3 As of Feb. 11, 2002 (and indeed, for quite some time before that),
4 the /etc/rc.diskless{1,2} scripts support a slightly different
5 diskless boot process than the one documented in the rest of
6 this file (which is 3 years old).
8 I am not deleting the information below because it contains some
9 useful background information on diskless operation, but for the
10 actual details you should look at /etc/rc.diskless1, /etc/rc.diskless2,
11 and the /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root script which can
12 be useful to set up clients and server for diskless boot.
15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 BOOTP configuration mechanism
22 BOOTP kernels automatically configure the machine's IP address, netmask,
23 optional NFS based swap, and NFS based root mount. The NFS server will
24 typically export a shared read-only /, /usr, and /var to any number of
25 workstations. The shared read-only root is typically either the server's
26 own root or, if you are more security conscious, a contrived root.
28 The key issue with starting up a BOOTP kernel is that you typically want
29 to export read-only NFS partitions from the server, yet still be able to
30 customize each workstation ( or not ).
32 /etc/rc.diskless1 is responsible for doing core mounts and for retargeting
33 /conf/ME ( part of the read-only root NFS mount ) to /conf/$IP_OF_CLIENT.
34 /etc/rc.conf.local and /etc/rc.local, along with other machine-specific
35 configuration files, are typically softlinks to /conf/ME/<filename>.
37 In the BOOTP workstation /conf/$IP/rc.conf.local, you must typically
38 turn *OFF* most of the system option defaults in /etc/rc.conf as well
39 as do additional custom configuration of your environment
41 The /usr/src/share/examples/diskless directory contains a typical
42 X session / sshd based workstation configuration. The directories
43 involved are HT.DISKLESS/ and 192.157.86.12/.
45 Essentially, the $IP/ directory ( which rc.diskless looks for in
46 /conf/$IP/ ) contains all the junk. The HT.DISKLESS directory exists
47 to hold common elements of your custom configuration so you do not have
48 to repeat those elements for each workstation. The example /conf
49 structure included here shows how to create a working sshd setup ( so
50 you can sshd into the diskless workstation ), retarget xdm's pid and error
51 files to R+W directories if /usr is mounted read-only, and retarget
52 syslogd and other programs. This example is not designed to run out of
53 the box and some modifications are required.
55 >> NOTE << HT.DISKLESS/ttys contains the typical configuration required
56 to bring X up at boot time. Essentially, it runs xdm in the foreground
57 with the appropriate arguments rather then a getty on ttyv0. You must
58 run xdm on ttyv0 in order to prevent xdm racing with getty on a virtual
59 terminal. Such a race can cause your keyboard to be directed away from
60 the X session, essentially making the session unusable.
62 Typically you should start with a clean slate by tar-copying this example
63 directory to /conf and then hack on it in /conf rather then in
64 /usr/share/examples/diskless.
68 Here is a typical kernel configuration. If you have only one ethernet
69 interface you do not need to wire BOOTP to a specific interface name.
70 BOOTP requires NFS and NFS_ROOT, and our boot scripts require MFS. If
71 your /tmp is *not* a softlink to /var/tmp, the scripts also require NULLFS
75 options BOOTP # Use BOOTP to obtain IP address/hostname
76 options BOOTP_NFSROOT # NFS mount root filesystem using BOOTP info
77 options "BOOTP_NFSV3" # Use NFS v3 to NFS mount rootoptions
78 options BOOTP_COMPAT # Workaround for broken bootp daemons.
79 #options "BOOTP_WIRED_TO=de0"
81 options MFS # Memory File System
82 options NFS # Network Filesystem
83 options NFS_ROOT # Nfs can be root
84 options NULLFS # nullfs to map /var/tmp to /tmp
88 The BOOTP server must be running on the same logical LAN as the the
89 BOOTP client(s). You need to setup two things:
91 (1) You need to NFS-export /, /usr, and /var.
93 (2) You need to run a BOOTP server. DHCPD can do this.
98 Here is an example "/etc/exports" file.
100 / -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
101 /usr -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
102 /var -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
104 In order to be an NFS server, the server must run portmap, mountd,
105 nfsd, and rpc.statd. The standard NFS server options in /etc/rc.conf
106 will work ( you should put your overrides in /etc/rc.conf.local on the
107 server and not edit the distribution /etc/rc.conf, though ).
111 This configuration file "/etc/dhcpd.conf" example is for
112 the '/usr/ports/net/isc-dhcp' dhcpd port.
114 subnet 192.157.86.0 netmask 255.255.255.192 {
115 # range if you want to run the core dhcpd service of
116 # dynamic IP assignment, but it is not used with BOOTP
118 range 192.157.86.32 192.157.86.62;
120 # misc configuration.
122 option routers 192.157.86.2;
123 option domain-name-servers 192.157.86.2;
125 server-name "apollo.fubar.com";
126 option subnet-mask 255.255.255.192;
127 option domain-name-servers 192.157.86.2;
128 option domain-name "fubar.com";
129 option broadcast-address 192.157.86.63;
130 option routers 192.157.86.2;
134 hardware ethernet 00:a0:c9:d3:38:25;
135 fixed-address 192.157.86.11;
136 option root-path "192.157.86.2:/";
137 option option-128 "192.157.86.2:/images/swap";
141 # hardware ethernet 00:e0:29:1d:16:09;
142 hardware ethernet 00:10:5a:a8:94:0e;
143 fixed-address 192.157.86.12;
144 option root-path "192.157.86.2:/";
145 option option-128 "192.157.86.2:/images/swap";
148 SWAP. This example includes options to automatically BOOTP configure
149 NFS swap on each workstation. In order to use this capabilities you
150 need to NFS-export a swap directory READ+WRITE to the workstations.
152 You must then create a swap directory for each workstation you wish to
153 assign swap to. In this example I created a dummy user 'lander' and
154 did an NFS export of /images/swap enforcing a UID of 'lander' for
157 apollo:/usr/ports/net# ls -la /images/swap
159 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Dec 28 07:00 .
160 drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 512 Jan 20 10:54 ..
161 -rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 33554432 Dec 23 14:35 swap.192.157.86.11
162 -rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 335544320 Jan 24 16:55 swap.192.157.86.12
163 -rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 134217728 Jan 21 17:19 swap.192.157.86.6
165 A swap file is best created with dd:
167 # create a 32MB swap file for a BOOTP workstation
168 dd if=/dev/zero of=swap.IPADDRESS bs=1m count=32
170 It is generally a good idea to give your workstations some swap space,
171 but not a requirement if they have a lot of memory.