4 Network Working Group W. Hardaker
6 Expires: August 25, 2006 February 21, 2006
9 Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records (RRs)
10 draft-ietf-dnsext-ds-sha256-05.txt
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35 This Internet-Draft will expire on August 25, 2006.
39 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
43 This document specifies how to use the SHA-256 digest type in DNS
44 Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records (RRs). DS records, when
45 stored in a parent zone, point to key signing DNSKEY key(s) in a
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62 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
63 2. Implementing the SHA-256 algorithm for DS record support . . . 3
64 2.1. DS record field values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
65 2.2. DS Record with SHA-256 Wire Format . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
66 2.3. Example DS Record Using SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
67 3. Implementation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
68 4. Deployment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
69 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
70 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
71 6.1. Potential Digest Type Downgrade Attacks . . . . . . . . . . 5
72 6.2. SHA-1 vs SHA-256 Considerations for DS Records . . . . . . 6
73 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
74 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
75 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
76 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
77 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
78 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 9
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118 The DNSSEC [RFC4033] [RFC4034] [RFC4035] DS RR is published in parent
119 zones to distribute a cryptographic digest of a child's Key Signing
120 Key (KSK) DNSKEY RR. The DS RRset is signed by at least one of the
121 parent zone's private zone data signing keys for each algorithm in
122 use by the parent. Each signature is published in an RRSIG resource
123 record, owned by the same domain as the DS RRset and with a type
126 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
127 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
128 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
131 2. Implementing the SHA-256 algorithm for DS record support
133 This document specifies that the digest type code [XXX: To be
134 assigned by IANA; likely 2] is to be assigned to SHA-256 [SHA256]
135 [SHA256CODE] for use within DS records. The results of the digest
136 algorithm MUST NOT be truncated and the entire 32 byte digest result
137 is to be published in the DS record.
139 2.1. DS record field values
141 Using the SHA-256 digest algorithm within a DS record will make use
142 of the following DS-record fields:
144 Digest type: [XXX: To be assigned by IANA; likely 2]
146 Digest: A SHA-256 bit digest value calculated by using the following
147 formula ("|" denotes concatenation). The resulting value is not
148 truncated and the entire 32 byte result is to used in the
149 resulting DS record and related calculations.
151 digest = SHA_256(DNSKEY owner name | DNSKEY RDATA)
153 where DNSKEY RDATA is defined by [RFC4034] as:
155 DNSKEY RDATA = Flags | Protocol | Algorithm | Public Key
157 The Key Tag field and Algorithm fields remain unchanged by this
158 document and are specified in the [RFC4034] specification.
160 2.2. DS Record with SHA-256 Wire Format
162 The resulting on-the-wire format for the resulting DS record will be
163 [XXX: IANA assignment should replace the 2 below]:
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172 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
173 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
174 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
175 | Key Tag | Algorithm | DigestType=2 |
176 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
178 / Digest (length for SHA-256 is 32 bytes) /
180 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-|
182 2.3. Example DS Record Using SHA-256
184 The following is an example DNSKEY and matching DS record. This
185 DNSKEY record comes from the example DNSKEY/DS records found in
186 section 5.4 of [RFC4034].
190 dskey.example.com. 86400 IN DNSKEY 256 3 5 ( AQOeiiR0GOMYkDshWoSKz9Xz
191 fwJr1AYtsmx3TGkJaNXVbfi/
192 2pHm822aJ5iI9BMzNXxeYCmZ
193 DRD99WYwYqUSdjMmmAphXdvx
194 egXd/M5+X7OrzKBaMbCVdFLU
195 Uh6DhweJBjEVv5f2wwjM9Xzc
196 nOf+EPbtG9DMBmADjFDc2w/r
200 The resulting DS record covering the above DNSKEY record using a SHA-
201 256 digest: [RFC Editor: please replace XXX with the assigned digest
204 dskey.example.com. 86400 IN DS 60485 5 XXX ( D4B7D520E7BB5F0F67674A0C
205 CEB1E3E0614B93C4F9E99B83
209 3. Implementation Requirements
211 Implementations MUST support the use of the SHA-256 algorithm in DS
212 RRs. Validator implementations SHOULD ignore DS RRs containing SHA-1
213 digests if DS RRs with SHA-256 digests are present in the DS RRset.
216 4. Deployment Considerations
218 If a validator does not support the SHA-256 digest type and no other
219 DS RR exists in a zone's DS RRset with a supported digest type, then
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228 the validator has no supported authentication path leading from the
229 parent to the child. The resolver should treat this case as it would
230 the case of an authenticated NSEC RRset proving that no DS RRset
231 exists, as described in [RFC4035], section 5.2.
233 Because zone administrators can not control the deployment speed of
234 support for SHA-256 in validators that may be referencing any of
235 their zones, zone operators should consider deploying both SHA-1 and
236 SHA-256 based DS records. This should be done for every DNSKEY for
237 which DS records are being generated. Whether to make use of both
238 digest types and for how long is a policy decision that extends
239 beyond the scope of this document.
242 5. IANA Considerations
244 Only one IANA action is required by this document:
246 The Digest Type to be used for supporting SHA-256 within DS records
247 needs to be assigned by IANA. This document requests that the Digest
248 Type value of 2 be assigned to the SHA-256 digest algorithm.
250 At the time of this writing, the current digest types assigned for
251 use in DS records are as follows:
253 VALUE Digest Type Status
260 6. Security Considerations
262 6.1. Potential Digest Type Downgrade Attacks
264 A downgrade attack from a stronger digest type to a weaker one is
265 possible if all of the following are true:
267 o A zone includes multiple DS records for a given child's DNSKEY,
268 each of which use a different digest type.
270 o A validator accepts a weaker digest even if a stronger one is
273 For example, if the following conditions are all true:
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284 o Both SHA-1 and SHA-256 based digests are published in DS records
285 within a parent zone for a given child zone's DNSKEY.
287 o The DS record with the SHA-1 digest matches the digest computed
288 using the child zone's DNSKEY.
290 o The DS record with the SHA-256 digest fails to match the digest
291 computed using the child zone's DNSKEY.
293 Then if the validator accepts the above situation as secure then this
294 can be used as a downgrade attack since the stronger SHA-256 digest
297 6.2. SHA-1 vs SHA-256 Considerations for DS Records
299 Users of DNSSEC are encouraged to deploy SHA-256 as soon as software
300 implementations allow for it. SHA-256 is widely believed to be more
301 resilient to attack than SHA-1, and confidence in SHA-1's strength is
302 being eroded by recently-announced attacks. Regardless of whether or
303 not the attacks on SHA-1 will affect DNSSEC, it is believed (at the
304 time of this writing) that SHA-256 is the better choice for use in DS
307 At the time of this publication, the SHA-256 digest algorithm is
308 considered sufficiently strong for the immediate future. It is also
309 considered sufficient for use in DNSSEC DS RRs for the immediate
310 future. However, future published attacks may weaken the usability
311 of this algorithm within the DS RRs. It is beyond the scope of this
312 document to speculate extensively on the cryptographic strength of
313 the SHA-256 digest algorithm.
315 Likewise, it is also beyond the scope of this document to specify
316 whether or for how long SHA-1 based DS records should be
317 simultaneously published alongside SHA-256 based DS records.
322 This document is a minor extension to the existing DNSSEC documents
323 and those authors are gratefully appreciated for the hard work that
324 went into the base documents.
326 The following people contributed to portions of this document in some
327 fashion: Mark Andrews, Roy Arends, Olafur Gudmundsson, Paul Hoffman,
328 Olaf M. Kolkman, Edward Lewis, Scott Rose, Stuart E. Schechter, Sam
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342 8.1. Normative References
344 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
345 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
347 [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
348 Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
349 RFC 4033, March 2005.
351 [RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
352 Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
353 RFC 4034, March 2005.
355 [RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
356 Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
357 Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.
359 [SHA256] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
360 Hash Algorithm. NIST FIPS 180-2", August 2002.
362 8.2. Informative References
365 Eastlake, D., "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA)",
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404 Email: hardaker@tislabs.com
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