2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
13 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
14 .\" without specific prior written permission.
16 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
17 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
18 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
19 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
20 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
21 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
22 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
23 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
24 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
25 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
28 .Dd September 21, 2019
33 .Nd print sequential or random data
41 .Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s
45 utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random,
46 or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.
48 The following options are available:
49 .Bl -tag -width indent
51 Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.
59 with the generated data appended to it.
60 Octal, hexadecimal, exponential,
63 and right-adjusted representations
64 are possible by using the appropriate
66 conversion specification inside
68 in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.
70 This is an abbreviation for
73 Print data separated by
75 Normally, newlines separate data.
77 Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.
79 Print only as many digits or characters of the data
80 as indicated by the integer
84 the precision is the greater of the precisions of
90 option is overridden by whatever appears in a
96 The last four arguments indicate, respectively,
97 the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound,
98 and the step size or, for random data, the seed.
99 While at least one of them must appear,
100 any of the other three may be omitted, and
101 will be considered as such if given as
103 or as an empty string.
104 Any three of these arguments determines the fourth.
105 If four are specified and the given and computed values of
107 conflict, the lower value is used.
108 If one or two are specified, defaults are assigned
111 which assumes a default of 1 (or -1 if
115 specify a descending range).
116 Then the default values are assigned to the leftmost omitted arguments until
117 three arguments are set.
119 Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively,
120 100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested,
126 argument is expected to be an unsigned integer,
127 and if given as zero is taken to be infinite.
132 arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters
133 representing the corresponding value in
135 The last argument must be a real number.
137 Random numbers are obtained through
139 when no seed is specified,
142 when a seed is given.
145 is asked to generate random integers or characters with begin
146 and end values in the range of the random number generator function
147 and no format is specified with one of the
154 will arrange for all the values in the range to appear in the output
155 with an equal probability.
156 In all other cases be careful to ensure that the output format's
157 rounding or truncation will not skew the distribution of output
158 values in an unintended way.
165 .Ss Rounding and truncation
168 utility uses double precision floating point arithmetic internally.
169 Before printing a number, it is converted depending on the output
172 If no output format is specified or the output format is a
173 floating point format
182 the value is rounded using the
184 function, taking into account the requested precision.
186 If the output format is an integer format
200 the value is converted to an integer value by truncation.
202 As an illustration, consider the following command:
203 .Bd -literal -offset indent
213 By requesting an explicit precision of 1, the values generated before rounding
215 The .5 values are rounded down if the integer part is even,
217 .Bd -literal -offset indent
218 $ jot -p 1 6 1 10 0.5
227 By offsetting the values slightly, the values generated by the following
228 command are always rounded down:
229 .Bd -literal -offset indent
230 $ jot -p 0 6 .9999999999 10 0.5
239 Another way of achieving the same result is to force truncation by
240 specifying an integer format:
241 .Bd -literal -offset indent
242 $ jot -w %d 6 1 10 0.5
250 prints the integers from 1 to 10,
254 prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1.
257 character set is generated with
260 and the strings xaa through xaz with
263 while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with
264 .Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8"
268 may be obtained through
273 substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is
275 .Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5
277 The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be
278 produced by truncating the output precision and a suitable choice of step size,
280 .Dl jot -w %d - 9.5 0 -.5
282 and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with
283 .Dl jot -b x 512 > block
285 Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting
286 from column 10 and ending in column 132, use
287 .Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4`
289 and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,
290 .Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80`
292 The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:
294 .It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'"
295 The requested conversion format specifier for
298 .Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?
304 .Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}
305 .It "range error in conversion"
306 A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type
307 associated with the requested output format.
308 .It "too many conversions"
309 More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied,
310 but only one is allowed.
324 utility first appeared in