3 * Copyright (C) 1984-2007 Mark Nudelman
5 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
6 * License or the Less License, as specified in the README file.
8 * For more information about less, or for information on how to
9 * contact the author, see the README file.
14 * Routines to manipulate the "line buffer".
15 * The line buffer holds a line of output as it is being built
16 * in preparation for output to the screen.
22 static char *linebuf
= NULL
; /* Buffer which holds the current output line */
23 static char *attr
= NULL
; /* Extension of linebuf to hold attributes */
24 public int size_linebuf
= 0; /* Size of line buffer (and attr buffer) */
26 static int cshift
; /* Current left-shift of output line buffer */
27 public int hshift
; /* Desired left-shift of output line buffer */
28 public int tabstops
[TABSTOP_MAX
] = { 0 }; /* Custom tabstops */
29 public int ntabstops
= 1; /* Number of tabstops */
30 public int tabdefault
= 8; /* Default repeated tabstops */
32 static int curr
; /* Index into linebuf */
33 static int column
; /* Printable length, accounting for
35 static int overstrike
; /* Next char should overstrike previous char */
36 static int last_overstrike
= AT_NORMAL
;
37 static int is_null_line
; /* There is no current line */
38 static int lmargin
; /* Left margin */
39 static int line_matches
; /* Number of search matches in this line */
41 static POSITION pendpos
;
42 static char *end_ansi_chars
;
43 static char *mid_ansi_chars
;
45 static int attr_swidth();
46 static int attr_ewidth();
47 static int do_append();
55 extern int status_col
;
56 extern int auto_wrap
, ignaw
;
57 extern int bo_s_width
, bo_e_width
;
58 extern int ul_s_width
, ul_e_width
;
59 extern int bl_s_width
, bl_e_width
;
60 extern int so_s_width
, so_e_width
;
61 extern int sc_width
, sc_height
;
64 extern POSITION start_attnpos
;
65 extern POSITION end_attnpos
;
67 static char mbc_buf
[MAX_UTF_CHAR_LEN
];
68 static int mbc_buf_len
= 0;
69 static int mbc_buf_index
= 0;
70 static POSITION mbc_pos
;
73 * Initialize from environment variables.
78 end_ansi_chars
= lgetenv("LESSANSIENDCHARS");
79 if (end_ansi_chars
== NULL
|| *end_ansi_chars
== '\0')
82 mid_ansi_chars
= lgetenv("LESSANSIMIDCHARS");
83 if (mid_ansi_chars
== NULL
|| *mid_ansi_chars
== '\0')
84 mid_ansi_chars
= "0123456789;[?!\"'#%()*+ ";
86 linebuf
= (char *) ecalloc(LINEBUF_SIZE
, sizeof(char));
87 attr
= (char *) ecalloc(LINEBUF_SIZE
, sizeof(char));
88 size_linebuf
= LINEBUF_SIZE
;
92 * Expand the line buffer.
97 /* Double the size of the line buffer. */
98 int new_size
= size_linebuf
* 2;
100 /* Just realloc to expand the buffer, if we can. */
102 char *new_buf
= (char *) realloc(linebuf
, new_size
);
103 char *new_attr
= (char *) realloc(attr
, new_size
);
105 char *new_buf
= (char *) calloc(new_size
, sizeof(char));
106 char *new_attr
= (char *) calloc(new_size
, sizeof(char));
108 if (new_buf
== NULL
|| new_attr
== NULL
)
110 if (new_attr
!= NULL
)
118 * We realloc'd the buffers; they already have the old contents.
121 memset(new_buf
+ size_linebuf
, 0, new_size
- size_linebuf
);
122 memset(new_attr
+ size_linebuf
, 0, new_size
- size_linebuf
);
126 * We just calloc'd the buffers; copy the old contents.
128 memcpy(new_buf
, linebuf
, size_linebuf
* sizeof(char));
129 memcpy(new_attr
, attr
, size_linebuf
* sizeof(char));
135 size_linebuf
= new_size
;
140 * Is a character ASCII?
150 * Rewind the line buffer.
159 last_overstrike
= AT_NORMAL
;
172 * Insert the line number (of the given position) into the line buffer.
178 register LINENUM linenum
= 0;
181 if (linenums
== OPT_ONPLUS
)
184 * Get the line number and put it in the current line.
185 * {{ Note: since find_linenum calls forw_raw_line,
186 * it may seek in the input file, requiring the caller
187 * of plinenum to re-seek if necessary. }}
188 * {{ Since forw_raw_line modifies linebuf, we must
189 * do this first, before storing anything in linebuf. }}
191 linenum
= find_linenum(pos
);
195 * Display a status column if the -J option is set.
200 if (start_attnpos
!= NULL_POSITION
&&
201 pos
>= start_attnpos
&& pos
< end_attnpos
)
202 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
|AT_HILITE
;
204 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
209 * Display the line number at the start of each line
210 * if the -N option is set.
212 if (linenums
== OPT_ONPLUS
)
214 char buf
[INT_STRLEN_BOUND(pos
) + 2];
217 linenumtoa(linenum
, buf
);
219 if (n
< MIN_LINENUM_WIDTH
)
220 n
= MIN_LINENUM_WIDTH
;
221 sprintf(linebuf
+curr
, "%*s ", n
, buf
);
222 n
++; /* One space after the line number. */
223 for (i
= 0; i
< n
; i
++)
224 attr
[curr
+i
] = AT_NORMAL
;
231 * Append enough spaces to bring us to the lmargin.
233 while (column
< lmargin
)
236 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
242 * Shift the input line left.
243 * This means discarding N printable chars at the start of the buffer.
259 if (shift
> column
- lmargin
)
260 shift
= column
- lmargin
;
261 if (shift
> curr
- lmargin
)
262 shift
= curr
- lmargin
;
266 * We keep on going when shifted == shift
267 * to get all combining chars.
269 while (shifted
<= shift
&& from
< curr
)
272 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(c
))
274 /* Keep cumulative effect. */
276 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
++];
277 while (from
< curr
&& linebuf
[from
])
279 linebuf
[to
] = linebuf
[from
];
280 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
];
281 if (!is_ansi_middle(linebuf
[from
++]))
289 if (!IS_ASCII_OCTET(c
) && utf_mode
)
291 /* Assumes well-formedness validation already done. */
295 if (from
+ len
> curr
)
297 ch
= get_wchar(linebuf
+ from
);
298 if (!is_composing_char(ch
) && !is_combining_char(prev_ch
, ch
))
299 width
= is_wide_char(ch
) ? 2 : 1;
305 /* XXX - Incorrect if several '\b' in a row. */
306 width
= (utf_mode
&& is_wide_char(prev_ch
)) ? -2 : -1;
307 else if (!control_char(c
))
312 if (width
== 2 && shift
- shifted
== 1) {
313 /* Should never happen when called by pshift_all(). */
314 attr
[to
] = attr
[from
];
316 * Assume a wide_char will never be the first half of a
317 * combining_char pair, so reset prev_ch in case we're
318 * followed by a '\b'.
320 prev_ch
= linebuf
[to
++] = ' ';
326 /* Adjust width for magic cookies. */
327 prev_attr
= (to
> 0) ? attr
[to
-1] : AT_NORMAL
;
328 next_attr
= (from
+ len
< curr
) ? attr
[from
+ len
] : prev_attr
;
329 if (!is_at_equiv(attr
[from
], prev_attr
) &&
330 !is_at_equiv(attr
[from
], next_attr
))
332 width
+= attr_swidth(attr
[from
]);
333 if (from
+ len
< curr
)
334 width
+= attr_ewidth(attr
[from
]);
335 if (is_at_equiv(prev_attr
, next_attr
))
337 width
+= attr_ewidth(prev_attr
);
338 if (from
+ len
< curr
)
339 width
+= attr_swidth(next_attr
);
343 if (shift
- shifted
< width
)
352 linebuf
[to
] = linebuf
[from
];
353 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
++];
370 * Return the printing width of the start (enter) sequence
371 * for a given character attribute.
379 a
= apply_at_specials(a
);
381 if (a
& AT_UNDERLINE
)
394 * Return the printing width of the end (exit) sequence
395 * for a given character attribute.
403 a
= apply_at_specials(a
);
405 if (a
& AT_UNDERLINE
)
418 * Return the printing width of a given character and attribute,
419 * if the character were added to the current position in the line buffer.
420 * Adding a character with a given attribute may cause an enter or exit
421 * attribute sequence to be inserted, so this must be taken into account.
424 pwidth(ch
, a
, prev_ch
)
433 * Backspace moves backwards one or two positions.
434 * XXX - Incorrect if several '\b' in a row.
436 return (utf_mode
&& is_wide_char(prev_ch
)) ? -2 : -1;
438 if (!utf_mode
|| is_ascii_char(ch
))
440 if (control_char((char)ch
))
443 * Control characters do unpredictable things,
444 * so we don't even try to guess; say it doesn't move.
445 * This can only happen if the -r flag is in effect.
451 if (is_composing_char(ch
) || is_combining_char(prev_ch
, ch
))
454 * Composing and combining chars take up no space.
456 * Some terminals, upon failure to compose a
457 * composing character with the character(s) that
458 * precede(s) it will actually take up one column
459 * for the composing character; there isn't much
460 * we could do short of testing the (complex)
461 * composition process ourselves and printing
462 * a binary representation when it fails.
469 * Other characters take one or two columns,
470 * plus the width of any attribute enter/exit sequence.
473 if (is_wide_char(ch
))
475 if (curr
> 0 && !is_at_equiv(attr
[curr
-1], a
))
476 w
+= attr_ewidth(attr
[curr
-1]);
477 if ((apply_at_specials(a
) != AT_NORMAL
) &&
478 (curr
== 0 || !is_at_equiv(attr
[curr
-1], a
)))
484 * Delete to the previous base character in the line buffer.
485 * Return 1 if one is found.
491 char *p
= linebuf
+ curr
;
492 LWCHAR ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
+ lmargin
);
495 /* This assumes that there is no '\b' in linebuf. */
496 while ( curr
> lmargin
498 && (!(attr
[curr
- 1] & (AT_ANSI
|AT_BINARY
))))
501 prev_ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
+ lmargin
);
502 width
= pwidth(ch
, attr
[curr
], prev_ch
);
513 * Are we currently within a recognized ANSI escape sequence?
521 * Search backwards for either an ESC (which means we ARE in a seq);
522 * or an end char (which means we're NOT in a seq).
524 for (p
= &linebuf
[curr
]; p
> linebuf
; )
526 LWCHAR ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
);
527 if (IS_CSI_START(ch
))
529 if (!is_ansi_middle(ch
))
536 * Is a character the end of an ANSI escape sequence?
542 if (!is_ascii_char(ch
))
544 return (strchr(end_ansi_chars
, (char) ch
) != NULL
);
554 if (!is_ascii_char(ch
))
558 return (strchr(mid_ansi_chars
, (char) ch
) != NULL
);
562 * Append a character and attribute to the line buffer.
564 #define STORE_CHAR(ch,a,rep,pos) \
566 if (store_char((ch),(a),(rep),(pos))) return (1); \
570 store_char(ch
, a
, rep
, pos
)
580 w
= (a
& (AT_UNDERLINE
|AT_BOLD
)); /* Pre-use w. */
587 if (is_hilited(pos
, pos
+1, 0, &matches
))
590 * This character should be highlighted.
591 * Override the attribute passed in.
596 line_matches
+= matches
;
600 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& in_ansi_esc_seq())
602 if (!is_ansi_end(ch
) && !is_ansi_middle(ch
)) {
603 /* Remove whole unrecognized sequence. */
606 } while (!IS_CSI_START(linebuf
[curr
]));
609 a
= AT_ANSI
; /* Will force re-AT_'ing around it. */
612 else if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(ch
))
614 a
= AT_ANSI
; /* Will force re-AT_'ing around it. */
619 char *p
= &linebuf
[curr
];
620 LWCHAR prev_ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
);
621 w
= pwidth(ch
, a
, prev_ch
);
624 if (ctldisp
!= OPT_ON
&& column
+ w
+ attr_ewidth(a
) > sc_width
)
626 * Won't fit on screen.
637 replen
= utf_len(rep
[0]);
639 if (curr
+ replen
>= size_linebuf
-6)
642 * Won't fit in line buffer.
645 if (expand_linebuf())
651 linebuf
[curr
] = *rep
++;
660 * Append a tab to the line buffer.
661 * Store spaces to represent the tab.
663 #define STORE_TAB(a,pos) \
664 do { if (store_tab((a),(pos))) return (1); } while (0)
671 int to_tab
= column
+ cshift
- lmargin
;
674 if (ntabstops
< 2 || to_tab
>= tabstops
[ntabstops
-1])
675 to_tab
= tabdefault
-
676 ((to_tab
- tabstops
[ntabstops
-1]) % tabdefault
);
679 for (i
= ntabstops
- 2; i
>= 0; i
--)
680 if (to_tab
>= tabstops
[i
])
682 to_tab
= tabstops
[i
+1] - to_tab
;
685 if (column
+ to_tab
- 1 + pwidth(' ', attr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(attr
) > sc_width
)
689 STORE_CHAR(' ', attr
, " ", pos
);
690 } while (--to_tab
> 0);
694 #define STORE_PRCHAR(c, pos) \
695 do { if (store_prchar((c), (pos))) return 1; } while (0)
705 * Convert to printable representation.
710 * Make sure we can get the entire representation
711 * of the character on this line.
713 if (column
+ (int) strlen(s
) - 1 +
714 pwidth(' ', binattr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(binattr
) > sc_width
)
717 for ( ; *s
!= 0; s
++)
718 STORE_CHAR(*s
, AT_BINARY
, NULL
, pos
);
729 for (i
= 0; i
< mbc_buf_index
; i
++)
730 if (store_prchar(mbc_buf
[i
], pos
))
731 return mbc_buf_index
- i
;
737 * Append a character to the line buffer.
738 * Expand tabs into spaces, handle underlining, boldfacing, etc.
739 * Returns 0 if ok, 1 if couldn't fit in buffer.
750 if (do_append(pendc
, NULL
, pendpos
))
752 * Oops. We've probably lost the char which
753 * was in pendc, since caller won't back up.
759 if (c
== '\r' && bs_mode
== BS_SPECIAL
)
761 if (mbc_buf_len
> 0) /* utf_mode must be on. */
763 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
764 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
765 mbc_buf_index
= r
+ 1;
768 return (mbc_buf_index
);
772 * Don't put the CR into the buffer until we see
773 * the next char. If the next char is a newline,
783 r
= do_append((LWCHAR
) c
, NULL
, pos
);
786 /* Perform strict validation in all possible cases. */
787 if (mbc_buf_len
== 0)
792 if (IS_ASCII_OCTET(c
))
793 r
= do_append((LWCHAR
) c
, NULL
, pos
);
794 else if (IS_UTF8_LEAD(c
))
796 mbc_buf_len
= utf_len(c
);
800 /* UTF8_INVALID or stray UTF8_TRAIL */
801 r
= flush_mbc_buf(pos
);
802 } else if (IS_UTF8_TRAIL(c
))
804 mbc_buf
[mbc_buf_index
++] = c
;
805 if (mbc_buf_index
< mbc_buf_len
)
807 if (is_utf8_well_formed(mbc_buf
))
808 r
= do_append(get_wchar(mbc_buf
), mbc_buf
, mbc_pos
);
810 /* Complete, but not shortest form, sequence. */
811 mbc_buf_index
= r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
815 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
816 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
817 mbc_buf_index
= r
+ 1;
819 /* Handle new char. */
826 * If we need to shift the line, do it.
827 * But wait until we get to at least the middle of the screen,
828 * so shifting it doesn't affect the chars we're currently
829 * pappending. (Bold & underline can get messed up otherwise.)
831 if (cshift
< hshift
&& column
> sc_width
/ 2)
833 linebuf
[curr
] = '\0';
834 pshift(hshift
- cshift
);
838 /* How many chars should caller back up? */
839 r
= (!utf_mode
) ? 1 : mbc_buf_index
;
845 do_append(ch
, rep
, pos
)
857 if (bs_mode
== BS_CONTROL
)
858 goto do_control_char
;
861 * A better test is needed here so we don't
862 * backspace over part of the printed
863 * representation of a binary character.
867 || (attr
[curr
- 1] & (AT_ANSI
|AT_BINARY
)))
868 STORE_PRCHAR('\b', pos
);
869 else if (bs_mode
== BS_NORMAL
)
870 STORE_CHAR(ch
, AT_NORMAL
, NULL
, pos
);
871 else if (bs_mode
== BS_SPECIAL
)
872 overstrike
= backc();
880 * Overstrike the character at the current position
881 * in the line buffer. This will cause either
882 * underline (if a "_" is overstruck),
883 * bold (if an identical character is overstruck),
884 * or just deletion of the character in the buffer.
886 overstrike
= utf_mode
? -1 : 0;
887 /* To be correct, this must be a base character. */
888 prev_ch
= get_wchar(linebuf
+ curr
);
893 * Overstriking a char with itself means make it bold.
894 * But overstriking an underscore with itself is
895 * ambiguous. It could mean make it bold, or
896 * it could mean make it underlined.
897 * Use the previous overstrike to resolve it.
901 if ((a
& (AT_BOLD
|AT_UNDERLINE
)) != AT_NORMAL
)
902 a
|= (AT_BOLD
|AT_UNDERLINE
);
903 else if (last_overstrike
!= AT_NORMAL
)
904 a
|= last_overstrike
;
909 } else if (ch
== '_')
913 rep
= linebuf
+ curr
;
914 } else if (prev_ch
== '_')
918 /* Else we replace prev_ch, but we keep its attributes. */
919 } else if (overstrike
< 0)
921 if ( is_composing_char(ch
)
922 || is_combining_char(get_wchar(linebuf
+ curr
), ch
))
923 /* Continuation of the same overstrike. */
932 * Expand a tab into spaces.
937 goto do_control_char
;
943 } else if ((!utf_mode
|| is_ascii_char(ch
)) && control_char((char)ch
))
946 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ON
|| (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(ch
)))
949 * Output as a normal character.
951 STORE_CHAR(ch
, AT_NORMAL
, rep
, pos
);
954 STORE_PRCHAR((char) ch
, pos
);
956 } else if (utf_mode
&& ctldisp
!= OPT_ON
&& is_ubin_char(ch
))
962 if (column
+ (int) strlen(s
) - 1 +
963 pwidth(' ', binattr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(binattr
) > sc_width
)
966 for ( ; *s
!= 0; s
++)
967 STORE_CHAR(*s
, AT_BINARY
, NULL
, pos
);
970 STORE_CHAR(ch
, a
, rep
, pos
);
985 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
986 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
993 * Terminate the line in the line buffer.
1003 if (pendc
&& (pendc
!= '\r' || !endline
))
1005 * If we had a pending character, put it in the buffer.
1006 * But discard a pending CR if we are at end of line
1007 * (that is, discard the CR in a CR/LF sequence).
1009 (void) do_append(pendc
, NULL
, pendpos
);
1012 * Make sure we've shifted the line, if we need to.
1014 if (cshift
< hshift
)
1015 pshift(hshift
- cshift
);
1017 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& is_ansi_end('m'))
1019 /* Switch to normal attribute at end of line. */
1021 for ( ; *p
!= '\0'; p
++)
1024 attr
[curr
++] = AT_ANSI
;
1029 * Add a newline if necessary,
1030 * and append a '\0' to the end of the line.
1031 * We output a newline if we're not at the right edge of the screen,
1032 * or if the terminal doesn't auto wrap,
1033 * or if this is really the end of the line AND the terminal ignores
1034 * a newline at the right edge.
1035 * (In the last case we don't want to output a newline if the terminal
1036 * doesn't ignore it since that would produce an extra blank line.
1037 * But we do want to output a newline if the terminal ignores it in case
1038 * the next line is blank. In that case the single newline output for
1039 * that blank line would be ignored!)
1042 nl
= (column
< sc_width
|| !auto_wrap
|| (endline
&& ignaw
) || ctldisp
== OPT_ON
);
1044 nl
= (column
< sc_width
|| !auto_wrap
|| ignaw
|| ctldisp
== OPT_ON
);
1047 linebuf
[curr
] = '\n';
1048 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
1051 else if (ignaw
&& !auto_wrap
&& column
>= sc_width
)
1054 * Big horrible kludge.
1055 * No-wrap terminals are too hard to deal with when they get in
1056 * the state where a full screen width of characters have been
1057 * output but the cursor is sitting on the right edge instead
1058 * of at the start of the next line.
1059 * So after we output a full line, we output an extra
1060 * space and backspace to force the cursor to the
1061 * beginning of the next line, like a sane terminal.
1063 linebuf
[curr
] = ' ';
1064 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
1065 linebuf
[curr
] = '\b';
1066 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
1068 linebuf
[curr
] = '\0';
1069 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
1072 if (status_col
&& line_matches
> 0)
1075 attr
[0] = AT_NORMAL
|AT_HILITE
;
1081 * Get a character from the current line.
1082 * Return the character as the function return value,
1083 * and the character attribute in *ap.
1093 * If there is no current line, we pretend the line is
1094 * either "~" or "", depending on the "twiddle" flag.
1105 /* Make sure we're back to AT_NORMAL before the '\n'. */
1107 return i
? '\0' : '\n';
1111 return (linebuf
[i
] & 0xFF);
1115 * Indicate that there is no current line.
1125 * Analogous to forw_line(), but deals with "raw lines":
1126 * lines which are not split for screen width.
1127 * {{ This is supposed to be more efficient than forw_line(). }}
1130 forw_raw_line(curr_pos
, linep
, line_lenp
)
1139 if (curr_pos
== NULL_POSITION
|| ch_seek(curr_pos
) ||
1140 (c
= ch_forw_get()) == EOI
)
1141 return (NULL_POSITION
);
1146 if (c
== '\n' || c
== EOI
|| ABORT_SIGS())
1148 new_pos
= ch_tell();
1151 if (n
>= size_linebuf
-1)
1153 if (expand_linebuf())
1156 * Overflowed the input buffer.
1157 * Pretend the line ended here.
1159 new_pos
= ch_tell() - 1;
1169 if (line_lenp
!= NULL
)
1175 * Analogous to back_line(), but deals with "raw lines".
1176 * {{ This is supposed to be more efficient than back_line(). }}
1179 back_raw_line(curr_pos
, linep
, line_lenp
)
1188 if (curr_pos
== NULL_POSITION
|| curr_pos
<= ch_zero() ||
1189 ch_seek(curr_pos
-1))
1190 return (NULL_POSITION
);
1193 linebuf
[--n
] = '\0';
1197 if (c
== '\n' || ABORT_SIGS())
1200 * This is the newline ending the previous line.
1201 * We have hit the beginning of the line.
1203 new_pos
= ch_tell() + 1;
1209 * We have hit the beginning of the file.
1210 * This must be the first line in the file.
1211 * This must, of course, be the beginning of the line.
1213 new_pos
= ch_zero();
1218 int old_size_linebuf
= size_linebuf
;
1221 if (expand_linebuf())
1224 * Overflowed the input buffer.
1225 * Pretend the line ended here.
1227 new_pos
= ch_tell() + 1;
1231 * Shift the data to the end of the new linebuf.
1233 for (fm
= linebuf
+ old_size_linebuf
- 1,
1234 to
= linebuf
+ size_linebuf
- 1;
1235 fm
>= linebuf
; fm
--, to
--)
1237 n
= size_linebuf
- old_size_linebuf
;
1242 *linep
= &linebuf
[n
];
1243 if (line_lenp
!= NULL
)
1244 *line_lenp
= size_linebuf
- 1 - n
;