1 .\" Copyright (c) 2002-2004 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
2 .\" All rights reserved.
4 .\" This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Chris Costello
5 .\" at Safeport Network Services and Network Associates Laboratories, the
6 .\" Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under
7 .\" DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the
8 .\" DARPA CHATS research program.
10 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
13 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
19 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
20 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
21 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
22 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
23 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
24 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
25 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
26 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
27 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
28 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
38 .Nd "Biba data integrity policy"
40 To compile Biba into your kernel, place the following lines in your kernel
42 .Bd -ragged -offset indent
44 .Cd "options MAC_BIBA"
47 Alternately, to load the Biba module at boot time, place the following line
48 in your kernel configuration file:
49 .Bd -ragged -offset indent
55 .Bd -literal -offset indent
61 policy module implements the Biba integrity model,
62 which protects the integrity of system objects and subjects by means of
63 a strict information flow policy.
64 In Biba, all system subjects and objects are assigned integrity labels, made
65 up of hierarchal grades, and non-hierarchal components.
66 Together, these label elements permit all labels to be placed in a partial
67 order, with information flow protections based on a dominance operator
69 The hierarchal grade field is expressed as a value between 0 and 65535,
70 with higher values reflecting higher integrity.
71 The non-hierarchal compartment field is expressed as a set of up to 256
72 components, numbered from 0 to 255.
73 A complete label consists of both hierarchal and non-hierarchal elements.
75 Three special label values exist:
76 .Bl -column -offset indent ".Li biba/equal" "lower than all other labels"
77 .It Sy Label Ta Sy Comparison
78 .It Li biba/low Ta "lower than all other labels"
79 .It Li biba/equal Ta "equal to all other labels"
80 .It Li biba/high Ta "higher than all other labels"
85 label is assigned to system objects which affect the integrity of the system
90 may be used to indicate that a particular subject or object is exempt from
92 These special label values are not specified as containing any compartments,
93 although in a label comparison,
95 appears to contain all compartments,
97 the same compartments as the other label to which it is being compared,
102 In general, Biba access control takes the following model:
105 A subject at the same integrity level as an object may both read from
106 and write to the object as though Biba protections were not in place.
108 A subject at a higher integrity level than an object may write to the object,
109 but not read the object.
111 A subject at a lower integrity level than an object may read the object,
112 but not write to the object.
114 If the subject and object labels may not be compared in the partial order,
115 all access is restricted.
118 These rules prevent subjects of lower integrity from influencing the
119 behavior of higher integrity subjects by preventing the flow of information,
120 and hence control, from allowing low integrity subjects to modify either
121 a high integrity object or high integrity subjects acting on those objects.
122 Biba integrity policies may be appropriate in a number of environments,
123 both from the perspective of preventing corruption of the operating system,
124 and corruption of user data if marked as higher integrity than the attacker.
125 In traditional trusted operating systems, the Biba integrity model is used
126 to protect the Trusted Code Base (TCB).
128 The Biba integrity model is similar to
130 with the exception that LOMAC permits access by a higher integrity subject
131 to a lower integrity object, but downgrades the integrity level of the subject
132 to prevent integrity rules from being violated.
133 Biba is a fixed label policy in that all subject and object label changes are
134 explicit, whereas LOMAC is a floating label policy.
136 The Biba integrity model is also similar to
138 with the exception that the dominance operator and access rules are reversed,
139 preventing the downward flow of information rather than the upward flow of
141 Multi-Level Security (MLS) protects the confidentiality, rather than the
142 integrity, of subjects and objects.
144 Almost all system objects are tagged with an effective, active label element,
145 reflecting the integrity of the object, or integrity of the data contained
147 In general, objects labels are represented in the following form:
150 .D1 Li biba / Ar grade : compartments
155 .Bd -literal -offset indent
160 Subject labels consist of three label elements: an effective (active) label,
161 as well as a range of available labels.
162 This range is represented using two ordered Biba label elements, and when set
163 on a process, permits the process to change its active label to any label of
164 greater or equal integrity to the low end of the range, and lesser or equal
165 integrity to the high end of the range.
166 In general, subject labels are represented in the following form:
169 .D1 Li biba / Ar effectivegrade : effectivecompartments ( lograde : locompartments -
170 .D1 Ar higrade : hicompartments )
174 .Bd -literal -offset indent
175 biba/10:2+3+6(5:2+3-20:2+3+4+5+6)
179 Valid ranged labels must meet the following requirement regarding their
182 .D1 Ar rangehigh No \[>=] Ar effective No \[>=] Ar rangelow
184 One class of objects with ranges currently exists, the network interface.
185 In the case of the network interface, the effective label element references the
186 default label for packets received over the interface, and the range
187 represents the range of acceptable labels of packets to be transmitted over
189 .Ss Runtime Configuration
192 MIBs are available for fine-tuning the enforcement of this MAC policy.
193 .Bl -tag -width ".Va security.mac.biba.ptys_equal"
194 .It Va security.mac.biba.enabled
195 Enables enforcement of the Biba integrity policy.
197 .It Va security.mac.biba.ptys_equal
204 .It Va security.mac.biba.revocation_enabled
205 Revoke access to objects if the label is changed to dominate the subject.
210 .Xr mac_bsdextended 4 ,
215 .Xr mac_partition 4 ,
217 .Xr mac_seeotheruids 4 ,
224 policy module first appeared in
226 and was developed by the
230 This software was contributed to the
232 Project by Network Associates Labs,
233 the Security Research Division of Network Associates
235 under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035
237 as part of the DARPA CHATS research program.