1 .\" $NetBSD: gre.4,v 1.28 2002/06/10 02:49:35 itojun Exp $
3 .\" Copyright 1998 (c) The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
4 .\" All rights reserved.
6 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
7 .\" by Heiko W.Rupp <hwr@pilhuhn.de>
9 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
10 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
13 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
14 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
15 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
16 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
17 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
18 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
19 .\" This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
20 .\" Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
21 .\" 4. Neither the name of the The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
22 .\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
23 .\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
25 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
26 .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
27 .\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
28 .\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
29 .\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
30 .\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
31 .\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
32 .\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
33 .\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
34 .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
35 .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
44 .Nd encapsulating network device
48 device into the kernel, place the following line in the kernel
50 .Bd -ragged -offset indent
54 Alternatively, to load the
56 device as a module at boot time, place the following line in
58 .Bd -literal -offset indent
64 network interface pseudo device encapsulates datagrams
66 These encapsulated datagrams are routed to a destination host,
67 where they are decapsulated and further routed to their final destination.
70 appears to the inner datagrams as one hop.
73 interfaces are dynamically created and destroyed with the
80 This driver currently supports the following modes of operation:
81 .Bl -tag -width indent
82 .It "GRE encapsulation (IP protocol number 47)"
83 Encapsulated datagrams are
84 prepended an outer datagram and a GRE header.
85 The GRE header specifies
86 the type of the encapsulated datagram and thus allows for tunneling other
87 protocols than IP like e.g.\& AppleTalk.
88 GRE mode is also the default tunnel mode on Cisco routers.
89 This is also the default mode of operation of the
92 As part of the GRE mode,
94 also supports Cisco WCCP protocol, both version 1 and version 2.
95 Since there is no reliable way to distinguish between WCCP versions, it
96 should be configured manually using the
101 flag is not set (default), then WCCP version 1 is selected.
102 .It "MOBILE encapsulation (IP protocol number 55)"
104 encapsulated into IP, but with a shorter encapsulation.
106 IP header is modified and the modifications are inserted between the
107 so modified header and the original payload.
110 only for IP-in-IP encapsulation.
115 interfaces support a number of
118 .Bl -tag -width ".Dv GRESADDRS"
120 Set the IP address of the local tunnel end.
121 This is the source address
122 set by or displayed by
128 Set the IP address of the remote tunnel end.
129 This is the destination address
130 set by or displayed by
136 Query the IP address that is set for the local tunnel end.
138 address the encapsulation header carries as local address (i.e., the real
139 address of the tunnel start point).
141 Query the IP address that is set for the remote tunnel end.
143 address the encapsulated packets are sent to (i.e., the real address of
144 the remote tunnel endpoint).
146 Set the operation mode to the specified IP protocol value.
148 protocol is passed to the interface in
149 .Po Vt "struct ifreq" Pc Ns Li -> Ns Va ifr_flags .
150 The operation mode can also be given as
152 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm -link0" -compact
164 flag is not used to choose encapsulation, but to modify the
165 internal route search for the remote tunnel endpoint, see the
169 Query operation mode.
171 Set the GRE key used for outgoing packets.
172 A value of 0 disables the key option.
174 Get the GRE key currently used for outgoing packets.
175 0 means no outgoing key.
178 Note that the IP addresses of the tunnel endpoints may be the same as the
181 for the interface (as if IP is encapsulated), but need not be, as e.g.\& when
182 encapsulating AppleTalk.
184 Configuration example:
186 Host X-- Host A ----------------tunnel---------- Cisco D------Host E
189 +------Host B----------Host C----------+
194 .Bd -literal -offset indent
197 ifconfig greN A D netmask 0xffffffff linkX up
198 ifconfig greN tunnel A D
203 .Bd -literal -offset indent
205 ip unnumbered D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
206 tunnel source D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
208 ip route C <some interface and mask>
210 ip route X mask tunnelX
217 .Bd -literal -offset indent
221 ifconfig greN tunnel D A
224 If all goes well, you should see packets flowing ;-)
226 If you want to reach Host A over the tunnel (from Host D (Cisco)), then
227 you have to have an alias on Host A for e.g.\& the Ethernet interface like:
229 .Dl "ifconfig <etherif> alias Y"
233 .Dl "ip route Y mask tunnelX"
235 A similar setup can be used to create a link between two private networks
236 (for example in the 192.168 subnet) over the Internet:
238 192.168.1.* --- Router A -------tunnel-------- Router B --- 192.168.2.*
241 +------ the Internet ------+
244 Assuming router A has the (external) IP address A and the internal address
245 192.168.1.1, while router B has external address B and internal address
246 192.168.2.1, the following commands will configure the tunnel:
249 .Bd -literal -offset indent
251 ifconfig greN 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 link1
252 ifconfig greN tunnel A B
253 route add -net 192.168.2 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
257 .Bd -literal -offset indent
259 ifconfig greN 192.168.2.1 192.168.1.1 link1
260 ifconfig greN tunnel B A
261 route add -net 192.168.1 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
264 Note that this is a safe situation where the
266 flag (as discussed in the
268 section below) may (and probably should) be set.
272 interfaces is set to 1476 by default, to match the value used by Cisco routers.
273 If grekey is set this is lowered to 1472.
274 This may not be an optimal value, depending on the link between the two tunnel
276 It can be adjusted via
279 For correct operation, the
281 device needs a route to the destination that is less specific than the
283 (Basically, there needs to be a route to the decapsulating host that
284 does not run over the tunnel, as this would be a loop.)
285 If the addresses are ambiguous, doing the
286 .Nm ifconfig Cm tunnel
291 IP addresses will help to find a route outside the tunnel.
295 to actually mark the interface as
299 must be given last on its command line.
301 The kernel must be set to forward datagrams by setting the
302 .Va net.inet.ip.forwarding
304 variable to non-zero.
316 A description of GRE encapsulation can be found in RFC 1701 and RFC 1702.
318 A description of MOBILE encapsulation can be found in RFC 2004.
320 .An Heiko W.Rupp Aq hwr@pilhuhn.de
326 toggles the last bit of the
327 IP-address to provoke the search for a less specific route than the
328 one directly over the tunnel to prevent loops.
329 This is possibly not the best solution.
331 To avoid the address munging described above, turn on the
336 This implies that the GRE packet destination and the ifconfig remote host
337 are not the same IP addresses, and that the GRE destination does not route
342 The current implementation uses the key only for outgoing packets.
343 Incomming packets with a different key or without a key will be treated as if they
344 would belong to this interface.
346 RFC1701 is not fully supported, however all unsupported features have been
347 deprecated in RFC2784.