1 optimization Tips (for libavcodec):
2 ===================================
6 If you plan to do non-x86 architecture specific optimizations (SIMD normally),
7 then take a look in the x86/ directory, as most important functions are
8 already optimized for MMX.
10 If you want to do x86 optimizations then you can either try to fine-tune the
11 stuff in the x86 directory or find some other functions in the C source to
12 optimize, but there aren't many left.
15 Understanding these overoptimized functions:
16 --------------------------------------------
17 As many functions tend to be a bit difficult to understand because
18 of optimizations, it can be hard to optimize them further, or write
19 architecture-specific versions. It is recommended to look at older
20 revisions of the interesting files (web frontends for the various FFmpeg
21 branches are listed at http://ffmpeg.org/download.html).
22 Alternatively, look into the other architecture-specific versions in
23 the x86/, ppc/, alpha/ subdirectories. Even if you don't exactly
24 comprehend the instructions, it could help understanding the functions
25 and how they can be optimized.
27 NOTE: If you still don't understand some function, ask at our mailing list!!!
28 (http://lists.ffmpeg.org/mailman/listinfo/ffmpeg-devel)
31 When is an optimization justified?
32 ----------------------------------
33 Normally, clean and simple optimizations for widely used codecs are
34 justified even if they only achieve an overall speedup of 0.1%. These
35 speedups accumulate and can make a big difference after awhile. Also, if
36 none of the following factors get worse due to an optimization -- speed,
37 binary code size, source size, source readability -- and at least one
38 factor improves, then an optimization is always a good idea even if the
39 overall gain is less than 0.1%. For obscure codecs that are not often
40 used, the goal is more toward keeping the code clean, small, and
41 readable instead of making it 1% faster.
44 WTF is that function good for ....:
45 -----------------------------------
46 The primary purpose of this list is to avoid wasting time optimizing functions
47 which are rarely used.
49 put(_no_rnd)_pixels{,_x2,_y2,_xy2}
50 Used in motion compensation (en/decoding).
52 avg_pixels{,_x2,_y2,_xy2}
53 Used in motion compensation of B-frames.
54 These are less important than the put*pixels functions.
59 pix_abs16x16{,_x2,_y2,_xy2}
60 Used in motion estimation (encoding) with SAD.
62 pix_abs8x8{,_x2,_y2,_xy2}
63 Used in motion estimation (encoding) with SAD of MPEG-4 4MV only.
64 These are less important than the pix_abs16x16* functions.
66 put_mspel8_mc* / wmv2_mspel8*
68 it is not recommended that you waste your time with these, as WMV2
69 is an ugly and relatively useless codec.
71 mpeg4_qpel* / *qpel_mc*
72 Used in MPEG-4 qpel motion compensation (encoding & decoding).
73 The qpel8 functions are used only for 4mv,
74 the avg_* functions are used only for B-frames.
75 Optimizing them should have a significant impact on qpel
78 qpel{8,16}_mc??_old_c / *pixels{8,16}_l4
79 Just used to work around a bug in an old libavcodec encoder version.
83 For huffyuv only, optimize if you want a faster ffhuffyuv codec.
85 get_pixels / diff_pixels
86 Used for encoding, easy.
93 Optimizing this should have a significant effect on the gmc decoding
97 Used for chroma blocks in MPEG-4 gmc with 1 warp point
98 (there are 4 luma & 2 chroma blocks per macroblock, so
99 only 1/3 of the gmc blocks use this, the other 2/3
100 use the normal put_pixel* code, but only if there is
102 Note: DivX5 gmc always uses just 1 warp point.
107 hadamard8_diff / sse / sad == pix_norm1 / dct_sad / quant_psnr / rd / bit
108 Specific compare functions used in encoding, it depends upon the
109 command line switches which of these are used.
110 Don't waste your time with dct_sad & quant_psnr, they aren't
113 put_pixels_clamped / add_pixels_clamped
114 Used for en/decoding in the IDCT, easy.
115 Note, some optimized IDCTs have the add/put clamped code included and
116 then put_pixels_clamped / add_pixels_clamped will be unused.
119 idct (encoding & decoding)
121 difficult to optimize
124 Used for encoding with trellis quantization.
125 difficult to optimize
131 Used in MPEG-1 en/decoding.
134 Used in MPEG-2 en/decoding.
137 Used in MPEG-4/H.263 en/decoding.
142 Some instructions on some architectures have strict alignment restrictions,
143 for example most SSE/SSE2 instructions on x86.
144 The minimum guaranteed alignment is written in the .h files, for example:
145 void (*put_pixels_clamped)(const int16_t *block/*align 16*/, uint8_t *pixels/*align 8*/, ptrdiff_t stride);
154 "jump_instruction ....
161 For x86, mark registers that are clobbered in your asm. This means both
162 general x86 registers (e.g. eax) as well as XMM registers. This last one is
163 particularly important on Win64, where xmm6-15 are callee-save, and not
164 restoring their contents leads to undefined results. In external asm,
165 you do this by using:
166 cglobal function_name, num_args, num_regs, num_xmm_regs
167 In inline asm, you specify clobbered registers at the end of your asm:
168 __asm__(".." ::: "%eax").
169 If gcc is not set to support sse (-msse) it will not accept xmm registers
170 in the clobber list. For that we use two macros to declare the clobbers.
171 XMM_CLOBBERS should be used when there are other clobbers, for example:
172 __asm__(".." ::: XMM_CLOBBERS("xmm0",) "eax");
173 and XMM_CLOBBERS_ONLY should be used when the only clobbers are xmm registers:
174 __asm__(".." :: XMM_CLOBBERS_ONLY("xmm0"));
176 Do not expect a compiler to maintain values in your registers between separate
177 (inline) asm code blocks. It is not required to. For example, this is bad:
178 __asm__("movdqa %0, %%xmm7" : src);
180 __asm__("movdqa %%xmm7, %1" : dst);
181 - first of all, you're assuming that the compiler will not use xmm7 in
182 between the two asm blocks. It probably won't when you test it, but it's
183 a poor assumption that will break at some point for some --cpu compiler flag
184 - secondly, you didn't mark xmm7 as clobbered. If you did, the compiler would
185 have restored the original value of xmm7 after the first asm block, thus
186 rendering the combination of the two blocks of code invalid
187 Code that depends on data in registries being untouched, should be written as
188 a single __asm__() statement. Ideally, a single function contains only one
191 Use external asm (nasm) or inline asm (__asm__()), do not use intrinsics.
192 The latter requires a good optimizing compiler which gcc is not.
194 When debugging a x86 external asm compilation issue, if lost in the macro
195 expansions, add DBG=1 to your make command-line: the input file will be
196 preprocessed, stripped of the debug/empty lines, then compiled, showing the
197 actual lines causing issues.
199 Inline asm vs. external asm
200 ---------------------------
201 Both inline asm (__asm__("..") in a .c file, handled by a compiler such as gcc)
202 and external asm (.s or .asm files, handled by an assembler such as nasm)
203 are accepted in FFmpeg. Which one to use differs per specific case.
205 - if your code is intended to be inlined in a C function, inline asm is always
206 better, because external asm cannot be inlined
207 - if your code calls external functions, external asm is always better
208 - if your code takes huge and complex structs as function arguments (e.g.
209 MpegEncContext; note that this is not ideal and is discouraged if there
210 are alternatives), then inline asm is always better, because predicting
211 member offsets in complex structs is almost impossible. It's safest to let
212 the compiler take care of that
213 - in many cases, both can be used and it just depends on the preference of the
214 person writing the asm. For new asm, the choice is up to you. For existing
215 asm, you'll likely want to maintain whatever form it is currently in unless
216 there is a good reason to change it.
217 - if, for some reason, you believe that a particular chunk of existing external
218 asm could be improved upon further if written in inline asm (or the other
219 way around), then please make the move from external asm <-> inline asm a
220 separate patch before your patches that actually improve the asm.
225 http://www.aggregate.org/MAGIC/
229 http://developer.intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals/248966.htm
231 The IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2:
232 Instruction Set Reference
233 http://developer.intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals/245471.htm
235 http://www.agner.org/assem/
237 AMD Athlon Processor x86 Code Optimization Guide:
238 http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/22007.pdf
243 ARM Architecture Reference Manual (up to ARMv5TE):
244 http://www.arm.com/community/university/eulaarmarm.html
246 Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture:
247 http://www.arm.com/pdfs/aapcs.pdf
249 Optimization guide for ARM9E (used in Nokia 770 Internet Tablet):
250 http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0240b/DDI0240A.pdf
251 Optimization guide for ARM11 (used in Nokia N800 Internet Tablet):
252 http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0211j/DDI0211J_arm1136_r1p5_trm.pdf
253 Optimization guide for Intel XScale (used in Sharp Zaurus PDA):
254 http://download.intel.com/design/intelxscale/27347302.pdf
255 Intel Wireless MMX 2 Coprocessor: Programmers Reference Manual
256 http://download.intel.com/design/intelxscale/31451001.pdf
260 PowerPC32/AltiVec PIM:
261 www.freescale.com/files/32bit/doc/ref_manual/ALTIVECPEM.pdf
263 PowerPC32/AltiVec PEM:
264 www.freescale.com/files/32bit/doc/ref_manual/ALTIVECPIM.pdf
267 http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techdocs/30B3520C93F437AB87257060006FFE5E/$file/Language_Extensions_for_CBEA_2.4.pdf
268 http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techdocs/9F820A5FFA3ECE8C8725716A0062585F/$file/CBE_Handbook_v1.1_24APR2007_pub.pdf
272 The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual, Volume 1, Unprivileged ISA:
273 https://riscv.org/technical/specifications/
277 official doc but quite ugly
278 http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Extended-Asm.html
280 a bit old (note "+" is valid for input-output, even though the next disagrees)
281 http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~clc5q/gcc-inline-asm.pdf