1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 Writing Devicetree Bindings in json-schema
4 ==========================================
6 Devicetree bindings are written using json-schema vocabulary. Schema files are
7 written in a JSON-compatible subset of YAML. YAML is used instead of JSON as it
8 is considered more human readable and has some advantages such as allowing
9 comments (Prefixed with '#').
11 Also see :ref:`example-schema`.
16 Each schema doc is a structured json-schema which is defined by a set of
17 top-level properties. Generally, there is one binding defined per file. The
18 top-level json-schema properties used are:
21 A json-schema unique identifier string. The string must be a valid
22 URI typically containing the binding's filename and path. For DT schema, it must
23 begin with "http://devicetree.org/schemas/". The URL is used in constructing
24 references to other files specified in schema "$ref" properties. A $ref value
25 with a leading '/' will have the hostname prepended. A $ref value with only a
26 relative path or filename will be prepended with the hostname and path
27 components of the current schema file's '$id' value. A URL is used even for
28 local files, but there may not actually be files present at those locations.
31 Indicates the meta-schema the schema file adheres to.
34 A one-line description of the hardware being described in the binding schema.
37 A DT specific property. Contains a list of email address(es)
38 for maintainers of this binding.
41 Optional. A multi-line text block containing any detailed
42 information about this hardware. It should contain things such as what the block
43 or device does, standards the device conforms to, and links to datasheets for
46 The YAML format has several options for defining the formatting of the text
47 block. The options are controlled with indicator characters following the key
48 (e.g. "description: \|"). The minimum formatting needed for a block should be
49 used. The formatting controls can not only affect whether the YAML can be
50 parsed correctly, but are important when the text blocks are rendered to
51 another form. The options are as follows.
53 The default without any indicators is flowed, plain scalar style where single
54 line breaks and leading whitespace are stripped. Paragraphs are delimited by
55 blank lines (i.e. double line break). This style cannot contain ": " in it as
56 it will be interpretted as a key. Any " #" sequence will be interpretted as
57 a comment. There's other restrictions on characters as well. Most
58 restrictions are on what the first character can be.
60 The second style is folded which is indicated by ">" character. In addition
61 to maintaining line breaks on double line breaks, the folded style also
62 maintains leading whitespace beyond indentation of the first line. The line
63 breaks on indented lines are also maintained.
65 The third style is literal which is indicated by "\|" character. The literal
66 style maintains all line breaks and whitespace (beyond indentation of the
69 The above is not a complete description of YAML text blocks. More details on
70 multi-line YAML text blocks can be found online:
72 https://yaml-multiline.info/
74 https://www.yaml.info/learn/quote.html
77 Optional. A json-schema used to match nodes for applying the
78 schema. By default, without 'select', nodes are matched against their possible
79 compatible-string values or node name. Most bindings should not need select.
82 Optional. A list of other schemas to include. This is used to
83 include other schemas the binding conforms to. This may be schemas for a
84 particular class of devices such as I2C or SPI controllers.
87 A set of sub-schema defining all the DT properties for the
88 binding. The exact schema syntax depends on whether properties are known,
89 common properties (e.g. 'interrupts') or are binding/vendor-specific
92 A property can also define a child DT node with child properties defined
95 For more details on properties sections, see 'Property Schema' section.
98 Optional. Similar to 'properties', but names are regex.
101 A list of DT properties from the 'properties' section that
102 must always be present.
104 additionalProperties / unevaluatedProperties
105 Keywords controlling how schema will validate properties not matched by this
106 schema's 'properties' or 'patternProperties'. Each schema is supposed to
107 have exactly one of these keywords in top-level part, so either
108 additionalProperties or unevaluatedProperties. Nested nodes, so properties
109 being objects, are supposed to have one as well.
111 * additionalProperties: false
112 Most common case, where no additional schema is referenced or if this
113 binding allows subset of properties from other referenced schemas.
115 * unevaluatedProperties: false
116 Used when this binding references other schema whose all properties
119 * additionalProperties: true
120 Rare case, used for schemas implementing common set of properties. Such
121 schemas are supposed to be referenced by other schemas, which then use
122 'unevaluatedProperties: false'. Typically bus or common-part schemas.
125 Optional. A list of one or more DTS hunks implementing this binding only.
126 Example should not contain unrelated device nodes, e.g. consumer nodes in a
127 provider binding, other nodes referenced by phandle.
128 Note: YAML doesn't allow leading tabs, so spaces must be used instead.
130 Unless noted otherwise, all properties are required.
135 The 'properties' section of the schema contains all the DT properties for a
136 binding. Each property contains a set of constraints using json-schema
137 vocabulary for that property. The properties schemas are what are used for
138 validation of DT files.
140 For common properties, only additional constraints not covered by the common,
141 binding schema need to be defined such as how many values are valid or what
142 possible values are valid.
144 Vendor-specific properties will typically need more detailed schema. With the
145 exception of boolean properties, they should have a reference to a type in
146 schemas/types.yaml. A "description" property is always required.
148 The Devicetree schemas don't exactly match the YAML-encoded DT data produced by
149 dtc. They are simplified to make them more compact and avoid a bunch of
150 boilerplate. The tools process the schema files to produce the final schema for
151 validation. There are currently 2 transformations the tools perform.
153 The default for arrays in json-schema is they are variable-sized and allow more
154 entries than explicitly defined. This can be restricted by defining 'minItems',
155 'maxItems', and 'additionalItems'. However, for DeviceTree Schemas, a fixed
156 size is desired in most cases, so these properties are added based on the
157 number of entries in an 'items' list.
159 The YAML Devicetree format also makes all string values an array and scalar
160 values a matrix (in order to define groupings) even when only a single value
161 is present. Single entries in schemas are fixed up to match this encoding.
166 Use YAML coding style (two-space indentation). For DTS examples in the schema,
167 preferred is four-space indentation.
175 The DT schema project must be installed in order to validate the DT schema
176 binding documents and validate DTS files using the DT schema. The DT schema
177 project can be installed with pip::
179 pip3 install dtschema
181 Note that 'dtschema' installation requires 'swig' and Python development files
182 installed first. On Debian/Ubuntu systems::
184 apt install swig python3-dev
186 Several executables (dt-doc-validate, dt-mk-schema, dt-validate) will be
187 installed. Ensure they are in your PATH (~/.local/bin by default).
189 Recommended is also to install yamllint (used by dtschema when present).
194 The DT schema binding documents must be validated using the meta-schema (the
195 schema for the schema) to ensure they are both valid json-schema and valid
196 binding schema. All of the DT binding documents can be validated using the
197 ``dt_binding_check`` target::
199 make dt_binding_check
201 In order to perform validation of DT source files, use the ``dtbs_check`` target::
205 Note that ``dtbs_check`` will skip any binding schema files with errors. It is
206 necessary to use ``dt_binding_check`` to get all the validation errors in the
207 binding schema files.
209 It is possible to run both in a single command::
211 make dt_binding_check dtbs_check
213 It is also possible to run checks with a subset of matching schema files by
214 setting the ``DT_SCHEMA_FILES`` variable to 1 or more specific schema files or
215 patterns (partial match of a fixed string). Each file or pattern should be
220 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml
221 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml:rtc.yaml
222 make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=/gpio/
223 make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml
226 json-schema Resources
227 ---------------------
230 `JSON-Schema Specifications <http://json-schema.org/>`_
232 `Using JSON Schema Book <http://usingjsonschema.com/>`_
236 Annotated Example Schema
237 ------------------------
239 Also available as a separate file: :download:`example-schema.yaml`
241 .. literalinclude:: example-schema.yaml