6 ca - sample minimal CA application
16 [B<-crl_reason reason>]
17 [B<-crl_hold instruction>]
18 [B<-crl_compromise time>]
19 [B<-crl_CA_compromise time>]
44 [B<-extensions section>]
53 The B<ca> command is a minimal CA application. It can be used
54 to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate
55 CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates
58 The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.
64 =item B<-config filename>
66 specifies the configuration file to use.
68 =item B<-name section>
70 specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides
71 B<default_ca> in the B<ca> section).
75 an input filename containing a single certificate request to be
78 =item B<-ss_cert filename>
80 a single self signed certificate to be signed by the CA.
82 =item B<-spkac filename>
84 a file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge
85 and additional field values to be signed by the CA. See the B<SPKAC FORMAT>
86 section for information on the required format.
90 if present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments
91 are assumed to the the names of files containing certificate requests.
93 =item B<-out filename>
95 the output file to output certificates to. The default is standard
96 output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this
99 =item B<-outdir directory>
101 the directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be
102 written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with
107 the CA certificate file.
109 =item B<-keyfile filename>
111 the private key to sign requests with.
113 =item B<-key password>
115 the password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some
116 systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with
117 the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution.
121 indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key
122 the certificate requests were signed with (given with B<-keyfile>).
123 Cerificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If
124 B<-spkac>, B<-ss_cert> or B<-gencrl> are given, B<-selfsign> is
127 A consequence of using B<-selfsign> is that the self-signed
128 certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database
129 (see the configuration option B<database>), and uses the same
130 serial number counter as all other certificates sign with the
131 self-signed certificate.
135 the key password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
136 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
140 this prints extra details about the operations being performed.
144 don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
146 =item B<-startdate date>
148 this allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the
149 date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
151 =item B<-enddate date>
153 this allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the
154 date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
158 the number of days to certify the certificate for.
162 the message digest to use. Possible values include md5, sha1 and mdc2.
163 This option also applies to CRLs.
167 this option defines the CA "policy" to use. This is a section in
168 the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory
169 or match the CA certificate. Check out the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
170 for more information.
174 this is a legacy option to make B<ca> work with very old versions of
175 the IE certificate enrollment control "certenr3". It used UniversalStrings
176 for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs
177 its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control "Xenroll" does not
182 Normally the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the
183 fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order
184 is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the
185 older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their
186 DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
190 The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the
191 request DN, however it is good policy just having the e-mail set into
192 the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the
193 EMAIL field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in
194 the, eventually present, extensions. The B<email_in_dn> keyword can be
195 used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.
199 this sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked
200 and all certificates will be certified automatically.
202 =item B<-extensions section>
204 the section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
205 to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to B<x509_extensions>
206 unless the B<-extfile> option is used). If no extension section is
207 present then, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section
208 is present (even if it is empty), then a V3 certificate is created.
210 =item B<-extfile file>
212 an additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from
213 (using the default section unless the B<-extensions> option is also
218 specifying an engine (by it's unique B<id> string) will cause B<req>
219 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
220 thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
221 for all available algorithms.
225 supersedes subject name given in the request.
226 The arg must be formatted as I</type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...>,
227 characters may be escaped by \ (backslash), no spaces are skipped.
231 this option causes field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings, by
232 default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field
233 values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a
234 configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.
236 =item B<-multivalue-rdn>
238 this option causes the -subj argument to be interpretedt with full
239 support for multivalued RDNs. Example:
241 I</DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe>
243 If -multi-rdn is not used then the UID value is I<123456+CN=John Doe>.
253 this option generates a CRL based on information in the index file.
255 =item B<-crldays num>
257 the number of days before the next CRL is due. That is the days from
258 now to place in the CRL nextUpdate field.
260 =item B<-crlhours num>
262 the number of hours before the next CRL is due.
264 =item B<-revoke filename>
266 a filename containing a certificate to revoke.
268 =item B<-crl_reason reason>
270 revocation reason, where B<reason> is one of: B<unspecified>, B<keyCompromise>,
271 B<CACompromise>, B<affiliationChanged>, B<superseded>, B<cessationOfOperation>,
272 B<certificateHold> or B<removeFromCRL>. The matching of B<reason> is case
273 insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2.
275 In practive B<removeFromCRL> is not particularly useful because it is only used
276 in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented.
278 =item B<-crl_hold instruction>
280 This sets the CRL revocation reason code to B<certificateHold> and the hold
281 instruction to B<instruction> which must be an OID. Although any OID can be
282 used only B<holdInstructionNone> (the use of which is discouraged by RFC2459)
283 B<holdInstructionCallIssuer> or B<holdInstructionReject> will normally be used.
285 =item B<-crl_compromise time>
287 This sets the revocation reason to B<keyCompromise> and the compromise time to
288 B<time>. B<time> should be in GeneralizedTime format that is B<YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ>.
290 =item B<-crl_CA_compromise time>
292 This is the same as B<crl_compromise> except the revocation reason is set to
295 =item B<-crlexts section>
297 the section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to
298 include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is
299 created, if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is
300 empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are
301 CRL extensions and B<not> CRL entry extensions. It should be noted
302 that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs.
306 =head1 CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS
308 The section of the configuration file containing options for B<ca>
309 is found as follows: If the B<-name> command line option is used,
310 then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to
311 be used must be named in the B<default_ca> option of the B<ca> section
312 of the configuration file (or in the default section of the
313 configuration file). Besides B<default_ca>, the following options are
314 read directly from the B<ca> section:
318 With the exception of B<RANDFILE>, this is probably a bug and may
319 change in future releases.
321 Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line
322 options. Where the option is present in the configuration file
323 and the command line the command line value is used. Where an
324 option is described as mandatory then it must be present in
325 the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if
332 This specifies a file containing additional B<OBJECT IDENTIFIERS>.
333 Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
334 object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
335 by white space and finally the long name.
339 This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
340 object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the
341 object identifier followed by B<=> and the numerical form. The short
342 and long names are the same when this option is used.
344 =item B<new_certs_dir>
346 the same as the B<-outdir> command line option. It specifies
347 the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
351 the same as B<-cert>. It gives the file containing the CA
352 certificate. Mandatory.
356 same as the B<-keyfile> option. The file containing the
357 CA private key. Mandatory.
361 a file used to read and write random number seed information, or
362 an EGD socket (see L<RAND_egd(3)|RAND_egd(3)>).
364 =item B<default_days>
366 the same as the B<-days> option. The number of days to certify
369 =item B<default_startdate>
371 the same as the B<-startdate> option. The start date to certify
372 a certificate for. If not set the current time is used.
374 =item B<default_enddate>
376 the same as the B<-enddate> option. Either this option or
377 B<default_days> (or the command line equivalents) must be
380 =item B<default_crl_hours default_crl_days>
382 the same as the B<-crlhours> and the B<-crldays> options. These
383 will only be used if neither command line option is present. At
384 least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
388 the same as the B<-md> option. The message digest to use. Mandatory.
392 the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present
393 though initially it will be empty.
395 =item B<unique_subject>
397 if the value B<yes> is given, the valid certificate entries in the
398 database must have unique subjects. if the value B<no> is given,
399 several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject.
400 The default value is B<yes>, to be compatible with older (pre 0.9.8)
401 versions of OpenSSL. However, to make CA certificate roll-over easier,
402 it's recommended to use the value B<no>, especially if combined with
403 the B<-selfsign> command line option.
407 a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
408 This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
412 a text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex. The crl number
413 will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is
414 present, it must contain a valid CRL number.
416 =item B<x509_extensions>
418 the same as B<-extensions>.
420 =item B<crl_extensions>
422 the same as B<-crlexts>.
426 the same as B<-preserveDN>
430 the same as B<-noemailDN>. If you want the EMAIL field to be removed
431 from the DN of the certificate simply set this to 'no'. If not present
432 the default is to allow for the EMAIL filed in the certificate's DN.
436 the same as B<-msie_hack>
440 the same as B<-policy>. Mandatory. See the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
441 for more information.
443 =item B<name_opt>, B<cert_opt>
445 these options allow the format used to display the certificate details
446 when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by
447 the B<x509> utilities B<-nameopt> and B<-certopt> switches can be used
448 here, except the B<no_signame> and B<no_sigdump> are permanently set
449 and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot
450 be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).
452 For convenience the values B<ca_default> are accepted by both to produce
455 If neither option is present the format used in earlier versions of
456 OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is B<strongly> discouraged because
457 it only displays fields mentioned in the B<policy> section, mishandles
458 multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.
460 =item B<copy_extensions>
462 determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled.
463 If set to B<none> or this option is not present then extensions are
464 ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to B<copy> then any
465 extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied
466 to the certificate. If set to B<copyall> then all extensions in the
467 request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present
468 in the certificate it is deleted first. See the B<WARNINGS> section before
471 The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply
472 values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName.
478 The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to
479 certificate DN fields. If the value is "match" then the field value
480 must match the same field in the CA certificate. If the value is
481 "supplied" then it must be present. If the value is "optional" then
482 it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
483 are silently deleted, unless the B<-preserveDN> option is set but
484 this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
488 The input to the B<-spkac> command line option is a Netscape
489 signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from
490 the B<KEYGEN> tag in an HTML form to create a new private key.
491 It is however possible to create SPKACs using the B<spkac> utility.
493 The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of
494 the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs.
495 If you need to include the same component twice then it can be
496 preceded by a number and a '.'.
500 Note: these examples assume that the B<ca> directory structure is
501 already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually
502 involves creating a CA certificate and private key with B<req>, a
503 serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in
504 the relevant directories.
506 To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA,
507 demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The CA
508 certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private
509 key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be
510 created containing for example "01" and the empty index file
514 Sign a certificate request:
516 openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem
518 Sign a certificate request, using CA extensions:
520 openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem
524 openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem
526 Sign several requests:
528 openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
530 Certify a Netscape SPKAC:
532 openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt
534 A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity):
536 SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
538 emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
542 A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for B<ca>:
545 default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section
549 dir = ./demoCA # top dir
550 database = $dir/index.txt # index file.
551 new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # new certs dir
553 certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA cert
554 serial = $dir/serial # serial no file
555 private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key
556 RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # random number file
558 default_days = 365 # how long to certify for
559 default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL
560 default_md = md5 # md to use
562 policy = policy_any # default policy
563 email_in_dn = no # Don't add the email into cert DN
565 name_opt = ca_default # Subject name display option
566 cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate display option
567 copy_extensions = none # Don't copy extensions from request
570 countryName = supplied
571 stateOrProvinceName = optional
572 organizationName = optional
573 organizationalUnitName = optional
574 commonName = supplied
575 emailAddress = optional
579 Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options,
580 configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options.
581 The values below reflect the default values.
583 /usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
584 ./demoCA - main CA directory
585 ./demoCA/cacert.pem - CA certificate
586 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem - CA private key
587 ./demoCA/serial - CA serial number file
588 ./demoCA/serial.old - CA serial number backup file
589 ./demoCA/index.txt - CA text database file
590 ./demoCA/index.txt.old - CA text database backup file
591 ./demoCA/certs - certificate output file
592 ./demoCA/.rnd - CA random seed information
594 =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
596 B<OPENSSL_CONF> reflects the location of master configuration file it can
597 be overridden by the B<-config> command line option.
601 The text database index file is a critical part of the process and
602 if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible
603 to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current
604 CRL: however there is no option to do this.
606 V2 CRL features like delta CRLs are not currently supported.
608 Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only
609 possible to include one SPKAC or self signed certificate.
613 The use of an in memory text database can cause problems when large
614 numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies
615 the database has to be kept in memory.
617 The B<ca> command really needs rewriting or the required functionality
618 exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility
619 (perl script or GUI) can handle things properly. The scripts B<CA.sh> and
620 B<CA.pl> help a little but not very much.
622 Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently
623 deleted. This does not happen if the B<-preserveDN> option is used. To
624 enforce the absence of the EMAIL field within the DN, as suggested by
625 RFCs, regardless the contents of the request' subject the B<-noemailDN>
626 option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and
629 Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can
630 create an empty file.
634 The B<ca> command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
636 The B<ca> utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things
637 in a CA. It was not supposed to be used as a full blown CA itself:
638 nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
640 The B<ca> command is effectively a single user command: no locking is
641 done on the various files and attempts to run more than one B<ca> command
642 on the same database can have unpredictable results.
644 The B<copy_extensions> option should be used with caution. If care is
645 not taken then it can be a security risk. For example if a certificate
646 request contains a basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the
647 B<copy_extensions> value is set to B<copyall> and the user does not spot
648 this when the certificate is displayed then this will hand the requestor
649 a valid CA certificate.
651 This situation can be avoided by setting B<copy_extensions> to B<copy>
652 and including basicConstraints with CA:FALSE in the configuration file.
653 Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be
656 It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such
657 as B<keyUsage> to prevent a request supplying its own values.
659 Additional restrictions can be placed on the CA certificate itself.
660 For example if the CA certificate has:
662 basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0
664 then even if a certificate is issued with CA:TRUE it will not be valid.
668 L<req(1)|req(1)>, L<spkac(1)|spkac(1)>, L<x509(1)|x509(1)>, L<CA.pl(1)|CA.pl(1)>,
669 L<config(5)|config(5)>