1 How to write code for CVS
5 CVS is Copyright (C) 1986-2006 The Free Software Foundation, Inc.
7 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
12 More details are available in the COPYING file but, in simplified
13 terms, this means that any distributed modifications you make to
14 this software must also be released under the GNU General Public
17 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
18 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
19 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
20 GNU General Public License for more details.
24 Patches against the development version of CVS are most likely to be accepted:
26 $ cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.sv.nongnu.org:/sources/cvs co ccvs
28 See the Savannah sources page <http://savannah.nongnu.org/cvs/?group=cvs> for
33 If you are using GCC, you'll want to configure with -Wall, which can
34 detect many programming errors. This is not the default because it
35 might cause spurious warnings, but at least on some machines, there
36 should be no spurious warnings. For example:
38 $ CFLAGS="-g -Wall" ./configure
40 Configure is not very good at remembering this setting; it will get
41 wiped out whenever you do a ./config.status --recheck, so you'll need
44 $ CFLAGS="-g -Wall" ./config.status --recheck
46 * Backwards Compatibility
48 Only bug fixes are accepted into the stable branch. New features should be
51 If it is not inextricable from a bug fix, CVS's output (to stdout/stderr)
52 should not be changed on the stable branch in order to best support scripts and
53 other tools which parse CVS's output. It is ok to change output between
54 feature releases (on the trunk), though such changes should be noted in the
57 Changes in the way CVS responds to command line options, config options, etc.
58 should be accompanied by deprecation warnings for an entire stable series of
59 releases before being changed permanently, if at all possible.
63 CVS mostly uses a consistent indentation style which looks like this:
82 The file cvs-format.el contains settings for emacs and the NEWS file
83 contains a set of options for the indent program which I haven't tried
84 but which are correct as far as I know. You will find some code which
85 does not conform to this indentation style; the plan is to reindent it
86 as those sections of the code are changed (one function at a time,
89 In a submitted patch it is acceptable to refrain from changing the
90 indentation of large blocks of code to minimize the size of the patch;
91 the person checking in such a patch should reindent it.
95 The general rule for portability is that it is only worth including
96 portability cruft for systems on which people are actually testing and
97 using new CVS releases. Without testing, CVS will fail to be portable
98 for any number of unanticipated reasons.
100 The current consequence of that general rule seems to be that if it
101 is in ANSI C and it is in SunOS4 (using /bin/cc), generally it is OK
102 to use it without ifdefs (for example, assert() and void * as long as
103 you add more casts to and from void * than ANSI requires. But not
104 function prototypes). Such constructs are generally portable enough,
105 including to NT, OS/2, VMS, etc.
109 Use assert() to check "can't happen" conditions internal to CVS. We
110 realize that there are functions in CVS which instead return NULL or
111 some such value (thus confusing the meaning of such a returned value),
112 but we want to fix that code. Of course, bad input data, a corrupt
113 repository, bad options, etc., should always print a real error
116 Do not use arbitrary limits (such as PATH_MAX) except perhaps when the
117 operating system or some external interface requires it. We spent a
118 lot of time getting rid of them, and we don't want to put them back.
119 If you find any that we missed, please report it as with other bugs.
120 In most cases such code will create security holes (for example, for
121 anonymous readonly access via the CVS protocol, or if a WWW cgi script
122 passes client-supplied arguments to CVS).
124 Although this is a long-term goal, it also would be nice to move CVS
125 in the direction of reentrancy. This reduces the size of the data
126 segment and will allow a multi-threaded server if that is desirable.
127 It is also useful to write the code so that it can be easily be made
128 reentrant later. For example, if you need to pass data from a
129 Parse_Info caller to its callproc, you need a static variable. But
130 use a single pointer so that when Parse_Info is fixed to pass along a
131 void * argument, then the code can easily use that argument.
133 * Coding standards in general
135 Generally speaking the GNU coding standards are mostly used by CVS
136 (but see the exceptions mentioned above, such as indentation style,
137 and perhaps an exception or two we haven't mentioned). This is the
138 file standards.text at the GNU FTP sites.
140 * Regenerating Build Files
142 On UNIX, if you wish to change the Build files, you will need Autoconf and
145 Some combinations of Automake and Autoconf versions may break the
146 CVS build if file timestamps aren't set correctly and people don't
147 have the same versions the developers do, so the rules to run them
148 automatically aren't included in the generated Makefiles unless you run
149 configure with the --enable-maintainer-mode option.
151 The CVS Makefiles and configure script were built using Automake 1.10 and
152 Autoconf 2.61, respectively.
154 There is a known bug in Autoconf 2.57 that will prevent the configure
155 scripts it generates from working on some platforms. Other combinations of
156 autotool versions may or may not work. If you get other versions to work,
157 please send a report to <bug-cvs@nongnu.org>.
159 * Writing patches (strategy)
161 Only some kinds of changes are suitable for inclusion in the
162 "official" CVS. Bugfixes, where CVS's behavior contradicts the
163 documentation and/or expectations that everyone agrees on, should be
164 OK (strategically). For features, the desirable attributes are that
165 the need is clear and that they fit nicely into the architecture of
166 CVS. Is it worth the cost (in terms of complexity or any other
167 tradeoffs involved)? Are there better solutions?
169 If the design is not yet clear (which is true of most features), then
170 the design is likely to benefit from more work and community input.
171 Make a list of issues, or write documentation including rationales for
172 how one would use the feature. Discuss it with coworkers, a
173 newsgroup, or a mailing list, and see what other people think.
174 Distribute some experimental patches and see what people think. The
175 intention is arrive at some kind of rough community consensus before
176 changing the "official" CVS. Features like zlib, encryption, and
177 the RCS library have benefitted from this process in the past.
179 If longstanding CVS behavior, that people may be relying on, is
180 clearly deficient, it can be changed, but only slowly and carefully.
181 For example, the global -q option was introduced in CVS 1.3 but the
182 command -q options, which the global -q replaced, were not removed
185 * Writing patches (tactics)
187 When you first distribute a patch it may be suitable to just put forth
188 a rough patch, or even just an idea. But before the end of the
189 process the following should exist:
191 - ChangeLog entry (see the GNU coding standards for details).
193 - Changes to the NEWS file and cvs.texinfo, if the change is a
194 user-visible change worth mentioning.
196 - Somewhere, a description of what the patch fixes (often in
197 comments in the code, or maybe the ChangeLog or documentation).
199 - Most of the time, a test case (see TESTS). It can be quite
200 frustrating to fix a bug only to see it reappear later, and adding
201 the case to the testsuite, where feasible, solves this and other
202 problems. See the TESTS file for notes on writing new tests.
204 If you solve several unrelated problems, it is generally easier to
205 consider the desirability of the changes if there is a separate patch
206 for each issue. Use context diffs or unidiffs for patches.
208 Include words like "I grant permission to distribute this patch under
209 the terms of the GNU Public License" with your patch. By sending a
210 patch to bug-cvs@nongnu.org, you implicitly grant this permission.
212 Submitting a patch to bug-cvs is the way to reach the people who have
213 signed up to receive such submissions (including CVS developers), but
214 there may or may not be much (or any) response. If you want to pursue
215 the matter further, you are probably best off working with the larger
216 CVS community. Distribute your patch as widely as desired (mailing
217 lists, newsgroups, web sites, whatever). Write a web page or other
218 information describing what the patch is for. It is neither practical
219 nor desirable for all/most contributions to be distributed through the
220 "official" (whatever that means) mechanisms of CVS releases and CVS
221 developers. Now, the "official" mechanisms do try to incorporate
222 those patches which seem most suitable for widespread usage, together
223 with test cases and documentation. So if a patch becomes sufficiently
224 popular in the CVS community, it is likely that one of the CVS
225 developers will eventually try to do something with it. But dealing
226 with the CVS developers may be the last step of the process rather
229 * What is the schedule for the next release?
231 There isn't one. That is, upcoming releases are not announced (or
232 even hinted at, really) until the feature freeze which is
233 approximately 2 weeks before the final release (at this time test
234 releases start appearing and are announced on info-cvs). This is
235 intentional, to avoid a last minute rush to get new features in.
239 In addition to the mailing lists listed in the README file, developers should
240 take particular note of the following mailling lists:
242 bug-cvs: This is the list which users are requested to send bug reports
243 to. General CVS development and design discussions also take place on
245 info-cvs: This list is intended for user questions, but general CVS
246 development and design discussions sometimes take place on this list.
247 cvs-cvs: The only messages sent to this list are sent
248 automatically, via the CVS `loginfo' mechanism, when someone
249 checks something in to the master CVS repository.
250 cvs-test-results: The only messages sent to this list are sent
251 automatically, daily, by a script which runs "make check"
252 and "make remotecheck" on the master CVS sources.
254 To subscribe to any of these lists, send mail to <list>-request@nongnu.org
255 or visit http://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=cvs and follow the instructions
256 for the list you wish to subscribe to.