2 .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
3 .\" All rights reserved.
5 .\" This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Jake Burkholder,
6 .\" Safeport Network Services, and Network Associates Laboratories, the
7 .\" Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under
8 .\" DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA
9 .\" CHATS research program.
11 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
12 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
15 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
17 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
18 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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39 .Nd Physical Address Extensions
45 option provides support for the physical address extensions capability
50 and allows for up to 64 gigabytes of memory to be used in systems capable
54 option, memory above 4 gigabytes is simply added to the general page pool.
55 The system makes no distinction between memory above or below 4 gigabytes,
56 and no specific facility is provided for a process or the kernel to access
57 more memory than they would otherwise be able to access, through a sliding
67 option first appeared in
72 .An Jake Burkholder Aq jake@FreeBSD.org
74 Since KLD modules are not compiled with the same options headers that
75 the kernel is compiled with,
76 they must not be loaded into a kernel compiled with the
80 Many devices or their device drivers are not capable of direct memory access
81 to physical addresses above 4 gigabytes.
82 In order to make use of direct memory access IO in a system with more than
83 4 gigabytes of memory when the
86 these drivers must use a facility for remapping or substituting physical
87 memory which is not accessible to the device.
88 One such facility is provided by the
91 Device drivers which do not account for such devices will not work reliably
92 in a system with more than 4 gigabytes of memory when the
95 and may cause data corruption.
98 kernel configuration file includes the
100 option, and explicitly excludes all device drivers which are known to not work
101 or have not been tested in a system with the
103 option and more than 4 gigabytes of memory.
105 Many parameters which determine how memory is used in the kernel are based on
106 the amount of physical memory.
107 The formulas used to determine the values of these parameters for specific
108 memory configurations may not take into account the fact there may be more
109 than 4 gigabytes of memory, and may not scale well to these memory
112 it may be necessary to increase the amount of virtual address space available
114 or to reduce the amount of a specific resource that is heavily used,
115 in order to avoid running out of virtual address space.
118 option may be used to increase the kernel virtual address space,
122 may be used to decrease the number of vnodes allowed,
123 an example of a resource that the kernel is likely to overallocate in
124 large memory configurations.
125 For optimal performance and stability it may be necessary to consult the
127 manual page, and make adjustments to the parameters documented there.