty_exceeded;
};

/*
 * Length of period for aging writeout fractions of bdis. This is an
 * arbitrarily chosen number. The longer the period, the slower fractions will
 * reflect changes in current writeout rate.
 */
#define VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN (3*HZ)

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK

#define GDTC_INIT(__wb)         .wb = (__wb),                           \
                                .dom = &global_wb_domain,               \
                                .wb_completions = &(__wb)->completions

#define GDTC_INIT_NO_WB         .dom = &global_wb_domain

#define MDTC_INIT(__wb, __gdtc) .wb = (__wb),                           \
                                .dom = mem_cgroup_wb_domain(__wb),      \
                                .wb_completions = &(__wb)->memcg_completions, \
                                .gdtc = __gdtc

static bool mdtc_valid(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        return dtc->dom;
}

static struct wb_domain *dtc_dom(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        return dtc->dom;
}

static struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc_gdtc(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc)
{
        return mdtc->gdtc;
}

static struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_memcg_completions(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        return &wb->memcg_completions;
}

static void wb_min_max_ratio(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                             unsigned long *minp, unsigned long *maxp)
{
        unsigned long this_bw = READ_ONCE(wb->avg_write_bandwidth);
        unsigned long tot_bw = atomic_long_read(&wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth);
        unsigned long long min = wb->bdi->min_ratio;
        unsigned long long max = wb->bdi->max_ratio;

        /*
         * @wb may already be clean by the time control reaches here and
         * the total may not include its bw.
         */
        if (this_bw < tot_bw) {
                if (min) {
                        min *= this_bw;
                        min = div64_ul(min, tot_bw);
                }
                if (max < 100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE) {
                        max *= this_bw;
                        max = div64_ul(max, tot_bw);
                }
        }

        *minp = min;
        *maxp = max;
}

#else   /* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */

#define GDTC_INIT(__wb)         .wb = (__wb),                           \
                                .wb_completions = &(__wb)->completions
#define GDTC_INIT_NO_WB
#define MDTC_INIT(__wb, __gdtc)

static bool mdtc_valid(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        return false;
}

static struct wb_domain *dtc_dom(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        return &global_wb_domain;
}

static struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc_gdtc(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc)
{
        return NULL;
}

static struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_memcg_completions(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        return NULL;
}

static void wb_min_max_ratio(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                             unsigned long *minp, unsigned long *maxp)
{
        *minp = wb->bdi->min_ratio;
        *maxp = wb->bdi->max_ratio;
}

#endif  /* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */

/*
 * In a memory zone, there is a certain amount of pages we consider
 * available for the page cache, which is essentially the number of
 * free and reclaimable pages, minus some zone reserves to protect
 * lowmem and the ability to uphold the zone's watermarks without
 * requiring writeback.
 *
 * This number of dirtyable pages is the base value of which the
 * user-configurable dirty ratio is the effective number of pages that
 * are allowed to be actually dirtied.  Per individual zone, or
 * globally by using the sum of dirtyable pages over all zones.
 *
 * Because the user is allowed to specify the dirty limit globally as
 * absolute number of bytes, calculating the per-zone dirty limit can
 * require translating the configured limit into a percentage of
 * global dirtyable memory first.
 */

/**
 * node_dirtyable_memory - number of dirtyable pages in a node
 * @pgdat: the node
 *
 * Return: the node's number of pages potentially available for dirty
 * page cache.  This is the base value for the per-node dirty limits.
 */
static unsigned long node_dirtyable_memory(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
        unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
        int z;

        for (z = 0; z < MAX_NR_ZONES; z++) {
                struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + z;

                if (!populated_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                nr_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
        }

        /*
         * Pages reserved for the kernel should not be considered
         * dirtyable, to prevent a situation where reclaim has to
         * clean pages in order to balance the zones.
         */
        nr_pages -= min(nr_pages, pgdat->totalreserve_pages);

        nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
        nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);

        return nr_pages;
}

static unsigned long highmem_dirtyable_memory(unsigned long total)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
        int node;
        unsigned long x = 0;
        int i;

        for_each_node_state(node, N_HIGH_MEMORY) {
                for (i = ZONE_NORMAL + 1; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
                        struct zone *z;
                        unsigned long nr_pages;

                        if (!is_highmem_idx(i))
                                continue;

                        z = &NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones[i];
                        if (!populated_zone(z))
                                continue;

                        nr_pages = zone_page_state(z, NR_FREE_PAGES);
                        /* watch for underflows */
                        nr_pages -= min(nr_pages, high_wmark_pages(z));
                        nr_pages += zone_page_state(z, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE);
                        nr_pages += zone_page_state(z, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE);
                        x += nr_pages;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Make sure that the number of highmem pages is never larger
         * than the number of the total dirtyable memory. This can only
         * occur in very strange VM situations but we want to make sure
         * that this does not occur.
         */
        return min(x, total);
#else
        return 0;
#endif
}

/**
 * global_dirtyable_memory - number of globally dirtyable pages
 *
 * Return: the global number of pages potentially available for dirty
 * page cache.  This is the base value for the global dirty limits.
 */
static unsigned long global_dirtyable_memory(void)
{
        unsigned long x;

        x = global_zone_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES);
        /*
         * Pages reserved for the kernel should not be considered
         * dirtyable, to prevent a situation where reclaim has to
         * clean pages in order to balance the zones.
         */
        x -= min(x, totalreserve_pages);

        x += global_node_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
        x += global_node_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_FILE);

        if (!vm_highmem_is_dirtyable)
                x -= highmem_dirtyable_memory(x);

        return x + 1;   /* Ensure that we never return 0 */
}

/**
 * domain_dirty_limits - calculate thresh and bg_thresh for a wb_domain
 * @dtc: dirty_throttle_control of interest
 *
 * Calculate @dtc->thresh and ->bg_thresh considering
 * vm_dirty_{bytes|ratio} and dirty_background_{bytes|ratio}.  The caller
 * must ensure that @dtc->avail is set before calling this function.  The
 * dirty limits will be lifted by 1/4 for real-time tasks.
 */
static void domain_dirty_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        const unsigned long available_memory = dtc->avail;
        struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc = mdtc_gdtc(dtc);
        unsigned long bytes = vm_dirty_bytes;
        unsigned long bg_bytes = dirty_background_bytes;
        /* convert ratios to per-PAGE_SIZE for higher precision */
        unsigned long ratio = (vm_dirty_ratio * PAGE_SIZE) / 100;
        unsigned long bg_ratio = (dirty_background_ratio * PAGE_SIZE) / 100;
        unsigned long thresh;
        unsigned long bg_thresh;
        struct task_struct *tsk;

        /* gdtc is !NULL iff @dtc is for memcg domain */
        if (gdtc) {
                unsigned long global_avail = gdtc->avail;

                /*
                 * The byte settings can't be applied directly to memcg
                 * domains.  Convert them to ratios by scaling against
                 * globally available memory.  As the ratios are in
                 * per-PAGE_SIZE, they can be obtained by dividing bytes by
                 * number of pages.
                 */
                if (bytes)
                        ratio = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(bytes, global_avail),
                                    PAGE_SIZE);
                if (bg_bytes)
                        bg_ratio = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(bg_bytes, global_avail),
                                       PAGE_SIZE);
                bytes = bg_bytes = 0;
        }

        if (bytes)
                thresh = DIV_ROUND_UP(bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
        else
                thresh = (ratio * available_memory) / PAGE_SIZE;

        if (bg_bytes)
                bg_thresh = DIV_ROUND_UP(bg_bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
        else
                bg_thresh = (bg_ratio * available_memory) / PAGE_SIZE;

        tsk = current;
        if (rt_or_dl_task(tsk)) {
                bg_thresh += bg_thresh / 4 + global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / 32;
                thresh += thresh / 4 + global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / 32;
        }
        /*
         * Dirty throttling logic assumes the limits in page units fit into
         * 32-bits. This gives 16TB dirty limits max which is hopefully enough.
         */
        if (thresh > UINT_MAX)
                thresh = UINT_MAX;
        /* This makes sure bg_thresh is within 32-bits as well */
        if (bg_thresh >= thresh)
                bg_thresh = thresh / 2;
        dtc->thresh = thresh;
        dtc->bg_thresh = bg_thresh;

        /* we should eventually report the domain in the TP */
        if (!gdtc)
                trace_global_dirty_state(bg_thresh, thresh);
}

/**
 * global_dirty_limits - background-writeback and dirty-throttling thresholds
 * @pbackground: out parameter for bg_thresh
 * @pdirty: out parameter for thresh
 *
 * Calculate bg_thresh and thresh for global_wb_domain.  See
 * domain_dirty_limits() for details.
 */
void global_dirty_limits(unsigned long *pbackground, unsigned long *pdirty)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT_NO_WB };

        gdtc.avail = global_dirtyable_memory();
        domain_dirty_limits(&gdtc);

        *pbackground = gdtc.bg_thresh;
        *pdirty = gdtc.thresh;
}

/**
 * node_dirty_limit - maximum number of dirty pages allowed in a node
 * @pgdat: the node
 *
 * Return: the maximum number of dirty pages allowed in a node, based
 * on the node's dirtyable memory.
 */
static unsigned long node_dirty_limit(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
        unsigned long node_memory = node_dirtyable_memory(pgdat);
        struct task_struct *tsk = current;
        unsigned long dirty;

        if (vm_dirty_bytes)
                dirty = DIV_ROUND_UP(vm_dirty_bytes, PAGE_SIZE) *
                        node_memory / global_dirtyable_memory();
        else
                dirty = vm_dirty_ratio * node_memory / 100;

        if (rt_or_dl_task(tsk))
                dirty += dirty / 4;

        /*
         * Dirty throttling logic assumes the limits in page units fit into
         * 32-bits. This gives 16TB dirty limits max which is hopefully enough.
         */
        return min_t(unsigned long, dirty, UINT_MAX);
}

/**
 * node_dirty_ok - tells whether a node is within its dirty limits
 * @pgdat: the node to check
 *
 * Return: %true when the dirty pages in @pgdat are within the node's
 * dirty limit, %false if the limit is exceeded.
 */
bool node_dirty_ok(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
        unsigned long limit = node_dirty_limit(pgdat);
        unsigned long nr_pages = 0;

        nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_DIRTY);
        nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_WRITEBACK);

        return nr_pages <= limit;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
static int dirty_background_ratio_handler(const struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        int ret;

        ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
        if (ret == 0 && write)
                dirty_background_bytes = 0;
        return ret;
}

static int dirty_background_bytes_handler(const struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        int ret;
        unsigned long old_bytes = dirty_background_bytes;

        ret = proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
        if (ret == 0 && write) {
                if (DIV_ROUND_UP(dirty_background_bytes, PAGE_SIZE) >
                                                                UINT_MAX) {
                        dirty_background_bytes = old_bytes;
                        return -ERANGE;
                }
                dirty_background_ratio = 0;
        }
        return ret;
}

static int dirty_ratio_handler(const struct ctl_table *table, int write, void *buffer,
                size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        int old_ratio = vm_dirty_ratio;
        int ret;

        ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
        if (ret == 0 && write && vm_dirty_ratio != old_ratio) {
                writeback_set_ratelimit();
                vm_dirty_bytes = 0;
        }
        return ret;
}

static int dirty_bytes_handler(const struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        unsigned long old_bytes = vm_dirty_bytes;
        int ret;

        ret = proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
        if (ret == 0 && write && vm_dirty_bytes != old_bytes) {
                if (DIV_ROUND_UP(vm_dirty_bytes, PAGE_SIZE) > UINT_MAX) {
                        vm_dirty_bytes = old_bytes;
                        return -ERANGE;
                }
                writeback_set_ratelimit();
                vm_dirty_ratio = 0;
        }
        return ret;
}
#endif

static unsigned long wp_next_time(unsigned long cur_time)
{
        cur_time += VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN;
        /* 0 has a special meaning... */
        if (!cur_time)
                return 1;
        return cur_time;
}

static void wb_domain_writeout_add(struct wb_domain *dom,
                                   struct fprop_local_percpu *completions,
                                   unsigned int max_prop_frac, long nr)
{
        __fprop_add_percpu_max(&dom->completions, completions,
                               max_prop_frac, nr);
        /* First event after period switching was turned off? */
        if (unlikely(!dom->period_time)) {
                /*
                 * We can race with other wb_domain_writeout_add calls here but
                 * it does not cause any harm since the resulting time when
                 * timer will fire and what is in writeout_period_time will be
                 * roughly the same.
                 */
                dom->period_time = wp_next_time(jiffies);
                mod_timer(&dom->period_timer, dom->period_time);
        }
}

/*
 * Increment @wb's writeout completion count and the global writeout
 * completion count. Called from __folio_end_writeback().
 */
static inline void __wb_writeout_add(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr)
{
        struct wb_domain *cgdom;

        wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_WRITTEN, nr);
        wb_domain_writeout_add(&global_wb_domain, &wb->completions,
                               wb->bdi->max_prop_frac, nr);

        cgdom = mem_cgroup_wb_domain(wb);
        if (cgdom)
                wb_domain_writeout_add(cgdom, wb_memcg_completions(wb),
                                       wb->bdi->max_prop_frac, nr);
}

void wb_writeout_inc(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        local_irq_save(flags);
        __wb_writeout_add(wb, 1);
        local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(wb_writeout_inc);

/*
 * On idle system, we can be called long after we scheduled because we use
 * deferred timers so count with missed periods.
 */
static void writeout_period(struct timer_list *t)
{
        struct wb_domain *dom = from_timer(dom, t, period_timer);
        int miss_periods = (jiffies - dom->period_time) /
                                                 VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN;

        if (fprop_new_period(&dom->completions, miss_periods + 1)) {
                dom->period_time = wp_next_time(dom->period_time +
                                miss_periods * VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN);
                mod_timer(&dom->period_timer, dom->period_time);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Aging has zeroed all fractions. Stop wasting CPU on period
                 * updates.
                 */
                dom->period_time = 0;
        }
}

int wb_domain_init(struct wb_domain *dom, gfp_t gfp)
{
        memset(dom, 0, sizeof(*dom));

        spin_lock_init(&dom->lock);

        timer_setup(&dom->period_timer, writeout_period, TIMER_DEFERRABLE);

        dom->dirty_limit_tstamp = jiffies;

        return fprop_global_init(&dom->completions, gfp);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
void wb_domain_exit(struct wb_domain *dom)
{
        del_timer_sync(&dom->period_timer);
        fprop_global_destroy(&dom->completions);
}
#endif

/*
 * bdi_min_ratio keeps the sum of the minimum dirty shares of all
 * registered backing devices, which, for obvious reasons, can not
 * exceed 100%.
 */
static unsigned int bdi_min_ratio;

static int bdi_check_pages_limit(unsigned long pages)
{
        unsigned long max_dirty_pages = global_dirtyable_memory();

        if (pages > max_dirty_pages)
                return -EINVAL;

        return 0;
}

static unsigned long bdi_ratio_from_pages(unsigned long pages)
{
        unsigned long background_thresh;
        unsigned long dirty_thresh;
        unsigned long ratio;

        global_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh);
        ratio = div64_u64(pages * 100ULL * BDI_RATIO_SCALE, dirty_thresh);

        return ratio;
}

static u64 bdi_get_bytes(unsigned int ratio)
{
        unsigned long background_thresh;
        unsigned long dirty_thresh;
        u64 bytes;

        global_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh);
        bytes = (dirty_thresh * PAGE_SIZE * ratio) / BDI_RATIO_SCALE / 100;

        return bytes;
}

static int __bdi_set_min_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio)
{
        unsigned int delta;
        int ret = 0;

        if (min_ratio > 100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE)
                return -EINVAL;

        spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
        if (min_ratio > bdi->max_ratio) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
        } else {
                if (min_ratio < bdi->min_ratio) {
                        delta = bdi->min_ratio - min_ratio;
                        bdi_min_ratio -= delta;
                        bdi->min_ratio = min_ratio;
                } else {
                        delta = min_ratio - bdi->min_ratio;
                        if (bdi_min_ratio + delta < 100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE) {
                                bdi_min_ratio += delta;
                                bdi->min_ratio = min_ratio;
                        } else {
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                        }
                }
        }
        spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);

        return ret;
}

static int __bdi_set_max_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int max_ratio)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (max_ratio > 100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE)
                return -EINVAL;

        spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
        if (bdi->min_ratio > max_ratio) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
        } else {
                bdi->max_ratio = max_ratio;
                bdi->max_prop_frac = (FPROP_FRAC_BASE * max_ratio) /
                                                (100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
        }
        spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);

        return ret;
}

int bdi_set_min_ratio_no_scale(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio)
{
        return __bdi_set_min_ratio(bdi, min_ratio);
}

int bdi_set_max_ratio_no_scale(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int max_ratio)
{
        return __bdi_set_max_ratio(bdi, max_ratio);
}

int bdi_set_min_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio)
{
        return __bdi_set_min_ratio(bdi, min_ratio * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
}

int bdi_set_max_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int max_ratio)
{
        return __bdi_set_max_ratio(bdi, max_ratio * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdi_set_max_ratio);

u64 bdi_get_min_bytes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
        return bdi_get_bytes(bdi->min_ratio);
}

int bdi_set_min_bytes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, u64 min_bytes)
{
        int ret;
        unsigned long pages = min_bytes >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        unsigned long min_ratio;

        ret = bdi_check_pages_limit(pages);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        min_ratio = bdi_ratio_from_pages(pages);
        return __bdi_set_min_ratio(bdi, min_ratio);
}

u64 bdi_get_max_bytes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
        return bdi_get_bytes(bdi->max_ratio);
}

int bdi_set_max_bytes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, u64 max_bytes)
{
        int ret;
        unsigned long pages = max_bytes >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        unsigned long max_ratio;

        ret = bdi_check_pages_limit(pages);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        max_ratio = bdi_ratio_from_pages(pages);
        return __bdi_set_max_ratio(bdi, max_ratio);
}

int bdi_set_strict_limit(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int strict_limit)
{
        if (strict_limit > 1)
                return -EINVAL;

        spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
        if (strict_limit)
                bdi->capabilities |= BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT;
        else
                bdi->capabilities &= ~BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT;
        spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);

        return 0;
}

static unsigned long dirty_freerun_ceiling(unsigned long thresh,
                                           unsigned long bg_thresh)
{
        return (thresh + bg_thresh) / 2;
}

static unsigned long hard_dirty_limit(struct wb_domain *dom,
                                      unsigned long thresh)
{
        return max(thresh, dom->dirty_limit);
}

/*
 * Memory which can be further allocated to a memcg domain is capped by
 * system-wide clean memory excluding the amount being used in the domain.
 */
static void mdtc_calc_avail(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc,
                            unsigned long filepages, unsigned long headroom)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc = mdtc_gdtc(mdtc);
        unsigned long clean = filepages - min(filepages, mdtc->dirty);
        unsigned long global_clean = gdtc->avail - min(gdtc->avail, gdtc->dirty);
        unsigned long other_clean = global_clean - min(global_clean, clean);

        mdtc->avail = filepages + min(headroom, other_clean);
}

static inline bool dtc_is_global(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        return mdtc_gdtc(dtc) == NULL;
}

/*
 * Dirty background will ignore pages being written as we're trying to
 * decide whether to put more under writeback.
 */
static void domain_dirty_avail(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                               bool include_writeback)
{
        if (dtc_is_global(dtc)) {
                dtc->avail = global_dirtyable_memory();
                dtc->dirty = global_node_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY);
                if (include_writeback)
                        dtc->dirty += global_node_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK);
        } else {
                unsigned long filepages = 0, headroom = 0, writeback = 0;

                mem_cgroup_wb_stats(dtc->wb, &filepages, &headroom, &dtc->dirty,
                                    &writeback);
                if (include_writeback)
                        dtc->dirty += writeback;
                mdtc_calc_avail(dtc, filepages, headroom);
        }
}

/**
 * __wb_calc_thresh - @wb's share of dirty threshold
 * @dtc: dirty_throttle_context of interest
 * @thresh: dirty throttling or dirty background threshold of wb_domain in @dtc
 *
 * Note that balance_dirty_pages() will only seriously take dirty throttling
 * threshold as a hard limit when sleeping max_pause per page is not enough
 * to keep the dirty pages under control. For example, when the device is
 * completely stalled due to some error conditions, or when there are 1000
 * dd tasks writing to a slow 10MB/s USB key.
 * In the other normal situations, it acts more gently by throttling the tasks
 * more (rather than completely block them) when the wb dirty pages go high.
 *
 * It allocates high/low dirty limits to fast/slow devices, in order to prevent
 * - starving fast devices
 * - piling up dirty pages (that will take long time to sync) on slow devices
 *
 * The wb's share of dirty limit will be adapting to its throughput and
 * bounded by the bdi->min_ratio and/or bdi->max_ratio parameters, if set.
 *
 * Return: @wb's dirty limit in pages. For dirty throttling limit, the term
 * "dirty" in the context of dirty balancing includes all PG_dirty and
 * PG_writeback pages.
 */
static unsigned long __wb_calc_thresh(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                      unsigned long thresh)
{
        struct wb_domain *dom = dtc_dom(dtc);
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;
        u64 wb_thresh;
        u64 wb_max_thresh;
        unsigned long numerator, denominator;
        unsigned long wb_min_ratio, wb_max_ratio;

        /*
         * Calculate this wb's share of the thresh ratio.
         */
        fprop_fraction_percpu(&dom->completions, dtc->wb_completions,
                              &numerator, &denominator);

        wb_thresh = (thresh * (100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE - bdi_min_ratio)) / (100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
        wb_thresh *= numerator;
        wb_thresh = div64_ul(wb_thresh, denominator);

        wb_min_max_ratio(wb, &wb_min_ratio, &wb_max_ratio);

        wb_thresh += (thresh * wb_min_ratio) / (100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
        wb_max_thresh = thresh * wb_max_ratio / (100 * BDI_RATIO_SCALE);
        if (wb_thresh > wb_max_thresh)
                wb_thresh = wb_max_thresh;

        /*
         * With strictlimit flag, the wb_thresh is treated as
         * a hard limit in balance_dirty_pages() and wb_position_ratio().
         * It's possible that wb_thresh is close to zero, not because
         * the device is slow, but because it has been inactive.
         * To prevent occasional writes from being blocked, we raise wb_thresh.
         */
        if (unlikely(wb->bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT)) {
                unsigned long limit = hard_dirty_limit(dom, dtc->thresh);
                u64 wb_scale_thresh = 0;

                if (limit > dtc->dirty)
                        wb_scale_thresh = (limit - dtc->dirty) / 100;
                wb_thresh = max(wb_thresh, min(wb_scale_thresh, wb_max_thresh / 4));
        }

        return wb_thresh;
}

unsigned long wb_calc_thresh(struct bdi_writeback *wb, unsigned long thresh)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT(wb) };

        return __wb_calc_thresh(&gdtc, thresh);
}

unsigned long cgwb_calc_thresh(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT_NO_WB };
        struct dirty_throttle_control mdtc = { MDTC_INIT(wb, &gdtc) };

        domain_dirty_avail(&gdtc, true);
        domain_dirty_avail(&mdtc, true);
        domain_dirty_limits(&mdtc);

        return __wb_calc_thresh(&mdtc, mdtc.thresh);
}

/*
 *                           setpoint - dirty 3
 *        f(dirty) := 1.0 + (----------------)
 *                           limit - setpoint
 *
 * it's a 3rd order polynomial that subjects to
 *
 * (1) f(freerun)  = 2.0 => rampup dirty_ratelimit reasonably fast
 * (2) f(setpoint) = 1.0 => the balance point
 * (3) f(limit)    = 0   => the hard limit
 * (4) df/dx      <= 0   => negative feedback control
 * (5) the closer to setpoint, the smaller |df/dx| (and the reverse)
 *     => fast response on large errors; small oscillation near setpoint
 */
static long long pos_ratio_polynom(unsigned long setpoint,
                                          unsigned long dirty,
                                          unsigned long limit)
{
        long long pos_ratio;
        long x;

        x = div64_s64(((s64)setpoint - (s64)dirty) << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT,
                      (limit - setpoint) | 1);
        pos_ratio = x;
        pos_ratio = pos_ratio * x >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
        pos_ratio = pos_ratio * x >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
        pos_ratio += 1 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;

        return clamp(pos_ratio, 0LL, 2LL << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT);
}

/*
 * Dirty position control.
 *
 * (o) global/bdi setpoints
 *
 * We want the dirty pages be balanced around the global/wb setpoints.
 * When the number of dirty pages is higher/lower than the setpoint, the
 * dirty position control ratio (and hence task dirty ratelimit) will be
 * decreased/increased to bring the dirty pages back to the setpoint.
 *
 *     pos_ratio = 1 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT
 *
 *     if (dirty < setpoint) scale up   pos_ratio
 *     if (dirty > setpoint) scale down pos_ratio
 *
 *     if (wb_dirty < wb_setpoint) scale up   pos_ratio
 *     if (wb_dirty > wb_setpoint) scale down pos_ratio
 *
 *     task_ratelimit = dirty_ratelimit * pos_ratio >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT
 *
 * (o) global control line
 *
 *     ^ pos_ratio
 *     |
 *     |            |<===== global dirty control scope ======>|
 * 2.0  * * * * * * *
 *     |            .*
 *     |            . *
 *     |            .   *
 *     |            .     *
 *     |            .        *
 *     |            .            *
 * 1.0 ................................*
 *     |            .                  .     *
 *     |            .                  .          *
 *     |            .                  .              *
 *     |            .                  .                 *
 *     |            .                  .                    *
 *   0 +------------.------------------.----------------------*------------->
 *           freerun^          setpoint^                 limit^   dirty pages
 *
 * (o) wb control line
 *
 *     ^ pos_ratio
 *     |
 *     |            *
 *     |              *
 *     |                *
 *     |                  *
 *     |                    * |<=========== span ============>|
 * 1.0 .......................*
 *     |                      . *
 *     |                      .   *
 *     |                      .     *
 *     |                      .       *
 *     |                      .         *
 *     |                      .           *
 *     |                      .             *
 *     |                      .               *
 *     |                      .                 *
 *     |                      .                   *
 *     |                      .                     *
 * 1/4 ...............................................* * * * * * * * * * * *
 *     |                      .                         .
 *     |                      .                           .
 *     |                      .                             .
 *   0 +----------------------.-------------------------------.------------->
 *                wb_setpoint^                    x_intercept^
 *
 * The wb control line won't drop below pos_ratio=1/4, so that wb_dirty can
 * be smoothly throttled down to normal if it starts high in situations like
 * - start writing to a slow SD card and a fast disk at the same time. The SD
 *   card's wb_dirty may rush to many times higher than wb_setpoint.
 * - the wb dirty thresh drops quickly due to change of JBOD workload
 */
static void wb_position_ratio(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;
        unsigned long write_bw = READ_ONCE(wb->avg_write_bandwidth);
        unsigned long freerun = dirty_freerun_ceiling(dtc->thresh, dtc->bg_thresh);
        unsigned long limit = hard_dirty_limit(dtc_dom(dtc), dtc->thresh);
        unsigned long wb_thresh = dtc->wb_thresh;
        unsigned long x_intercept;
        unsigned long setpoint;         /* dirty pages' target balance point */
        unsigned long wb_setpoint;
        unsigned long span;
        long long pos_ratio;            /* for scaling up/down the rate limit */
        long x;

        dtc->pos_ratio = 0;

        if (unlikely(dtc->dirty >= limit))
                return;

        /*
         * global setpoint
         *
         * See comment for pos_ratio_polynom().
         */
        setpoint = (freerun + limit) / 2;
        pos_ratio = pos_ratio_polynom(setpoint, dtc->dirty, limit);

        /*
         * The strictlimit feature is a tool preventing mistrusted filesystems
         * from growing a large number of dirty pages before throttling. For
         * such filesystems balance_dirty_pages always checks wb counters
         * against wb limits. Even if global "nr_dirty" is under "freerun".
         * This is especially important for fuse which sets bdi->max_ratio to
         * 1% by default. Without strictlimit feature, fuse writeback may
         * consume arbitrary amount of RAM because it is accounted in
         * NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP which is not involved in calculating "nr_dirty".
         *
         * Here, in wb_position_ratio(), we calculate pos_ratio based on
         * two values: wb_dirty and wb_thresh. Let's consider an example:
         * total amount of RAM is 16GB, bdi->max_ratio is equal to 1%, global
         * limits are set by default to 10% and 20% (background and throttle).
         * Then wb_thresh is 1% of 20% of 16GB. This amounts to ~8K pages.
         * wb_calc_thresh(wb, bg_thresh) is about ~4K pages. wb_setpoint is
         * about ~6K pages (as the average of background and throttle wb
         * limits). The 3rd order polynomial will provide positive feedback if
         * wb_dirty is under wb_setpoint and vice versa.
         *
         * Note, that we cannot use global counters in these calculations
         * because we want to throttle process writing to a strictlimit wb
         * much earlier than global "freerun" is reached (~23MB vs. ~2.3GB
         * in the example above).
         */
        if (unlikely(wb->bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT)) {
                long long wb_pos_ratio;

                if (dtc->wb_dirty < 8) {
                        dtc->pos_ratio = min_t(long long, pos_ratio * 2,
                                           2 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT);
                        return;
                }

                if (dtc->wb_dirty >= wb_thresh)
                        return;

                wb_setpoint = dirty_freerun_ceiling(wb_thresh,
                                                    dtc->wb_bg_thresh);

                if (wb_setpoint == 0 || wb_setpoint == wb_thresh)
                        return;

                wb_pos_ratio = pos_ratio_polynom(wb_setpoint, dtc->wb_dirty,
                                                 wb_thresh);

                /*
                 * Typically, for strictlimit case, wb_setpoint << setpoint
                 * and pos_ratio >> wb_pos_ratio. In the other words global
                 * state ("dirty") is not limiting factor and we have to
                 * make decision based on wb counters. But there is an
                 * important case when global pos_ratio should get precedence:
                 * global limits are exceeded (e.g. due to activities on other
                 * wb's) while given strictlimit wb is below limit.
                 *
                 * "pos_ratio * wb_pos_ratio" would work for the case above,
                 * but it would look too non-natural for the case of all
                 * activity in the system coming from a single strictlimit wb
                 * with bdi->max_ratio == 100%.
                 *
                 * Note that min() below somewhat changes the dynamics of the
                 * control system. Normally, pos_ratio value can be well over 3
                 * (when globally we are at freerun and wb is well below wb
                 * setpoint). Now the maximum pos_ratio in the same situation
                 * is 2. We might want to tweak this if we observe the control
                 * system is too slow to adapt.
                 */
                dtc->pos_ratio = min(pos_ratio, wb_pos_ratio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * We have computed basic pos_ratio above based on global situation. If
         * the wb is over/under its share of dirty pages, we want to scale
         * pos_ratio further down/up. That is done by the following mechanism.
         */

        /*
         * wb setpoint
         *
         *        f(wb_dirty) := 1.0 + k * (wb_dirty - wb_setpoint)
         *
         *                        x_intercept - wb_dirty
         *                     := --------------------------
         *                        x_intercept - wb_setpoint
         *
         * The main wb control line is a linear function that subjects to
         *
         * (1) f(wb_setpoint) = 1.0
         * (2) k = - 1 / (8 * write_bw)  (in single wb case)
         *     or equally: x_intercept = wb_setpoint + 8 * write_bw
         *
         * For single wb case, the dirty pages are observed to fluctuate
         * regularly within range
         *        [wb_setpoint - write_bw/2, wb_setpoint + write_bw/2]
         * for various filesystems, where (2) can yield in a reasonable 12.5%
         * fluctuation range for pos_ratio.
         *
         * For JBOD case, wb_thresh (not wb_dirty!) could fluctuate up to its
         * own size, so move the slope over accordingly and choose a slope that
         * yields 100% pos_ratio fluctuation on suddenly doubled wb_thresh.
         */
        if (unlikely(wb_thresh > dtc->thresh))
                wb_thresh = dtc->thresh;
        /*
         * It's very possible that wb_thresh is close to 0 not because the
         * device is slow, but that it has remained inactive for long time.
         * Honour such devices a reasonable good (hopefully IO efficient)
         * threshold, so that the occasional writes won't be blocked and active
         * writes can rampup the threshold quickly.
         */
        wb_thresh = max(wb_thresh, (limit - dtc->dirty) / 8);
        /*
         * scale global setpoint to wb's:
         *      wb_setpoint = setpoint * wb_thresh / thresh
         */
        x = div_u64((u64)wb_thresh << 16, dtc->thresh | 1);
        wb_setpoint = setpoint * (u64)x >> 16;
        /*
         * Use span=(8*write_bw) in single wb case as indicated by
         * (thresh - wb_thresh ~= 0) and transit to wb_thresh in JBOD case.
         *
         *        wb_thresh                    thresh - wb_thresh
         * span = --------- * (8 * write_bw) + ------------------ * wb_thresh
         *         thresh                           thresh
         */
        span = (dtc->thresh - wb_thresh + 8 * write_bw) * (u64)x >> 16;
        x_intercept = wb_setpoint + span;

        if (dtc->wb_dirty < x_intercept - span / 4) {
                pos_ratio = div64_u64(pos_ratio * (x_intercept - dtc->wb_dirty),
                                      (x_intercept - wb_setpoint) | 1);
        } else
                pos_ratio /= 4;

        /*
         * wb reserve area, safeguard against dirty pool underrun and disk idle
         * It may push the desired control point of global dirty pages higher
         * than setpoint.
         */
        x_intercept = wb_thresh / 2;
        if (dtc->wb_dirty < x_intercept) {
                if (dtc->wb_dirty > x_intercept / 8)
                        pos_ratio = div_u64(pos_ratio * x_intercept,
                                            dtc->wb_dirty);
                else
                        pos_ratio *= 8;
        }

        dtc->pos_ratio = pos_ratio;
}

static void wb_update_write_bandwidth(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                                      unsigned long elapsed,
                                      unsigned long written)
{
        const unsigned long period = roundup_pow_of_two(3 * HZ);
        unsigned long avg = wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
        unsigned long old = wb->write_bandwidth;
        u64 bw;

        /*
         * bw = written * HZ / elapsed
         *
         *                   bw * elapsed + write_bandwidth * (period - elapsed)
         * write_bandwidth = ---------------------------------------------------
         *                                          period
         *
         * @written may have decreased due to folio_redirty_for_writepage().
         * Avoid underflowing @bw calculation.
         */
        bw = written - min(written, wb->written_stamp);
        bw *= HZ;
        if (unlikely(elapsed > period)) {
                bw = div64_ul(bw, elapsed);
                avg = bw;
                goto out;
        }
        bw += (u64)wb->write_bandwidth * (period - elapsed);
        bw >>= ilog2(period);

        /*
         * one more level of smoothing, for filtering out sudden spikes
         */
        if (avg > old && old >= (unsigned long)bw)
                avg -= (avg - old) >> 3;

        if (avg < old && old <= (unsigned long)bw)
                avg += (old - avg) >> 3;

out:
        /* keep avg > 0 to guarantee that tot > 0 if there are dirty wbs */
        avg = max(avg, 1LU);
        if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb)) {
                long delta = avg - wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
                WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_long_add_return(delta,
                                        &wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth) <= 0);
        }
        wb->write_bandwidth = bw;
        WRITE_ONCE(wb->avg_write_bandwidth, avg);
}

static void update_dirty_limit(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        struct wb_domain *dom = dtc_dom(dtc);
        unsigned long thresh = dtc->thresh;
        unsigned long limit = dom->dirty_limit;

        /*
         * Follow up in one step.
         */
        if (limit < thresh) {
                limit = thresh;
                goto update;
        }

        /*
         * Follow down slowly. Use the higher one as the target, because thresh
         * may drop below dirty. This is exactly the reason to introduce
         * dom->dirty_limit which is guaranteed to lie above the dirty pages.
         */
        thresh = max(thresh, dtc->dirty);
        if (limit > thresh) {
                limit -= (limit - thresh) >> 5;
                goto update;
        }
        return;
update:
        dom->dirty_limit = limit;
}

static void domain_update_dirty_limit(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                      unsigned long now)
{
        struct wb_domain *dom = dtc_dom(dtc);

        /*
         * check locklessly first to optimize away locking for the most time
         */
        if (time_before(now, dom->dirty_limit_tstamp + BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL))
                return;

        spin_lock(&dom->lock);
        if (time_after_eq(now, dom->dirty_limit_tstamp + BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL)) {
                update_dirty_limit(dtc);
                dom->dirty_limit_tstamp = now;
        }
        spin_unlock(&dom->lock);
}

/*
 * Maintain wb->dirty_ratelimit, the base dirty throttle rate.
 *
 * Normal wb tasks will be curbed at or below it in long term.
 * Obviously it should be around (write_bw / N) when there are N dd tasks.
 */
static void wb_update_dirty_ratelimit(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                      unsigned long dirtied,
                                      unsigned long elapsed)
{
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;
        unsigned long dirty = dtc->dirty;
        unsigned long freerun = dirty_freerun_ceiling(dtc->thresh, dtc->bg_thresh);
        unsigned long limit = hard_dirty_limit(dtc_dom(dtc), dtc->thresh);
        unsigned long setpoint = (freerun + limit) / 2;
        unsigned long write_bw = wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
        unsigned long dirty_ratelimit = wb->dirty_ratelimit;
        unsigned long dirty_rate;
        unsigned long task_ratelimit;
        unsigned long balanced_dirty_ratelimit;
        unsigned long step;
        unsigned long x;
        unsigned long shift;

        /*
         * The dirty rate will match the writeout rate in long term, except
         * when dirty pages are truncated by userspace or re-dirtied by FS.
         */
        dirty_rate = (dirtied - wb->dirtied_stamp) * HZ / elapsed;

        /*
         * task_ratelimit reflects each dd's dirty rate for the past 200ms.
         */
        task_ratelimit = (u64)dirty_ratelimit *
                                        dtc->pos_ratio >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
        task_ratelimit++; /* it helps rampup dirty_ratelimit from tiny values */

        /*
         * A linear estimation of the "balanced" throttle rate. The theory is,
         * if there are N dd tasks, each throttled at task_ratelimit, the wb's
         * dirty_rate will be measured to be (N * task_ratelimit). So the below
         * formula will yield the balanced rate limit (write_bw / N).
         *
         * Note that the expanded form is not a pure rate feedback:
         *      rate_(i+1) = rate_(i) * (write_bw / dirty_rate)              (1)
         * but also takes pos_ratio into account:
         *      rate_(i+1) = rate_(i) * (write_bw / dirty_rate) * pos_ratio  (2)
         *
         * (1) is not realistic because pos_ratio also takes part in balancing
         * the dirty rate.  Consider the state
         *      pos_ratio = 0.5                                              (3)
         *      rate = 2 * (write_bw / N)                                    (4)
         * If (1) is used, it will stuck in that state! Because each dd will
         * be throttled at
         *      task_ratelimit = pos_ratio * rate = (write_bw / N)           (5)
         * yielding
         *      dirty_rate = N * task_ratelimit = write_bw                   (6)
         * put (6) into (1) we get
         *      rate_(i+1) = rate_(i)                                        (7)
         *
         * So we end up using (2) to always keep
         *      rate_(i+1) ~= (write_bw / N)                                 (8)
         * regardless of the value of pos_ratio. As long as (8) is satisfied,
         * pos_ratio is able to drive itself to 1.0, which is not only where
         * the dirty count meet the setpoint, but also where the slope of
         * pos_ratio is most flat and hence task_ratelimit is least fluctuated.
         */
        balanced_dirty_ratelimit = div_u64((u64)task_ratelimit * write_bw,
                                           dirty_rate | 1);
        /*
         * balanced_dirty_ratelimit ~= (write_bw / N) <= write_bw
         */
        if (unlikely(balanced_dirty_ratelimit > write_bw))
                balanced_dirty_ratelimit = write_bw;

        /*
         * We could safely do this and return immediately:
         *
         *      wb->dirty_ratelimit = balanced_dirty_ratelimit;
         *
         * However to get a more stable dirty_ratelimit, the below elaborated
         * code makes use of task_ratelimit to filter out singular points and
         * limit the step size.
         *
         * The below code essentially only uses the relative value of
         *
         *      task_ratelimit - dirty_ratelimit
         *      = (pos_ratio - 1) * dirty_ratelimit
         *
         * which reflects the direction and size of dirty position error.
         */

        /*
         * dirty_ratelimit will follow balanced_dirty_ratelimit iff
         * task_ratelimit is on the same side of dirty_ratelimit, too.
         * For example, when
         * - dirty_ratelimit > balanced_dirty_ratelimit
         * - dirty_ratelimit > task_ratelimit (dirty pages are above setpoint)
         * lowering dirty_ratelimit will help meet both the position and rate
         * control targets. Otherwise, don't update dirty_ratelimit if it will
         * only help meet the rate target. After all, what the users ultimately
         * feel and care are stable dirty rate and small position error.
         *
         * |task_ratelimit - dirty_ratelimit| is used to limit the step size
         * and filter out the singular points of balanced_dirty_ratelimit. Which
         * keeps jumping around randomly and can even leap far away at times
         * due to the small 200ms estimation period of dirty_rate (we want to
         * keep that period small to reduce time lags).
         */
        step = 0;

        /*
         * For strictlimit case, calculations above were based on wb counters
         * and limits (starting from pos_ratio = wb_position_ratio() and up to
         * balanced_dirty_ratelimit = task_ratelimit * write_bw / dirty_rate).
         * Hence, to calculate "step" properly, we have to use wb_dirty as
         * "dirty" and wb_setpoint as "setpoint".
         *
         * We rampup dirty_ratelimit forcibly if wb_dirty is low because
         * it's possible that wb_thresh is close to zero due to inactivity
         * of backing device.
         */
        if (unlikely(wb->bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT)) {
                dirty = dtc->wb_dirty;
                if (dtc->wb_dirty < 8)
                        setpoint = dtc->wb_dirty + 1;
                else
                        setpoint = (dtc->wb_thresh + dtc->wb_bg_thresh) / 2;
        }

        if (dirty < setpoint) {
                x = min3(wb->balanced_dirty_ratelimit,
                         balanced_dirty_ratelimit, task_ratelimit);
                if (dirty_ratelimit < x)
                        step = x - dirty_ratelimit;
        } else {
                x = max3(wb->balanced_dirty_ratelimit,
                         balanced_dirty_ratelimit, task_ratelimit);
                if (dirty_ratelimit > x)
                        step = dirty_ratelimit - x;
        }

        /*
         * Don't pursue 100% rate matching. It's impossible since the balanced
         * rate itself is constantly fluctuating. So decrease the track speed
         * when it gets close to the target. Helps eliminate pointless tremors.
         */
        shift = dirty_ratelimit / (2 * step + 1);
        if (shift < BITS_PER_LONG)
                step = DIV_ROUND_UP(step >> shift, 8);
        else
                step = 0;

        if (dirty_ratelimit < balanced_dirty_ratelimit)
                dirty_ratelimit += step;
        else
                dirty_ratelimit -= step;

        WRITE_ONCE(wb->dirty_ratelimit, max(dirty_ratelimit, 1UL));
        wb->balanced_dirty_ratelimit = balanced_dirty_ratelimit;

        trace_bdi_dirty_ratelimit(wb, dirty_rate, task_ratelimit);
}

static void __wb_update_bandwidth(struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc,
                                  struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc,
                                  bool update_ratelimit)
{
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = gdtc->wb;
        unsigned long now = jiffies;
        unsigned long elapsed;
        unsigned long dirtied;
        unsigned long written;

        spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);

        /*
         * Lockless checks for elapsed time are racy and delayed update after
         * IO completion doesn't do it at all (to make sure written pages are
         * accounted reasonably quickly). Make sure elapsed >= 1 to avoid
         * division errors.
         */
        elapsed = max(now - wb->bw_time_stamp, 1UL);
        dirtied = percpu_counter_read(&wb->stat[WB_DIRTIED]);
        written = percpu_counter_read(&wb->stat[WB_WRITTEN]);

        if (update_ratelimit) {
                domain_update_dirty_limit(gdtc, now);
                wb_update_dirty_ratelimit(gdtc, dirtied, elapsed);

                /*
                 * @mdtc is always NULL if !CGROUP_WRITEBACK but the
                 * compiler has no way to figure that out.  Help it.
                 */
                if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK) && mdtc) {
                        domain_update_dirty_limit(mdtc, now);
                        wb_update_dirty_ratelimit(mdtc, dirtied, elapsed);
                }
        }
        wb_update_write_bandwidth(wb, elapsed, written);

        wb->dirtied_stamp = dirtied;
        wb->written_stamp = written;
        WRITE_ONCE(wb->bw_time_stamp, now);
        spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
}

void wb_update_bandwidth(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT(wb) };

        __wb_update_bandwidth(&gdtc, NULL, false);
}

/* Interval after which we consider wb idle and don't estimate bandwidth */
#define WB_BANDWIDTH_IDLE_JIF (HZ)

static void wb_bandwidth_estimate_start(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        unsigned long now = jiffies;
        unsigned long elapsed = now - READ_ONCE(wb->bw_time_stamp);

        if (elapsed > WB_BANDWIDTH_IDLE_JIF &&
            !atomic_read(&wb->writeback_inodes)) {
                spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
                wb->dirtied_stamp = wb_stat(wb, WB_DIRTIED);
                wb->written_stamp = wb_stat(wb, WB_WRITTEN);
                WRITE_ONCE(wb->bw_time_stamp, now);
                spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
        }
}

/*
 * After a task dirtied this many pages, balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited()
 * will look to see if it needs to start dirty throttling.
 *
 * If dirty_poll_interval is too low, big NUMA machines will call the expensive
 * global_zone_page_state() too often. So scale it near-sqrt to the safety margin
 * (the number of pages we may dirty without exceeding the dirty limits).
 */
static unsigned long dirty_poll_interval(unsigned long dirty,
                                         unsigned long thresh)
{
        if (thresh > dirty)
                return 1UL << (ilog2(thresh - dirty) >> 1);

        return 1;
}

static unsigned long wb_max_pause(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                                  unsigned long wb_dirty)
{
        unsigned long bw = READ_ONCE(wb->avg_write_bandwidth);
        unsigned long t;

        /*
         * Limit pause time for small memory systems. If sleeping for too long
         * time, a small pool of dirty/writeback pages may go empty and disk go
         * idle.
         *
         * 8 serves as the safety ratio.
         */
        t = wb_dirty / (1 + bw / roundup_pow_of_two(1 + HZ / 8));
        t++;

        return min_t(unsigned long, t, MAX_PAUSE);
}

static long wb_min_pause(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                         long max_pause,
                         unsigned long task_ratelimit,
                         unsigned long dirty_ratelimit,
                         int *nr_dirtied_pause)
{
        long hi = ilog2(READ_ONCE(wb->avg_write_bandwidth));
        long lo = ilog2(READ_ONCE(wb->dirty_ratelimit));
        long t;         /* target pause */
        long pause;     /* estimated next pause */
        int pages;      /* target nr_dirtied_pause */

        /* target for 10ms pause on 1-dd case */
        t = max(1, HZ / 100);

        /*
         * Scale up pause time for concurrent dirtiers in order to reduce CPU
         * overheads.
         *
         * (N * 10ms) on 2^N concurrent tasks.
         */
        if (hi > lo)
                t += (hi - lo) * (10 * HZ) / 1024;

        /*
         * This is a bit convoluted. We try to base the next nr_dirtied_pause
         * on the much more stable dirty_ratelimit. However the next pause time
         * will be computed based on task_ratelimit and the two rate limits may
         * depart considerably at some time. Especially if task_ratelimit goes
         * below dirty_ratelimit/2 and the target pause is max_pause, the next
         * pause time will be max_pause*2 _trimmed down_ to max_pause.  As a
         * result task_ratelimit won't be executed faithfully, which could
         * eventually bring down dirty_ratelimit.
         *
         * We apply two rules to fix it up:
         * 1) try to estimate the next pause time and if necessary, use a lower
         *    nr_dirtied_pause so as not to exceed max_pause. When this happens,
         *    nr_dirtied_pause will be "dancing" with task_ratelimit.
         * 2) limit the target pause time to max_pause/2, so that the normal
         *    small fluctuations of task_ratelimit won't trigger rule (1) and
         *    nr_dirtied_pause will remain as stable as dirty_ratelimit.
         */
        t = min(t, 1 + max_pause / 2);
        pages = dirty_ratelimit * t / roundup_pow_of_two(HZ);

        /*
         * Tiny nr_dirtied_pause is found to hurt I/O performance in the test
         * case fio-mmap-randwrite-64k, which does 16*{sync read, async write}.
         * When the 16 consecutive reads are often interrupted by some dirty
         * throttling pause during the async writes, cfq will go into idles
         * (deadline is fine). So push nr_dirtied_pause as high as possible
         * until reaches DIRTY_POLL_THRESH=32 pages.
         */
        if (pages < DIRTY_POLL_THRESH) {
                t = max_pause;
                pages = dirty_ratelimit * t / roundup_pow_of_two(HZ);
                if (pages > DIRTY_POLL_THRESH) {
                        pages = DIRTY_POLL_THRESH;
                        t = HZ * DIRTY_POLL_THRESH / dirty_ratelimit;
                }
        }

        pause = HZ * pages / (task_ratelimit + 1);
        if (pause > max_pause) {
                t = max_pause;
                pages = task_ratelimit * t / roundup_pow_of_two(HZ);
        }

        *nr_dirtied_pause = pages;
        /*
         * The minimal pause time will normally be half the target pause time.
         */
        return pages >= DIRTY_POLL_THRESH ? 1 + t / 2 : t;
}

static inline void wb_dirty_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;
        unsigned long wb_reclaimable;

        /*
         * wb_thresh is not treated as some limiting factor as
         * dirty_thresh, due to reasons
         * - in JBOD setup, wb_thresh can fluctuate a lot
         * - in a system with HDD and USB key, the USB key may somehow
         *   go into state (wb_dirty >> wb_thresh) either because
         *   wb_dirty starts high, or because wb_thresh drops low.
         *   In this case we don't want to hard throttle the USB key
         *   dirtiers for 100 seconds until wb_dirty drops under
         *   wb_thresh. Instead the auxiliary wb control line in
         *   wb_position_ratio() will let the dirtier task progress
         *   at some rate <= (write_bw / 2) for bringing down wb_dirty.
         */
        dtc->wb_thresh = __wb_calc_thresh(dtc, dtc->thresh);
        dtc->wb_bg_thresh = dtc->thresh ?
                div_u64((u64)dtc->wb_thresh * dtc->bg_thresh, dtc->thresh) : 0;

        /*
         * In order to avoid the stacked BDI deadlock we need
         * to ensure we accurately count the 'dirty' pages when
         * the threshold is low.
         *
         * Otherwise it would be possible to get thresh+n pages
         * reported dirty, even though there are thresh-m pages
         * actually dirty; with m+n sitting in the percpu
         * deltas.
         */
        if (dtc->wb_thresh < 2 * wb_stat_error()) {
                wb_reclaimable = wb_stat_sum(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
                dtc->wb_dirty = wb_reclaimable + wb_stat_sum(wb, WB_WRITEBACK);
        } else {
                wb_reclaimable = wb_stat(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
                dtc->wb_dirty = wb_reclaimable + wb_stat(wb, WB_WRITEBACK);
        }
}

static unsigned long domain_poll_intv(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                      bool strictlimit)
{
        unsigned long dirty, thresh;

        if (strictlimit) {
                dirty = dtc->wb_dirty;
                thresh = dtc->wb_thresh;
        } else {
                dirty = dtc->dirty;
                thresh = dtc->thresh;
        }

        return dirty_poll_interval(dirty, thresh);
}

/*
 * Throttle it only when the background writeback cannot catch-up. This avoids
 * (excessively) small writeouts when the wb limits are ramping up in case of
 * !strictlimit.
 *
 * In strictlimit case make decision based on the wb counters and limits. Small
 * writeouts when the wb limits are ramping up are the price we consciously pay
 * for strictlimit-ing.
 */
static void domain_dirty_freerun(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                 bool strictlimit)
{
        unsigned long dirty, thresh, bg_thresh;

        if (unlikely(strictlimit)) {
                wb_dirty_limits(dtc);
                dirty = dtc->wb_dirty;
                thresh = dtc->wb_thresh;
                bg_thresh = dtc->wb_bg_thresh;
        } else {
                dirty = dtc->dirty;
                thresh = dtc->thresh;
                bg_thresh = dtc->bg_thresh;
        }
        dtc->freerun = dirty <= dirty_freerun_ceiling(thresh, bg_thresh);
}

static void balance_domain_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                  bool strictlimit)
{
        domain_dirty_avail(dtc, true);
        domain_dirty_limits(dtc);
        domain_dirty_freerun(dtc, strictlimit);
}

static void wb_dirty_freerun(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                             bool strictlimit)
{
        dtc->freerun = false;

        /* was already handled in domain_dirty_freerun */
        if (strictlimit)
                return;

        wb_dirty_limits(dtc);
        /*
         * LOCAL_THROTTLE tasks must not be throttled when below the per-wb
         * freerun ceiling.
         */
        if (!(current->flags & PF_LOCAL_THROTTLE))
                return;

        dtc->freerun = dtc->wb_dirty <
                       dirty_freerun_ceiling(dtc->wb_thresh, dtc->wb_bg_thresh);
}

static inline void wb_dirty_exceeded(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                                     bool strictlimit)
{
        dtc->dirty_exceeded = (dtc->wb_dirty > dtc->wb_thresh) &&
                ((dtc->dirty > dtc->thresh) || strictlimit);
}

/*
 * The limits fields dirty_exceeded and pos_ratio won't be updated if wb is
 * in freerun state. Please don't use these invalid fields in freerun case.
 */
static void balance_wb_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc,
                              bool strictlimit)
{
        wb_dirty_freerun(dtc, strictlimit);
        if (dtc->freerun)
                return;

        wb_dirty_exceeded(dtc, strictlimit);
        wb_position_ratio(dtc);
}

/*
 * balance_dirty_pages() must be called by processes which are generating dirty
 * data.  It looks at the number of dirty pages in the machine and will force
 * the caller to wait once crossing the (background_thresh + dirty_thresh) / 2.
 * If we're over `background_thresh' then the writeback threads are woken to
 * perform some writeout.
 */
static int balance_dirty_pages(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
                               unsigned long pages_dirtied, unsigned int flags)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc_stor = { GDTC_INIT(wb) };
        struct dirty_throttle_control mdtc_stor = { MDTC_INIT(wb, &gdtc_stor) };
        struct dirty_throttle_control * const gdtc = &gdtc_stor;
        struct dirty_throttle_control * const mdtc = mdtc_valid(&mdtc_stor) ?
                                                     &mdtc_stor : NULL;
        struct dirty_throttle_control *sdtc;
        unsigned long nr_dirty;
        long period;
        long pause;
        long max_pause;
        long min_pause;
        int nr_dirtied_pause;
        unsigned long task_ratelimit;
        unsigned long dirty_ratelimit;
        struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi;
        bool strictlimit = bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT;
        unsigned long start_time = jiffies;
        int ret = 0;

        for (;;) {
                unsigned long now = jiffies;

                nr_dirty = global_node_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY);

                balance_domain_limits(gdtc, strictlimit);
                if (mdtc) {
                        /*
                         * If @wb belongs to !root memcg, repeat the same
                         * basic calculations for the memcg domain.
                         */
                        balance_domain_limits(mdtc, strictlimit);
                }

                /*
                 * In laptop mode, we wait until hitting the higher threshold
                 * before starting background writeout, and then write out all
                 * the way down to the lower threshold.  So slow writers cause
                 * minimal disk activity.
                 *
                 * In normal mode, we start background writeout at the lower
                 * background_thresh, to keep the amount of dirty memory low.
                 */
                if (!laptop_mode && nr_dirty > gdtc->bg_thresh &&
                    !writeback_in_progress(wb))
                        wb_start_background_writeback(wb);

                /*
                 * If memcg domain is in effect, @dirty should be under
                 * both global and memcg freerun ceilings.
                 */
                if (gdtc->freerun && (!mdtc || mdtc->freerun)) {
                        unsigned long intv;
                        unsigned long m_intv;

free_running:
                        intv = domain_poll_intv(gdtc, strictlimit);
                        m_intv = ULONG_MAX;

                        current->dirty_paused_when = now;
                        current->nr_dirtied = 0;
                        if (mdtc)
                                m_intv = domain_poll_intv(mdtc, strictlimit);
                        current->nr_dirtied_pause = min(intv, m_intv);
                        break;
                }

                /* Start writeback even when in laptop mode */
                if (unlikely(!writeback_in_progress(wb)))
                        wb_start_background_writeback(wb);

                mem_cgroup_flush_foreign(wb);

                /*
                 * Calculate global domain's pos_ratio and select the
                 * global dtc by default.
                 */
                balance_wb_limits(gdtc, strictlimit);
                if (gdtc->freerun)
                        goto free_running;
                sdtc = gdtc;

                if (mdtc) {
                        /*
                         * If memcg domain is in effect, calculate its
                         * pos_ratio.  @wb should satisfy constraints from
                         * both global and memcg domains.  Choose the one
                         * w/ lower pos_ratio.
                         */
                        balance_wb_limits(mdtc, strictlimit);
                        if (mdtc->freerun)
                                goto free_running;
                        if (mdtc->pos_ratio < gdtc->pos_ratio)
                                sdtc = mdtc;
                }

                wb->dirty_exceeded = gdtc->dirty_exceeded ||
                                     (mdtc && mdtc->dirty_exceeded);
                if (time_is_before_jiffies(READ_ONCE(wb->bw_time_stamp) +
                                           BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL))
                        __wb_update_bandwidth(gdtc, mdtc, true);

                /* throttle according to the chosen dtc */
                dirty_ratelimit = READ_ONCE(wb->dirty_ratelimit);
                task_ratelimit = ((u64)dirty_ratelimit * sdtc->pos_ratio) >>
                                                        RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
                max_pause = wb_max_pause(wb, sdtc->wb_dirty);
                min_pause = wb_min_pause(wb, max_pause,
                                         task_ratelimit, dirty_ratelimit,
                                         &nr_dirtied_pause);

                if (unlikely(task_ratelimit == 0)) {
                        period = max_pause;
                        pause = max_pause;
                        goto pause;
                }
                period = HZ * pages_dirtied / task_ratelimit;
                pause = period;
                if (current->dirty_paused_when)
                        pause -= now - current->dirty_paused_when;
                /*
                 * For less than 1s think time (ext3/4 may block the dirtier
                 * for up to 800ms from time to time on 1-HDD; so does xfs,
                 * however at much less frequency), try to compensate it in
                 * future periods by updating the virtual time; otherwise just
                 * do a reset, as it may be a light dirtier.
                 */
                if (pause < min_pause) {
                        trace_balance_dirty_pages(wb,
                                                  sdtc->thresh,
                                                  sdtc->bg_thresh,
                                                  sdtc->dirty,
                                                  sdtc->wb_thresh,
                                                  sdtc->wb_dirty,
                                                  dirty_ratelimit,
                                                  task_ratelimit,
                                                  pages_dirtied,
                                                  period,
                                                  min(pause, 0L),
                                                  start_time);
                        if (pause < -HZ) {
                                current->dirty_paused_when = now;
                                current->nr_dirtied = 0;
                        } else if (period) {
                                current->dirty_paused_when += period;
                                current->nr_dirtied = 0;
                        } else if (current->nr_dirtied_pause <= pages_dirtied)
                                current->nr_dirtied_pause += pages_dirtied;
                        break;
                }
                if (unlikely(pause > max_pause)) {
                        /* for occasional dropped task_ratelimit */
                        now += min(pause - max_pause, max_pause);
                        pause = max_pause;
                }

pause:
                trace_balance_dirty_pages(wb,
                                          sdtc->thresh,
                                          sdtc->bg_thresh,
                                          sdtc->dirty,
                                          sdtc->wb_thresh,
                                          sdtc->wb_dirty,
                                          dirty_ratelimit,
                                          task_ratelimit,
                                          pages_dirtied,
                                          period,
                                          pause,
                                          start_time);
                if (flags & BDP_ASYNC) {
                        ret = -EAGAIN;
                        break;
                }
                __set_current_state(TASK_KILLABLE);
                bdi->last_bdp_sleep = jiffies;
                io_schedule_timeout(pause);

                current->dirty_paused_when = now + pause;
                current->nr_dirtied = 0;
                current->nr_dirtied_pause = nr_dirtied_pause;

                /*
                 * This is typically equal to (dirty < thresh) and can also
                 * keep "1000+ dd on a slow USB stick" under control.
                 */
                if (task_ratelimit)
                        break;

                /*
                 * In the case of an unresponsive NFS server and the NFS dirty
                 * pages exceeds dirty_thresh, give the other good wb's a pipe
                 * to go through, so that tasks on them still remain responsive.
                 *
                 * In theory 1 page is enough to keep the consumer-producer
                 * pipe going: the flusher cleans 1 page => the task dirties 1
                 * more page. However wb_dirty has accounting errors.  So use
                 * the larger and more IO friendly wb_stat_error.
                 */
                if (sdtc->wb_dirty <= wb_stat_error())
                        break;

                if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                        break;
        }
        return ret;
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, bdp_ratelimits);

/*
 * Normal tasks are throttled by
 *      loop {
 *              dirty tsk->nr_dirtied_pause pages;
 *              take a snap in balance_dirty_pages();
 *      }
 * However there is a worst case. If every task exit immediately when dirtied
 * (tsk->nr_dirtied_pause - 1) pages, balance_dirty_pages() will never be
 * called to throttle the page dirties. The solution is to save the not yet
 * throttled page dirties in dirty_throttle_leaks on task exit and charge them
 * randomly into the running tasks. This works well for the above worst case,
 * as the new task will pick up and accumulate the old task's leaked dirty
 * count and eventually get throttled.
 */
DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, dirty_throttle_leaks) = 0;

/**
 * balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_flags - Balance dirty memory state.
 * @mapping: address_space which was dirtied.
 * @flags: BDP flags.
 *
 * Processes which are dirtying memory should call in here once for each page
 * which was newly dirtied.  The function will periodically check the system's
 * dirty state and will initiate writeback if needed.
 *
 * See balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited() for details.
 *
 * Return: If @flags contains BDP_ASYNC, it may return -EAGAIN to
 * indicate that memory is out of balance and the caller must wait
 * for I/O to complete.  Otherwise, it will return 0 to indicate
 * that either memory was already in balance, or it was able to sleep
 * until the amount of dirty memory returned to balance.
 */
int balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_flags(struct address_space *mapping,
                                        unsigned int flags)
{
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = NULL;
        int ratelimit;
        int ret = 0;
        int *p;

        if (!(bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_WRITEBACK))
                return ret;

        if (inode_cgwb_enabled(inode))
                wb = wb_get_create_current(bdi, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!wb)
                wb = &bdi->wb;

        ratelimit = current->nr_dirtied_pause;
        if (wb->dirty_exceeded)
                ratelimit = min(ratelimit, 32 >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10));

        preempt_disable();
        /*
         * This prevents one CPU to accumulate too many dirtied pages without
         * calling into balance_dirty_pages(), which can happen when there are
         * 1000+ tasks, all of them start dirtying pages at exactly the same
         * time, hence all honoured too large initial task->nr_dirtied_pause.
         */
        p =  this_cpu_ptr(&bdp_ratelimits);
        if (unlikely(current->nr_dirtied >= ratelimit))
                *p = 0;
        else if (unlikely(*p >= ratelimit_pages)) {
                *p = 0;
                ratelimit = 0;
        }
        /*
         * Pick up the dirtied pages by the exited tasks. This avoids lots of
         * short-lived tasks (eg. gcc invocations in a kernel build) escaping
         * the dirty throttling and livelock other long-run dirtiers.
         */
        p = this_cpu_ptr(&dirty_throttle_leaks);
        if (*p > 0 && current->nr_dirtied < ratelimit) {
                unsigned long nr_pages_dirtied;
                nr_pages_dirtied = min(*p, ratelimit - current->nr_dirtied);
                *p -= nr_pages_dirtied;
                current->nr_dirtied += nr_pages_dirtied;
        }
        preempt_enable();

        if (unlikely(current->nr_dirtied >= ratelimit))
                ret = balance_dirty_pages(wb, current->nr_dirtied, flags);

        wb_put(wb);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_flags);

/**
 * balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited - balance dirty memory state.
 * @mapping: address_space which was dirtied.
 *
 * Processes which are dirtying memory should call in here once for each page
 * which was newly dirtied.  The function will periodically check the system's
 * dirty state and will initiate writeback if needed.
 *
 * Once we're over the dirty memory limit we decrease the ratelimiting
 * by a lot, to prevent individual processes from overshooting the limit
 * by (ratelimit_pages) each.
 */
void balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_flags(mapping, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited);

/*
 * Similar to wb_dirty_limits, wb_bg_dirty_limits also calculates dirty
 * and thresh, but it's for background writeback.
 */
static void wb_bg_dirty_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;

        dtc->wb_bg_thresh = __wb_calc_thresh(dtc, dtc->bg_thresh);
        if (dtc->wb_bg_thresh < 2 * wb_stat_error())
                dtc->wb_dirty = wb_stat_sum(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
        else
                dtc->wb_dirty = wb_stat(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE);
}

static bool domain_over_bg_thresh(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
        domain_dirty_avail(dtc, false);
        domain_dirty_limits(dtc);
        if (dtc->dirty > dtc->bg_thresh)
                return true;

        wb_bg_dirty_limits(dtc);
        if (dtc->wb_dirty > dtc->wb_bg_thresh)
                return true;

        return false;
}

/**
 * wb_over_bg_thresh - does @wb need to be written back?
 * @wb: bdi_writeback of interest
 *
 * Determines whether background writeback should keep writing @wb or it's
 * clean enough.
 *
 * Return: %true if writeback should continue.
 */
bool wb_over_bg_thresh(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT(wb) };
        struct dirty_throttle_control mdtc = { MDTC_INIT(wb, &gdtc) };

        if (domain_over_bg_thresh(&gdtc))
                return true;

        if (mdtc_valid(&mdtc))
                return domain_over_bg_thresh(&mdtc);

        return false;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
/*
 * sysctl handler for /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
 */
static int dirty_writeback_centisecs_handler(const struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
{
        unsigned int old_interval = dirty_writeback_interval;
        int ret;

        ret = proc_dointvec(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);

        /*
         * Writing 0 to dirty_writeback_interval will disable periodic writeback
         * and a different non-zero value will wakeup the writeback threads.
         * wb_wakeup_delayed() would be more appropriate, but it's a pain to
         * iterate over all bdis and wbs.
         * The reason we do this is to make the change take effect immediately.
         */
        if (!ret && write && dirty_writeback_interval &&
                dirty_writeback_interval != old_interval)
                wakeup_flusher_threads(WB_REASON_PERIODIC);

        return ret;
}
#endif

void laptop_mode_timer_fn(struct timer_list *t)
{
        struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info =
                from_timer(backing_dev_info, t, laptop_mode_wb_timer);

        wakeup_flusher_threads_bdi(backing_dev_info, WB_REASON_LAPTOP_TIMER);
}

/*
 * We've spun up the disk and we're in laptop mode: schedule writeback
 * of all dirty data a few seconds from now.  If the flush is already scheduled
 * then push it back - the user is still using the disk.
 */
void laptop_io_completion(struct backing_dev_info *info)
{
        mod_timer(&info->laptop_mode_wb_timer, jiffies + laptop_mode);
}

/*
 * We're in laptop mode and we've just synced. The sync's writes will have
 * caused another writeback to be scheduled by laptop_io_completion.
 * Nothing needs to be written back anymore, so we unschedule the writeback.
 */
void laptop_sync_completion(void)
{
        struct backing_dev_info *bdi;

        rcu_read_lock();

        list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list)
                del_timer(&bdi->laptop_mode_wb_timer);

        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * If ratelimit_pages is too high then we can get into dirty-data overload
 * if a large number of processes all perform writes at the same time.
 *
 * Here we set ratelimit_pages to a level which ensures that when all CPUs are
 * dirtying in parallel, we cannot go more than 3% (1/32) over the dirty memory
 * thresholds.
 */

void writeback_set_ratelimit(void)
{
        struct wb_domain *dom = &global_wb_domain;
        unsigned long background_thresh;
        unsigned long dirty_thresh;

        global_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh);
        dom->dirty_limit = dirty_thresh;
        ratelimit_pages = dirty_thresh / (num_online_cpus() * 32);
        if (ratelimit_pages < 16)
                ratelimit_pages = 16;
}

static int page_writeback_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu)
{
        writeback_set_ratelimit();
        return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL

/* this is needed for the proc_doulongvec_minmax of vm_dirty_bytes */
static const unsigned long dirty_bytes_min = 2 * PAGE_SIZE;

static struct ctl_table vm_page_writeback_sysctls[] = {
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_background_ratio",
                .data       = &dirty_background_ratio,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(dirty_background_ratio),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = dirty_background_ratio_handler,
                .extra1     = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                .extra2     = SYSCTL_ONE_HUNDRED,
        },
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_background_bytes",
                .data       = &dirty_background_bytes,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(dirty_background_bytes),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = dirty_background_bytes_handler,
                .extra1     = SYSCTL_LONG_ONE,
        },
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_ratio",
                .data       = &vm_dirty_ratio,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(vm_dirty_ratio),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = dirty_ratio_handler,
                .extra1     = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                .extra2     = SYSCTL_ONE_HUNDRED,
        },
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_bytes",
                .data       = &vm_dirty_bytes,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(vm_dirty_bytes),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = dirty_bytes_handler,
                .extra1     = (void *)&dirty_bytes_min,
        },
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_writeback_centisecs",
                .data       = &dirty_writeback_interval,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(dirty_writeback_interval),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = dirty_writeback_centisecs_handler,
        },
        {
                .procname   = "dirty_expire_centisecs",
                .data       = &dirty_expire_interval,
                .maxlen     = sizeof(dirty_expire_interval),
                .mode       = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                .extra1     = SYSCTL_ZERO,
        },
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
        {
                .procname       = "highmem_is_dirtyable",
                .data           = &vm_highmem_is_dirtyable,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(vm_highmem_is_dirtyable),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
        },
#endif
        {
                .procname       = "laptop_mode",
                .data           = &laptop_mode,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(laptop_mode),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_jiffies,
        },
};
#endif

/*
 * Called early on to tune the page writeback dirty limits.
 *
 * We used to scale dirty pages according to how total memory
 * related to pages that could be allocated for buffers.
 *
 * However, that was when we used "dirty_ratio" to scale with
 * all memory, and we don't do that any more. "dirty_ratio"
 * is now applied to total non-HIGHPAGE memory, and as such we can't
 * get into the old insane situation any more where we had
 * large amounts of dirty pages compared to a small amount of
 * non-HIGHMEM memory.
 *
 * But we might still want to scale the dirty_ratio by how
 * much memory the box has..
 */
void __init page_writeback_init(void)
{
        BUG_ON(wb_domain_init(&global_wb_domain, GFP_KERNEL));

        cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "mm/writeback:online",
                          page_writeback_cpu_online, NULL);
        cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_MM_WRITEBACK_DEAD, "mm/writeback:dead", NULL,
                          page_writeback_cpu_online);
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
        register_sysctl_init("vm", vm_page_writeback_sysctls);
#endif
}

/**
 * tag_pages_for_writeback - tag pages to be written by writeback
 * @mapping: address space structure to write
 * @start: starting page index
 * @end: ending page index (inclusive)
 *
 * This function scans the page range from @start to @end (inclusive) and tags
 * all pages that have DIRTY tag set with a special TOWRITE tag.  The caller
 * can then use the TOWRITE tag to identify pages eligible for writeback.
 * This mechanism is used to avoid livelocking of writeback by a process
 * steadily creating new dirty pages in the file (thus it is important for this
 * function to be quick so that it can tag pages faster than a dirtying process
 * can create them).
 */
void tag_pages_for_writeback(struct address_space *mapping,
                             pgoff_t start, pgoff_t end)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start);
        unsigned int tagged = 0;
        void *page;

        xas_lock_irq(&xas);
        xas_for_each_marked(&xas, page, end, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY) {
                xas_set_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE);
                if (++tagged % XA_CHECK_SCHED)
                        continue;

                xas_pause(&xas);
                xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
                cond_resched();
                xas_lock_irq(&xas);
        }
        xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(tag_pages_for_writeback);

static bool folio_prepare_writeback(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct writeback_control *wbc, struct folio *folio)
{
        /*
         * Folio truncated or invalidated. We can freely skip it then,
         * even for data integrity operations: the folio has disappeared
         * concurrently, so there could be no real expectation of this
         * data integrity operation even if there is now a new, dirty
         * folio at the same pagecache index.
         */
        if (unlikely(folio->mapping != mapping))
                return false;

        /*
         * Did somebody else write it for us?
         */
        if (!folio_test_dirty(folio))
                return false;

        if (folio_test_writeback(folio)) {
                if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_NONE)
                        return false;
                folio_wait_writeback(folio);
        }
        BUG_ON(folio_test_writeback(folio));

        if (!folio_clear_dirty_for_io(folio))
                return false;

        return true;
}

static xa_mark_t wbc_to_tag(struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages)
                return PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE;
        return PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY;
}

static pgoff_t wbc_end(struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        if (wbc->range_cyclic)
                return -1;
        return wbc->range_end >> PAGE_SHIFT;
}

static struct folio *writeback_get_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        struct folio *folio;

retry:
        folio = folio_batch_next(&wbc->fbatch);
        if (!folio) {
                folio_batch_release(&wbc->fbatch);
                cond_resched();
                filemap_get_folios_tag(mapping, &wbc->index, wbc_end(wbc),
                                wbc_to_tag(wbc), &wbc->fbatch);
                folio = folio_batch_next(&wbc->fbatch);
                if (!folio)
                        return NULL;
        }

        folio_lock(folio);
        if (unlikely(!folio_prepare_writeback(mapping, wbc, folio))) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                goto retry;
        }

        trace_wbc_writepage(wbc, inode_to_bdi(mapping->host));
        return folio;
}

/**
 * writeback_iter - iterate folio of a mapping for writeback
 * @mapping: address space structure to write
 * @wbc: writeback context
 * @folio: previously iterated folio (%NULL to start)
 * @error: in-out pointer for writeback errors (see below)
 *
 * This function returns the next folio for the writeback operation described by
 * @wbc on @mapping and  should be called in a while loop in the ->writepages
 * implementation.
 *
 * To start the writeback operation, %NULL is passed in the @folio argument, and
 * for every subsequent iteration the folio returned previously should be passed
 * back in.
 *
 * If there was an error in the per-folio writeback inside the writeback_iter()
 * loop, @error should be set to the error value.
 *
 * Once the writeback described in @wbc has finished, this function will return
 * %NULL and if there was an error in any iteration restore it to @error.
 *
 * Note: callers should not manually break out of the loop using break or goto
 * but must keep calling writeback_iter() until it returns %NULL.
 *
 * Return: the folio to write or %NULL if the loop is done.
 */
struct folio *writeback_iter(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct writeback_control *wbc, struct folio *folio, int *error)
{
        if (!folio) {
                folio_batch_init(&wbc->fbatch);
                wbc->saved_err = *error = 0;

                /*
                 * For range cyclic writeback we remember where we stopped so
                 * that we can continue where we stopped.
                 *
                 * For non-cyclic writeback we always start at the beginning of
                 * the passed in range.
                 */
                if (wbc->range_cyclic)
                        wbc->index = mapping->writeback_index;
                else
                        wbc->index = wbc->range_start >> PAGE_SHIFT;

                /*
                 * To avoid livelocks when other processes dirty new pages, we
                 * first tag pages which should be written back and only then
                 * start writing them.
                 *
                 * For data-integrity writeback we have to be careful so that we
                 * do not miss some pages (e.g., because some other process has
                 * cleared the TOWRITE tag we set).  The rule we follow is that
                 * TOWRITE tag can be cleared only by the process clearing the
                 * DIRTY tag (and submitting the page for I/O).
                 */
                if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages)
                        tag_pages_for_writeback(mapping, wbc->index,
                                        wbc_end(wbc));
        } else {
                wbc->nr_to_write -= folio_nr_pages(folio);

                WARN_ON_ONCE(*error > 0);

                /*
                 * For integrity writeback we have to keep going until we have
                 * written all the folios we tagged for writeback above, even if
                 * we run past wbc->nr_to_write or encounter errors.
                 * We stash away the first error we encounter in wbc->saved_err
                 * so that it can be retrieved when we're done.  This is because
                 * the file system may still have state to clear for each folio.
                 *
                 * For background writeback we exit as soon as we run past
                 * wbc->nr_to_write or encounter the first error.
                 */
                if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL) {
                        if (*error && !wbc->saved_err)
                                wbc->saved_err = *error;
                } else {
                        if (*error || wbc->nr_to_write <= 0)
                                goto done;
                }
        }

        folio = writeback_get_folio(mapping, wbc);
        if (!folio) {
                /*
                 * To avoid deadlocks between range_cyclic writeback and callers
                 * that hold pages in PageWriteback to aggregate I/O until
                 * the writeback iteration finishes, we do not loop back to the
                 * start of the file.  Doing so causes a page lock/page
                 * writeback access order inversion - we should only ever lock
                 * multiple pages in ascending page->index order, and looping
                 * back to the start of the file violates that rule and causes
                 * deadlocks.
                 */
                if (wbc->range_cyclic)
                        mapping->writeback_index = 0;

                /*
                 * Return the first error we encountered (if there was any) to
                 * the caller.
                 */
                *error = wbc->saved_err;
        }
        return folio;

done:
        if (wbc->range_cyclic)
                mapping->writeback_index = folio_next_index(folio);
        folio_batch_release(&wbc->fbatch);
        return NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(writeback_iter);

/**
 * write_cache_pages - walk the list of dirty pages of the given address space and write all of them.
 * @mapping: address space structure to write
 * @wbc: subtract the number of written pages from *@wbc->nr_to_write
 * @writepage: function called for each page
 * @data: data passed to writepage function
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise
 *
 * Note: please use writeback_iter() instead.
 */
int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping,
                      struct writeback_control *wbc, writepage_t writepage,
                      void *data)
{
        struct folio *folio = NULL;
        int error;

        while ((folio = writeback_iter(mapping, wbc, folio, &error))) {
                error = writepage(folio, wbc, data);
                if (error == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
                        folio_unlock(folio);
                        error = 0;
                }
        }

        return error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_cache_pages);

static int writeback_use_writepage(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        struct folio *folio = NULL;
        struct blk_plug plug;
        int err;

        blk_start_plug(&plug);
        while ((folio = writeback_iter(mapping, wbc, folio, &err))) {
                err = mapping->a_ops->writepage(&folio->page, wbc);
                if (err == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
                        folio_unlock(folio);
                        err = 0;
                }
                mapping_set_error(mapping, err);
        }
        blk_finish_plug(&plug);

        return err;
}

int do_writepages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        int ret;
        struct bdi_writeback *wb;

        if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0)
                return 0;
        wb = inode_to_wb_wbc(mapping->host, wbc);
        wb_bandwidth_estimate_start(wb);
        while (1) {
                if (mapping->a_ops->writepages) {
                        ret = mapping->a_ops->writepages(mapping, wbc);
                } else if (mapping->a_ops->writepage) {
                        ret = writeback_use_writepage(mapping, wbc);
                } else {
                        /* deal with chardevs and other special files */
                        ret = 0;
                }
                if (ret != -ENOMEM || wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL)
                        break;

                /*
                 * Lacking an allocation context or the locality or writeback
                 * state of any of the inode's pages, throttle based on
                 * writeback activity on the local node. It's as good a
                 * guess as any.
                 */
                reclaim_throttle(NODE_DATA(numa_node_id()),
                        VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK);
        }
        /*
         * Usually few pages are written by now from those we've just submitted
         * but if there's constant writeback being submitted, this makes sure
         * writeback bandwidth is updated once in a while.
         */
        if (time_is_before_jiffies(READ_ONCE(wb->bw_time_stamp) +
                                   BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL))
                wb_update_bandwidth(wb);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * For address_spaces which do not use buffers nor write back.
 */
bool noop_dirty_folio(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio)
{
        if (!folio_test_dirty(folio))
                return !folio_test_set_dirty(folio);
        return false;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(noop_dirty_folio);

/*
 * Helper function for set_page_dirty family.
 *
 * NOTE: This relies on being atomic wrt interrupts.
 */
static void folio_account_dirtied(struct folio *folio,
                struct address_space *mapping)
{
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;

        trace_writeback_dirty_folio(folio, mapping);

        if (mapping_can_writeback(mapping)) {
                struct bdi_writeback *wb;
                long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);

                inode_attach_wb(inode, folio);
                wb = inode_to_wb(inode);

                __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_DIRTY, nr);
                __zone_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING, nr);
                __node_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_DIRTIED, nr);
                wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE, nr);
                wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_DIRTIED, nr);
                task_io_account_write(nr * PAGE_SIZE);
                current->nr_dirtied += nr;
                __this_cpu_add(bdp_ratelimits, nr);

                mem_cgroup_track_foreign_dirty(folio, wb);
        }
}

/*
 * Helper function for deaccounting dirty page without writeback.
 *
 */
void folio_account_cleaned(struct folio *folio, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);

        lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_DIRTY, -nr);
        zone_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING, -nr);
        wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE, -nr);
        task_io_account_cancelled_write(nr * PAGE_SIZE);
}

/*
 * Mark the folio dirty, and set it dirty in the page cache.
 *
 * If warn is true, then emit a warning if the folio is not uptodate and has
 * not been truncated.
 *
 * It is the caller's responsibility to prevent the folio from being truncated
 * while this function is in progress, although it may have been truncated
 * before this function is called.  Most callers have the folio locked.
 * A few have the folio blocked from truncation through other means (e.g.
 * zap_vma_pages() has it mapped and is holding the page table lock).
 * When called from mark_buffer_dirty(), the filesystem should hold a
 * reference to the buffer_head that is being marked dirty, which causes
 * try_to_free_buffers() to fail.
 */
void __folio_mark_dirty(struct folio *folio, struct address_space *mapping,
                             int warn)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        xa_lock_irqsave(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
        if (folio->mapping) {   /* Race with truncate? */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(warn && !folio_test_uptodate(folio));
                folio_account_dirtied(folio, mapping);
                __xa_set_mark(&mapping->i_pages, folio_index(folio),
                                PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY);
        }
        xa_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
}

/**
 * filemap_dirty_folio - Mark a folio dirty for filesystems which do not use buffer_heads.
 * @mapping: Address space this folio belongs to.
 * @folio: Folio to be marked as dirty.
 *
 * Filesystems which do not use buffer heads should call this function
 * from their dirty_folio address space operation.  It ignores the
 * contents of folio_get_private(), so if the filesystem marks individual
 * blocks as dirty, the filesystem should handle that itself.
 *
 * This is also sometimes used by filesystems which use buffer_heads when
 * a single buffer is being dirtied: we want to set the folio dirty in
 * that case, but not all the buffers.  This is a "bottom-up" dirtying,
 * whereas block_dirty_folio() is a "top-down" dirtying.
 *
 * The caller must ensure this doesn't race with truncation.  Most will
 * simply hold the folio lock, but e.g. zap_pte_range() calls with the
 * folio mapped and the pte lock held, which also locks out truncation.
 */
bool filemap_dirty_folio(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio)
{
        if (folio_test_set_dirty(folio))
                return false;

        __folio_mark_dirty(folio, mapping, !folio_test_private(folio));

        if (mapping->host) {
                /* !PageAnon && !swapper_space */
                __mark_inode_dirty(mapping->host, I_DIRTY_PAGES);
        }
        return true;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_dirty_folio);

/**
 * folio_redirty_for_writepage - Decline to write a dirty folio.
 * @wbc: The writeback control.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * When a writepage implementation decides that it doesn't want to write
 * @folio for some reason, it should call this function, unlock @folio and
 * return 0.
 *
 * Return: True if we redirtied the folio.  False if someone else dirtied
 * it first.
 */
bool folio_redirty_for_writepage(struct writeback_control *wbc,
                struct folio *folio)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio->mapping;
        long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
        bool ret;

        wbc->pages_skipped += nr;
        ret = filemap_dirty_folio(mapping, folio);
        if (mapping && mapping_can_writeback(mapping)) {
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                struct bdi_writeback *wb;
                struct wb_lock_cookie cookie = {};

                wb = unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin(inode, &cookie);
                current->nr_dirtied -= nr;
                node_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_DIRTIED, -nr);
                wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_DIRTIED, -nr);
                unlocked_inode_to_wb_end(inode, &cookie);
        }
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_redirty_for_writepage);

/**
 * folio_mark_dirty - Mark a folio as being modified.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * The folio may not be truncated while this function is running.
 * Holding the folio lock is sufficient to prevent truncation, but some
 * callers cannot acquire a sleeping lock.  These callers instead hold
 * the page table lock for a page table which contains at least one page
 * in this folio.  Truncation will block on the page table lock as it
 * unmaps pages before removing the folio from its mapping.
 *
 * Return: True if the folio was newly dirtied, false if it was already dirty.
 */
bool folio_mark_dirty(struct folio *folio)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio_mapping(folio);

        if (likely(mapping)) {
                /*
                 * readahead/folio_deactivate could remain
                 * PG_readahead/PG_reclaim due to race with folio_end_writeback
                 * About readahead, if the folio is written, the flags would be
                 * reset. So no problem.
                 * About folio_deactivate, if the folio is redirtied,
                 * the flag will be reset. So no problem. but if the
                 * folio is used by readahead it will confuse readahead
                 * and make it restart the size rampup process. But it's
                 * a trivial problem.
                 */
                if (folio_test_reclaim(folio))
                        folio_clear_reclaim(folio);
                return mapping->a_ops->dirty_folio(mapping, folio);
        }

        return noop_dirty_folio(mapping, folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_mark_dirty);

/*
 * folio_mark_dirty() is racy if the caller has no reference against
 * folio->mapping->host, and if the folio is unlocked.  This is because another
 * CPU could truncate the folio off the mapping and then free the mapping.
 *
 * Usually, the folio _is_ locked, or the caller is a user-space process which
 * holds a reference on the inode by having an open file.
 *
 * In other cases, the folio should be locked before running folio_mark_dirty().
 */
bool folio_mark_dirty_lock(struct folio *folio)
{
        bool ret;

        folio_lock(folio);
        ret = folio_mark_dirty(folio);
        folio_unlock(folio);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_mark_dirty_lock);

/*
 * This cancels just the dirty bit on the kernel page itself, it does NOT
 * actually remove dirty bits on any mmap's that may be around. It also
 * leaves the page tagged dirty, so any sync activity will still find it on
 * the dirty lists, and in particular, clear_page_dirty_for_io() will still
 * look at the dirty bits in the VM.
 *
 * Doing this should *normally* only ever be done when a page is truncated,
 * and is not actually mapped anywhere at all. However, fs/buffer.c does
 * this when it notices that somebody has cleaned out all the buffers on a
 * page without actually doing it through the VM. Can you say "ext3 is
 * horribly ugly"? Thought you could.
 */
void __folio_cancel_dirty(struct folio *folio)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio_mapping(folio);

        if (mapping_can_writeback(mapping)) {
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                struct bdi_writeback *wb;
                struct wb_lock_cookie cookie = {};

                wb = unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin(inode, &cookie);

                if (folio_test_clear_dirty(folio))
                        folio_account_cleaned(folio, wb);

                unlocked_inode_to_wb_end(inode, &cookie);
        } else {
                folio_clear_dirty(folio);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__folio_cancel_dirty);

/*
 * Clear a folio's dirty flag, while caring for dirty memory accounting.
 * Returns true if the folio was previously dirty.
 *
 * This is for preparing to put the folio under writeout.  We leave
 * the folio tagged as dirty in the xarray so that a concurrent
 * write-for-sync can discover it via a PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY walk.
 * The ->writepage implementation will run either folio_start_writeback()
 * or folio_mark_dirty(), at which stage we bring the folio's dirty flag
 * and xarray dirty tag back into sync.
 *
 * This incoherency between the folio's dirty flag and xarray tag is
 * unfortunate, but it only exists while the folio is locked.
 */
bool folio_clear_dirty_for_io(struct folio *folio)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
        bool ret = false;

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(folio), folio);

        if (mapping && mapping_can_writeback(mapping)) {
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                struct bdi_writeback *wb;
                struct wb_lock_cookie cookie = {};

                /*
                 * Yes, Virginia, this is indeed insane.
                 *
                 * We use this sequence to make sure that
                 *  (a) we account for dirty stats properly
                 *  (b) we tell the low-level filesystem to
                 *      mark the whole folio dirty if it was
                 *      dirty in a pagetable. Only to then
                 *  (c) clean the folio again and return 1 to
                 *      cause the writeback.
                 *
                 * This way we avoid all nasty races with the
                 * dirty bit in multiple places and clearing
                 * them concurrently from different threads.
                 *
                 * Note! Normally the "folio_mark_dirty(folio)"
                 * has no effect on the actual dirty bit - since
                 * that will already usually be set. But we
                 * need the side effects, and it can help us
                 * avoid races.
                 *
                 * We basically use the folio "master dirty bit"
                 * as a serialization point for all the different
                 * threads doing their things.
                 */
                if (folio_mkclean(folio))
                        folio_mark_dirty(folio);
                /*
                 * We carefully synchronise fault handlers against
                 * installing a dirty pte and marking the folio dirty
                 * at this point.  We do this by having them hold the
                 * page lock while dirtying the folio, and folios are
                 * always locked coming in here, so we get the desired
                 * exclusion.
                 */
                wb = unlocked_inode_to_wb_begin(inode, &cookie);
                if (folio_test_clear_dirty(folio)) {
                        long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
                        lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_DIRTY, -nr);
                        zone_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING, -nr);
                        wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE, -nr);
                        ret = true;
                }
                unlocked_inode_to_wb_end(inode, &cookie);
                return ret;
        }
        return folio_test_clear_dirty(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_clear_dirty_for_io);

static void wb_inode_writeback_start(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        atomic_inc(&wb->writeback_inodes);
}

static void wb_inode_writeback_end(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        atomic_dec(&wb->writeback_inodes);
        /*
         * Make sure estimate of writeback throughput gets updated after
         * writeback completed. We delay the update by BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL
         * (which is the interval other bandwidth updates use for batching) so
         * that if multiple inodes end writeback at a similar time, they get
         * batched into one bandwidth update.
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&wb->work_lock, flags);
        if (test_bit(WB_registered, &wb->state))
                queue_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &wb->bw_dwork, BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&wb->work_lock, flags);
}

bool __folio_end_writeback(struct folio *folio)
{
        long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
        struct address_space *mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
        bool ret;

        if (mapping && mapping_use_writeback_tags(mapping)) {
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
                unsigned long flags;

                xa_lock_irqsave(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
                ret = folio_xor_flags_has_waiters(folio, 1 << PG_writeback);
                __xa_clear_mark(&mapping->i_pages, folio_index(folio),
                                        PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK);
                if (bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_WRITEBACK_ACCT) {
                        struct bdi_writeback *wb = inode_to_wb(inode);

                        wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_WRITEBACK, -nr);
                        __wb_writeout_add(wb, nr);
                        if (!mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))
                                wb_inode_writeback_end(wb);
                }

                if (mapping->host && !mapping_tagged(mapping,
                                                     PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))
                        sb_clear_inode_writeback(mapping->host);

                xa_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
        } else {
                ret = folio_xor_flags_has_waiters(folio, 1 << PG_writeback);
        }

        lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_WRITEBACK, -nr);
        zone_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING, -nr);
        node_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_WRITTEN, nr);

        return ret;
}

void __folio_start_writeback(struct folio *folio, bool keep_write)
{
        long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
        struct address_space *mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
        int access_ret;

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_writeback(folio), folio);

        if (mapping && mapping_use_writeback_tags(mapping)) {
                XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, folio_index(folio));
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);
                unsigned long flags;
                bool on_wblist;

                xas_lock_irqsave(&xas, flags);
                xas_load(&xas);
                folio_test_set_writeback(folio);

                on_wblist = mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK);

                xas_set_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK);
                if (bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_WRITEBACK_ACCT) {
                        struct bdi_writeback *wb = inode_to_wb(inode);

                        wb_stat_mod(wb, WB_WRITEBACK, nr);
                        if (!on_wblist)
                                wb_inode_writeback_start(wb);
                }

                /*
                 * We can come through here when swapping anonymous
                 * folios, so we don't necessarily have an inode to
                 * track for sync.
                 */
                if (mapping->host && !on_wblist)
                        sb_mark_inode_writeback(mapping->host);
                if (!folio_test_dirty(folio))
                        xas_clear_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY);
                if (!keep_write)
                        xas_clear_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE);
                xas_unlock_irqrestore(&xas, flags);
        } else {
                folio_test_set_writeback(folio);
        }

        lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_WRITEBACK, nr);
        zone_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING, nr);

        access_ret = arch_make_folio_accessible(folio);
        /*
         * If writeback has been triggered on a page that cannot be made
         * accessible, it is too late to recover here.
         */
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(access_ret != 0, folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__folio_start_writeback);

/**
 * folio_wait_writeback - Wait for a folio to finish writeback.
 * @folio: The folio to wait for.
 *
 * If the folio is currently being written back to storage, wait for the
 * I/O to complete.
 *
 * Context: Sleeps.  Must be called in process context and with
 * no spinlocks held.  Caller should hold a reference on the folio.
 * If the folio is not locked, writeback may start again after writeback
 * has finished.
 */
void folio_wait_writeback(struct folio *folio)
{
        while (folio_test_writeback(folio)) {
                trace_folio_wait_writeback(folio, folio_mapping(folio));
                folio_wait_bit(folio, PG_writeback);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(folio_wait_writeback);

/**
 * folio_wait_writeback_killable - Wait for a folio to finish writeback.
 * @folio: The folio to wait for.
 *
 * If the folio is currently being written back to storage, wait for the
 * I/O to complete or a fatal signal to arrive.
 *
 * Context: Sleeps.  Must be called in process context and with
 * no spinlocks held.  Caller should hold a reference on the folio.
 * If the folio is not locked, writeback may start again after writeback
 * has finished.
 * Return: 0 on success, -EINTR if we get a fatal signal while waiting.
 */
int folio_wait_writeback_killable(struct folio *folio)
{
        while (folio_test_writeback(folio)) {
                trace_folio_wait_writeback(folio, folio_mapping(folio));
                if (folio_wait_bit_killable(folio, PG_writeback))
                        return -EINTR;
        }

        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(folio_wait_writeback_killable);

/**
 * folio_wait_stable() - wait for writeback to finish, if necessary.
 * @folio: The folio to wait on.
 *
 * This function determines if the given folio is related to a backing
 * device that requires folio contents to be held stable during writeback.
 * If so, then it will wait for any pending writeback to complete.
 *
 * Context: Sleeps.  Must be called in process context and with
 * no spinlocks held.  Caller should hold a reference on the folio.
 * If the folio is not locked, writeback may start again after writeback
 * has finished.
 */
void folio_wait_stable(struct folio *folio)
{
        if (mapping_stable_writes(folio_mapping(folio)))
                folio_wait_writeback(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(folio_wait_stable);