1 This document contains brief definitions of LKMM-related terms. Like most
2 glossaries, it is not intended to be read front to back (except perhaps
3 as a way of confirming a diagnosis of OCD), but rather to be searched
7 Address Dependency: When the address of a later memory access is computed
8 based on the value returned by an earlier load, an "address
9 dependency" extends from that load extending to the later access.
10 Address dependencies are quite common in RCU read-side critical
14 2 p = rcu_dereference(gp);
18 In this case, because the address of "p->a" on line 3 is computed
19 from the value returned by the rcu_dereference() on line 2, the
20 address dependency extends from that rcu_dereference() to that
21 "p->a". In rare cases, optimizing compilers can destroy address
22 dependencies. Please see Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
25 See also "Control Dependency" and "Data Dependency".
27 Acquire: With respect to a lock, acquiring that lock, for example,
28 using spin_lock(). With respect to a non-lock shared variable,
29 a special operation that includes a load and which orders that
30 load before later memory references running on that same CPU.
31 An example special acquire operation is smp_load_acquire(),
32 but atomic_read_acquire() and atomic_xchg_acquire() also include
35 When an acquire load returns the value stored by a release store
36 to that same variable, (in other words, the acquire load "reads
37 from" the release store), then all operations preceding that
38 store "happen before" any operations following that load acquire.
40 See also "Happens-Before", "Reads-From", "Relaxed", and "Release".
42 Coherence (co): When one CPU's store to a given variable overwrites
43 either the value from another CPU's store or some later value,
44 there is said to be a coherence link from the second CPU to
47 It is also possible to have a coherence link within a CPU, which
48 is a "coherence internal" (coi) link. The term "coherence
49 external" (coe) link is used when it is necessary to exclude
52 See also "From-reads" and "Reads-from".
54 Control Dependency: When a later store's execution depends on a test
55 of a value computed from a value returned by an earlier load,
56 a "control dependency" extends from that load to that store.
62 Here, the control dependency extends from the READ_ONCE() on
63 line 1 to the WRITE_ONCE() on line 2. Control dependencies are
64 fragile, and can be easily destroyed by optimizing compilers.
65 Please see control-dependencies.txt for more information.
67 See also "Address Dependency" and "Data Dependency".
69 Cycle: Memory-barrier pairing is restricted to a pair of CPUs, as the
70 name suggests. And in a great many cases, a pair of CPUs is all
71 that is required. In other cases, the notion of pairing must be
72 extended to additional CPUs, and the result is called a "cycle".
73 In a cycle, each CPU's ordering interacts with that of the next:
76 WRITE_ONCE(x, 1); WRITE_ONCE(y, 1); WRITE_ONCE(z, 1);
77 smp_mb(); smp_mb(); smp_mb();
78 r0 = READ_ONCE(y); r1 = READ_ONCE(z); r2 = READ_ONCE(x);
80 CPU 0's smp_mb() interacts with that of CPU 1, which interacts
81 with that of CPU 2, which in turn interacts with that of CPU 0
82 to complete the cycle. Because of the smp_mb() calls between
83 each pair of memory accesses, the outcome where r0, r1, and r2
84 are all equal to zero is forbidden by LKMM.
88 Data Dependency: When the data written by a later store is computed based
89 on the value returned by an earlier load, a "data dependency"
90 extends from that load to that later store. For example:
93 2 WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 + 1);
95 In this case, the data dependency extends from the READ_ONCE()
96 on line 1 to the WRITE_ONCE() on line 2. Data dependencies are
97 fragile and can be easily destroyed by optimizing compilers.
98 Because optimizing compilers put a great deal of effort into
99 working out what values integer variables might have, this is
100 especially true in cases where the dependency is carried through
103 See also "Address Dependency" and "Control Dependency".
105 From-Reads (fr): When one CPU's store to a given variable happened
106 too late to affect the value returned by another CPU's
107 load from that same variable, there is said to be a from-reads
108 link from the load to the store.
110 It is also possible to have a from-reads link within a CPU, which
111 is a "from-reads internal" (fri) link. The term "from-reads
112 external" (fre) link is used when it is necessary to exclude
115 See also "Coherence" and "Reads-from".
117 Fully Ordered: An operation such as smp_mb() that orders all of
118 its CPU's prior accesses with all of that CPU's subsequent
119 accesses, or a marked access such as atomic_add_return()
120 that orders all of its CPU's prior accesses, itself, and
121 all of its CPU's subsequent accesses.
123 Happens-Before (hb): A relation between two accesses in which LKMM
124 guarantees the first access precedes the second. For more
125 detail, please see the "THE HAPPENS-BEFORE RELATION: hb"
126 section of explanation.txt.
128 Marked Access: An access to a variable that uses an special function or
129 macro such as "r1 = READ_ONCE(x)" or "smp_store_release(&a, 1)".
131 See also "Unmarked Access".
133 Pairing: "Memory-barrier pairing" reflects the fact that synchronizing
134 data between two CPUs requires that both CPUs their accesses.
135 Memory barriers thus tend to come in pairs, one executed by
136 one of the CPUs and the other by the other CPU. Of course,
137 pairing also occurs with other types of operations, so that a
138 smp_store_release() pairs with an smp_load_acquire() that reads
143 Reads-From (rf): When one CPU's load returns the value stored by some other
144 CPU, there is said to be a reads-from link from the second
145 CPU's store to the first CPU's load. Reads-from links have the
146 nice property that time must advance from the store to the load,
147 which means that algorithms using reads-from links can use lighter
148 weight ordering and synchronization compared to algorithms using
149 coherence and from-reads links.
151 It is also possible to have a reads-from link within a CPU, which
152 is a "reads-from internal" (rfi) link. The term "reads-from
153 external" (rfe) link is used when it is necessary to exclude
156 See also Coherence" and "From-reads".
158 Relaxed: A marked access that does not imply ordering, for example, a
159 READ_ONCE(), WRITE_ONCE(), a non-value-returning read-modify-write
160 operation, or a value-returning read-modify-write operation whose
161 name ends in "_relaxed".
163 See also "Acquire" and "Release".
165 Release: With respect to a lock, releasing that lock, for example,
166 using spin_unlock(). With respect to a non-lock shared variable,
167 a special operation that includes a store and which orders that
168 store after earlier memory references that ran on that same CPU.
169 An example special release store is smp_store_release(), but
170 atomic_set_release() and atomic_cmpxchg_release() also include
173 See also "Acquire" and "Relaxed".
175 Unmarked Access: An access to a variable that uses normal C-language
176 syntax, for example, "a = b[2]";
178 See also "Marked Access".