1 <section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
2 xml:id="appendix.porting.abi" xreflabel="abi">
3 <?dbhtml filename="abi.html"?>
5 <info><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title>
9 <keyword>version</keyword>
10 <keyword>dynamic</keyword>
11 <keyword>shared</keyword>
12 <keyword>compatibility</keyword>
21 <section xml:id="abi.cxx_interface"><info><title>The C++ Interface</title></info>
25 C++ applications often depend on specific language support
26 routines, say for throwing exceptions, or catching exceptions, and
27 perhaps also depend on features in the C++ Standard Library.
31 The C++ Standard Library has many include files, types defined in
32 those include files, specific named functions, and other
33 behavior. The text of these behaviors, as written in source include
34 files, is called the Application Programing Interface, or API.
38 Furthermore, C++ source that is compiled into object files is
39 transformed by the compiler: it arranges objects with specific
40 alignment and in a particular layout, mangling names according to a
41 well-defined algorithm, has specific arrangements for the support of
42 virtual functions, etc. These details are defined as the compiler
43 Application Binary Interface, or ABI. From GCC version 3 onwards the
44 GNU C++ compiler uses an industry-standard C++ ABI, the
45 <link linkend="biblio.cxxabi">Itanium C++ ABI</link>.
49 The GNU C++ compiler, g++, has a compiler command line option to
50 switch between various different C++ ABIs. This explicit version
51 switch is the flag <code>-fabi-version</code>. In addition, some
52 g++ command line options may change the ABI as a side-effect of
53 use. Such flags include <code>-fpack-struct</code> and
54 <code>-fno-exceptions</code>, but include others: see the complete
55 list in the GCC manual under the heading <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Code-Gen-Options.html#Code%20Gen%20Options">Options
56 for Code Generation Conventions</link>.
60 The configure options used when building a specific libstdc++
61 version may also impact the resulting library ABI. The available
62 configure options, and their impact on the library ABI, are
64 <link linkend="manual.intro.setup.configure">here</link>.
67 <para> Putting all of these ideas together results in the C++ Standard
68 Library ABI, which is the compilation of a given library API by a
69 given compiler ABI. In a nutshell:
74 library API + compiler ABI = library ABI
79 The library ABI is mostly of interest for end-users who have
80 unresolved symbols and are linking dynamically to the C++ Standard
81 library, and who thus must be careful to compile their application
82 with a compiler that is compatible with the available C++ Standard
83 library binary. In this case, compatible is defined with the equation
84 above: given an application compiled with a given compiler ABI and
85 library API, it will work correctly with a Standard C++ Library
86 created with the same constraints.
90 To use a specific version of the C++ ABI, one must use a
91 corresponding GNU C++ toolchain (i.e., g++ and libstdc++) that
92 implements the C++ ABI in question.
97 <section xml:id="abi.versioning"><info><title>Versioning</title></info>
100 <para> The C++ interface has evolved throughout the history of the GNU
101 C++ toolchain. With each release, various details have been changed so
102 as to give distinct versions to the C++ interface.
105 <section xml:id="abi.versioning.goals"><info><title>Goals</title></info>
108 <para>Extending existing, stable ABIs. Versioning gives subsequent
109 releases of library binaries the ability to add new symbols and add
110 functionality, all the while retaining compatibility with the previous
111 releases in the series. Thus, program binaries linked with the initial
112 release of a library binary will still run correctly if the library
113 binary is replaced by carefully-managed subsequent library
114 binaries. This is called forward compatibility.
117 The reverse (backwards compatibility) is not true. It is not possible
118 to take program binaries linked with the latest version of a library
119 binary in a release series (with additional symbols added), substitute
120 in the initial release of the library binary, and remain link
124 <para>Allows multiple, incompatible ABIs to coexist at the same time.
128 <section xml:id="abi.versioning.history"><info><title>History</title></info>
132 How can this complexity be managed? What does C++ versioning mean?
133 Because library and compiler changes often make binaries compiled
134 with one version of the GNU tools incompatible with binaries
135 compiled with other (either newer or older) versions of the same GNU
136 tools, specific techniques are used to make managing this complexity
141 The following techniques are used:
146 <listitem><para>Release versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary. </para>
148 <para>This is implemented via file names and the ELF
149 <constant>DT_SONAME</constant> mechanism (at least on ELF
150 systems). It is versioned as follows:
154 <listitem><para>GCC 3.x: libgcc_s.so.1</para></listitem>
155 <listitem><para>GCC 4.x: libgcc_s.so.1</para></listitem>
158 <para>For m68k-linux the versions differ as follows: </para>
161 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: libgcc_s.so.1
162 when configuring <code>--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>, or
163 libgcc_s.so.2 </para> </listitem>
166 <para>For hppa-linux the versions differ as follows: </para>
169 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.[0-1]: either libgcc_s.so.1
170 when configuring <code>--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>, or
171 libgcc_s.so.2 </para> </listitem>
172 <listitem><para>GCC 4.[2-7]: either libgcc_s.so.3 when configuring
173 <code>--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>) or libgcc_s.so.4
179 <listitem><para>Symbol versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary.</para>
181 <para>It is versioned with the following labels and version
182 definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
183 particular release. Labels are cumulative. If a particular release
184 is not listed, it has the same version labels as the preceding
187 <para>This corresponds to the mapfile: gcc/libgcc-std.ver</para>
189 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: GCC_3.0</para></listitem>
190 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: GCC_3.3</para></listitem>
191 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: GCC_3.3.1</para></listitem>
192 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.2: GCC_3.3.2</para></listitem>
193 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.4: GCC_3.3.4</para></listitem>
194 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.0: GCC_3.4</para></listitem>
195 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.2: GCC_3.4.2</para></listitem>
196 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.4: GCC_3.4.4</para></listitem>
197 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.0: GCC_4.0.0</para></listitem>
198 <listitem><para>GCC 4.1.0: GCC_4.1.0</para></listitem>
199 <listitem><para>GCC 4.2.0: GCC_4.2.0</para></listitem>
200 <listitem><para>GCC 4.3.0: GCC_4.3.0</para></listitem>
201 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.0: GCC_4.4.0</para></listitem>
202 <listitem><para>GCC 4.5.0: GCC_4.5.0</para></listitem>
203 <listitem><para>GCC 4.6.0: GCC_4.6.0</para></listitem>
204 <listitem><para>GCC 4.7.0: GCC_4.7.0</para></listitem>
205 <listitem><para>GCC 4.8.0: GCC_4.8.0</para></listitem>
206 <listitem><para>GCC 7.1.0: GCC_7.0.0</para></listitem>
207 <listitem><para>GCC 9.1.0: GCC_9.0.0</para></listitem>
208 <listitem><para>GCC 11.1.0: GCC_11.0</para></listitem>
209 <listitem><para>GCC 12.1.0: GCC_12.0.0</para></listitem>
210 <listitem><para>GCC 13.1.0: GCC_13.0.0</para></listitem>
216 Release versioning on the libstdc++.so binary, implemented in
217 the same way as the libgcc_s.so binary above. Listed is the
218 filename: <constant>DT_SONAME</constant> can be deduced from
219 the filename by removing the last two period-delimited numbers. For
220 example, filename <filename>libstdc++.so.5.0.4</filename>
221 corresponds to a <constant>DT_SONAME</constant> of
222 <constant>libstdc++.so.5</constant>. Binaries with equivalent
223 <constant>DT_SONAME</constant>s are forward-compatibile: in
224 the table below, releases incompatible with the previous
225 one are explicitly noted.
226 If a particular release is not listed, its libstdc++.so binary
227 has the same filename and <constant>DT_SONAME</constant> as the
231 <para>It is versioned as follows:
234 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: libstdc++.so.3.0.0</para></listitem>
235 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.1: libstdc++.so.3.0.1</para></listitem>
236 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.2: libstdc++.so.3.0.2</para></listitem>
237 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.3: libstdc++.so.3.0.2 (See Note 1)</para></listitem>
238 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.4: libstdc++.so.3.0.4</para></listitem>
239 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.0: libstdc++.so.4.0.0 <emphasis>(Incompatible with previous)</emphasis></para></listitem>
240 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.1: libstdc++.so.4.0.1</para></listitem>
241 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.0 <emphasis>(Incompatible with previous)</emphasis></para></listitem>
242 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.1</para></listitem>
243 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.2</para></listitem>
244 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.3 (See Note 2)</para></listitem>
245 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.4</para></listitem>
246 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</para></listitem>
247 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.0 <emphasis>(Incompatible with previous)</emphasis></para></listitem>
248 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.1</para></listitem>
249 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.2</para></listitem>
250 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</para></listitem>
251 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.4</para></listitem>
252 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.5</para></listitem>
253 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.6</para></listitem>
254 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</para></listitem>
255 <listitem><para>GCC 4.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</para></listitem>
256 <listitem><para>GCC 4.1.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</para></listitem>
257 <listitem><para>GCC 4.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</para></listitem>
258 <listitem><para>GCC 4.2.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.9 (See Note 3)</para></listitem>
259 <listitem><para>GCC 4.2.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</para></listitem>
260 <listitem><para>GCC 4.3.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</para></listitem>
261 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.11</para></listitem>
262 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.12</para></listitem>
263 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.13</para></listitem>
264 <listitem><para>GCC 4.5.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.14</para></listitem>
265 <listitem><para>GCC 4.6.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.15</para></listitem>
266 <listitem><para>GCC 4.6.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.16</para></listitem>
267 <listitem><para>GCC 4.7.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.17</para></listitem>
268 <listitem><para>GCC 4.8.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.18</para></listitem>
269 <listitem><para>GCC 4.8.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.19</para></listitem>
270 <listitem><para>GCC 4.9.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.20</para></listitem>
271 <listitem><para>GCC 5.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.21</para></listitem>
272 <listitem><para>GCC 6.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.22</para></listitem>
273 <listitem><para>GCC 7.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.23</para></listitem>
274 <listitem><para>GCC 7.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.24</para></listitem>
275 <listitem><para>GCC 8.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.25</para></listitem>
276 <listitem><para>GCC 9.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.26</para></listitem>
277 <listitem><para>GCC 9.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.27</para></listitem>
278 <listitem><para>GCC 9.3.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.28</para></listitem>
279 <listitem><para>GCC 10.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.28</para></listitem>
280 <listitem><para>GCC 11.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.29</para></listitem>
281 <listitem><para>GCC 12.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.30</para></listitem>
282 <listitem><para>GCC 13.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.31</para></listitem>
283 <listitem><para>GCC 13.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.32</para></listitem>
284 <listitem><para>GCC 14.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.33</para></listitem>
287 Note 1: Error should be libstdc++.so.3.0.3.
290 Note 2: Not strictly required.
293 Note 3: This release (but not previous or subsequent) has one
294 known incompatibility, see <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33678">33678</link>
295 in the GCC bug database.
299 <listitem><para>Symbol versioning on the libstdc++.so binary.</para>
301 <para>mapfile: libstdc++-v3/config/abi/pre/gnu.ver</para>
302 <para>It is versioned with the following labels and version
303 definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
304 particular release. Note, only symbols which are newly introduced
305 will use the maximum version definition. Thus, for release series
306 with the same label, but incremented version definitions, the later
307 release has both versions. (An example of this would be the
308 GCC 3.2.1 release, which has GLIBCPP_3.2.1 for new symbols and
309 GLIBCPP_3.2 for symbols that were introduced in the GCC 3.2.0
310 release.) If a particular release is not listed, it has the same
311 version labels as the preceding release.
314 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: (Error, not versioned)</para></listitem>
315 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.1: (Error, not versioned)</para></listitem>
316 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.2: (Error, not versioned)</para></listitem>
317 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.3: (Error, not versioned)</para></listitem>
318 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.4: (Error, not versioned)</para></listitem>
319 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.0: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</para></listitem>
320 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.1: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</para></listitem>
321 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.0: GLIBCPP_3.2, CXXABI_1.2</para></listitem>
322 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.1, CXXABI_1.2</para></listitem>
323 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</para></listitem>
324 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</para></listitem>
325 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2.1</para></listitem>
326 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</para></listitem>
327 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</para></listitem>
328 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</para></listitem>
329 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4, CXXABI_1.3</para></listitem>
330 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.1, CXXABI_1.3</para></listitem>
331 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.2</para></listitem>
332 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.3</para></listitem>
333 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.4, CXXABI_1.3.1</para></listitem>
334 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.5</para></listitem>
335 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.6</para></listitem>
336 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.7</para></listitem>
337 <listitem><para>GCC 4.1.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.8</para></listitem>
338 <listitem><para>GCC 4.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.9</para></listitem>
339 <listitem><para>GCC 4.3.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.10, CXXABI_1.3.2</para></listitem>
340 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.11, CXXABI_1.3.3</para></listitem>
341 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.12, CXXABI_1.3.3</para></listitem>
342 <listitem><para>GCC 4.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.13, CXXABI_1.3.3</para></listitem>
343 <listitem><para>GCC 4.5.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.14, CXXABI_1.3.4</para></listitem>
344 <listitem><para>GCC 4.6.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.15, CXXABI_1.3.5</para></listitem>
345 <listitem><para>GCC 4.6.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.16, CXXABI_1.3.5</para></listitem>
346 <listitem><para>GCC 4.7.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.17, CXXABI_1.3.6</para></listitem>
347 <listitem><para>GCC 4.8.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.18, CXXABI_1.3.7</para></listitem>
348 <listitem><para>GCC 4.8.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.19, CXXABI_1.3.7</para></listitem>
349 <listitem><para>GCC 4.9.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.20, CXXABI_1.3.8</para></listitem>
350 <listitem><para>GCC 5.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.21, CXXABI_1.3.9</para></listitem>
351 <listitem><para>GCC 6.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.22, CXXABI_1.3.10</para></listitem>
352 <listitem><para>GCC 7.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.23, CXXABI_1.3.11</para></listitem>
353 <listitem><para>GCC 7.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.24, CXXABI_1.3.11</para></listitem>
354 <listitem><para>GCC 8.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.25, CXXABI_1.3.11</para></listitem>
355 <listitem><para>GCC 9.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.26, CXXABI_1.3.12</para></listitem>
356 <listitem><para>GCC 9.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.27, CXXABI_1.3.12</para></listitem>
357 <listitem><para>GCC 9.3.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.28, CXXABI_1.3.12</para></listitem>
358 <listitem><para>GCC 10.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.28, CXXABI_1.3.12</para></listitem>
359 <listitem><para>GCC 11.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.29, CXXABI_1.3.13</para></listitem>
360 <listitem><para>GCC 12.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.30, CXXABI_1.3.13</para></listitem>
361 <listitem><para>GCC 13.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.31, CXXABI_1.3.14</para></listitem>
362 <listitem><para>GCC 13.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.32, CXXABI_1.3.14</para></listitem>
363 <listitem><para>GCC 14.1.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.33, CXXABI_1.3.15</para></listitem>
369 <para>Incremental bumping of a compiler pre-defined macro,
370 __GXX_ABI_VERSION. This macro is defined as the version of the
371 compiler v3 ABI, with g++ 3.0 being version 100. This macro will
372 be automatically defined whenever g++ is used (the curious can
373 test this by invoking g++ with the '-v' flag.)
377 This macro was defined in the file "lang-specs.h" in the gcc/cp directory.
378 Later versions defined it in "c-common.c" in the gcc directory, and from
379 G++ 3.4 it is defined in c-cppbuiltin.c and its value determined by the
380 '-fabi-version' command line option.
384 It is versioned as follows, where 'n' is given by '-fabi-version=n':
387 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0: 100</para></listitem>
388 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1: 100 (Error, should be 101)</para></listitem>
389 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2: 102</para></listitem>
390 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3: 102</para></listitem>
391 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 102 (when n=1)</para></listitem>
392 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 1000 + n (when n>1) </para></listitem>
393 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 999999 (when n=0)</para></listitem>
399 <para>Changes to the default compiler option for
400 <code>-fabi-version</code>.
403 It is versioned as follows:
406 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0: (Error, not versioned) </para></listitem>
407 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1: (Error, not versioned) </para></listitem>
408 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2: <code>-fabi-version=1</code></para></listitem>
409 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3: <code>-fabi-version=1</code></para></listitem>
410 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: <code>-fabi-version=2</code> <emphasis>(Incompatible with previous)</emphasis></para></listitem>
411 <listitem><para>GCC 5 and higher: <code>-fabi-version=0</code> <emphasis>(See GCC manual for meaning)</emphasis></para></listitem>
416 <listitem xml:id="abi.versioning.__GLIBCXX__">
417 <para>Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro. For releases
418 before 3.4.0, the macro is <symbol>__GLIBCPP__</symbol>. For later
419 releases, it's <symbol>__GLIBCXX__</symbol>. (The libstdc++ project
420 generously changed from CPP to CXX throughout its source to allow the
421 "C" pre-processor the CPP macro namespace.) These macros are defined
422 as the date the library was released, in compressed ISO date format,
423 as an integer constant.
427 This macro is defined in the file
428 <filename class="headerfile">c++config</filename> in the
429 <filename class="directory">libstdc++-v3/include/bits</filename>
430 directory. Up to GCC 4.1.0, it was
431 changed every night by an automated script. Since GCC 4.1.0 it is set
432 during configuration to the same value as
433 <filename>gcc/DATESTAMP</filename>, so for an official release its value
434 is the same as the date of the release, which is given in the <link
435 xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
436 xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/develop.html#timeline">GCC Release
441 This macro can be used in code to detect whether the C++ Standard Library
442 implementation in use is libstdc++, but is not useful for detecting the
443 libstdc++ version, nor whether particular features are supported.
444 The macro value might be a date after a feature was added to the
445 development trunk, but the release could be from an older branch without
446 the feature. For example, in the 5.4.0 release the macro has the value
447 <literal>20160603</literal> which is greater than the
448 <literal>20160427</literal> value of the macro in the 6.1.0 release,
449 but there are features supported in the 6.1.0 release that are not
450 supported in the 5.4.0 release.
451 You also can't test for the exact values listed below to try and
452 identify a release, because a snapshot taken from the gcc-5-branch on
453 2016-04-27 would have the same value for the macro as the 6.1.0 release
454 despite being a different version.
455 Many GNU/Linux distributions build their GCC packages from snapshots, so
456 the macro can have dates that don't correspond to official releases.
460 It is versioned as follows:
463 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: <literal>20010615</literal></para></listitem>
464 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.1: <literal>20010819</literal></para></listitem>
465 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.2: <literal>20011023</literal></para></listitem>
466 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.3: <literal>20011220</literal></para></listitem>
467 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.4: <literal>20020220</literal></para></listitem>
468 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.0: <literal>20020514</literal></para></listitem>
469 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.1: <literal>20020725</literal></para></listitem>
470 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.0: <literal>20020814</literal></para></listitem>
471 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.1: <literal>20021119</literal></para></listitem>
472 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.2: <literal>20030205</literal></para></listitem>
473 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.3: <literal>20030422</literal></para></listitem>
474 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: <literal>20030513</literal></para></listitem>
475 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: <literal>20030804</literal></para></listitem>
476 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.2: <literal>20031016</literal></para></listitem>
477 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.3: <literal>20040214</literal></para></listitem>
478 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.0: <literal>20040419</literal></para></listitem>
479 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.1: <literal>20040701</literal></para></listitem>
480 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.2: <literal>20040906</literal></para></listitem>
481 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.3: <literal>20041105</literal></para></listitem>
482 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.4: <literal>20050519</literal></para></listitem>
483 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.5: <literal>20051201</literal></para></listitem>
484 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.6: <literal>20060306</literal></para></listitem>
485 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.0: <literal>20050421</literal></para></listitem>
486 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.1: <literal>20050707</literal></para></listitem>
487 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.2: <literal>20050921</literal></para></listitem>
488 <listitem><para>GCC 4.0.3: <literal>20060309</literal></para></listitem>
490 GCC 4.1.0 and later: the GCC release date, as shown in the
491 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
492 xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/develop.html#timeline">GCC
493 Release Timeline</link>
501 Since GCC 7, incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro,
502 <symbol>_GLIBCXX_RELEASE</symbol>. This macro is defined to the GCC
503 major version that the libstdc++ headers belong to, as an integer constant.
504 When compiling with GCC it has the same value as GCC's pre-defined
505 macro <symbol>__GNUC__</symbol>.
506 This macro can be used when libstdc++ is used with a non-GNU
507 compiler where <symbol>__GNUC__</symbol> is not defined, or has a
508 different value that doesn't correspond to the libstdc++ version.
512 This macro is defined in the file
513 <filename class="headerfile">c++config</filename> in the
514 <filename class="directory">libstdc++-v3/include/bits</filename>
515 directory and is generated automatically by autoconf as part of the
516 configure-time generation of
517 <filename class="headerfile">config.h</filename> and subsequently
518 <filename class="headerfile"><bits/c++config.h></filename>.
524 Historically, incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro,
525 <symbol>_GLIBCPP_VERSION</symbol>. This macro was defined as the
526 released version of the library, as a string literal. This was only
527 implemented in GCC 3.1.0 releases and higher, and was deprecated in
528 3.4.x (where it was called <symbol>_GLIBCXX_VERSION</symbol>),
529 and is not defined in 4.0.0 and higher.
533 This macro is defined in the same file as
534 <symbol>_GLIBCXX_RELEASE</symbol>, described above.
538 It is versioned as follows:
541 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: <literal>"3.0.0"</literal></para></listitem>
542 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.1: <literal>"3.0.0"</literal> (Error, should be <literal>"3.0.1"</literal>)</para></listitem>
543 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.2: <literal>"3.0.0"</literal> (Error, should be <literal>"3.0.2"</literal>)</para></listitem>
544 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.3: <literal>"3.0.0"</literal> (Error, should be <literal>"3.0.3"</literal>)</para></listitem>
545 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.4: <literal>"3.0.0"</literal> (Error, should be <literal>"3.0.4"</literal>)</para></listitem>
546 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.0: <literal>"3.1.0"</literal></para></listitem>
547 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.1: <literal>"3.1.1"</literal></para></listitem>
548 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.0: <literal>"3.2"</literal></para></listitem>
549 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.1: <literal>"3.2.1"</literal></para></listitem>
550 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.2: <literal>"3.2.2"</literal></para></listitem>
551 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.3: <literal>"3.2.3"</literal></para></listitem>
552 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: <literal>"3.3"</literal></para></listitem>
553 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: <literal>"3.3.1"</literal></para></listitem>
554 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.2: <literal>"3.3.2"</literal></para></listitem>
555 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.3: <literal>"3.3.3"</literal></para></listitem>
556 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4: <literal>"version-unused"</literal></para></listitem>
557 <listitem><para>GCC 4 and later: not defined</para></listitem>
564 Matching each specific C++ compiler release to a specific set of
565 C++ include files. This is only implemented in GCC 3.1.1 releases
569 All C++ includes are installed in
570 <filename class="directory">include/c++</filename>, then nested in a
571 directory hierarchy corresponding to the C++ compiler's released
572 version. This version corresponds to the variable "gcc_version" in
573 "libstdc++-v3/acinclude.m4," and more details can be found in that
574 file's macro GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE (GLIBCPP_CONFIGURE before GCC 3.4.0).
577 C++ includes are versioned as follows:
580 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.0: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
581 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.1: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
582 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.2: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
583 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.3: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
584 <listitem><para>GCC 3.0.4: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
585 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.0: include/g++-v3</para></listitem>
586 <listitem><para>GCC 3.1.1: include/c++/3.1.1</para></listitem>
587 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.0: include/c++/3.2</para></listitem>
588 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.1: include/c++/3.2.1</para></listitem>
589 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.2: include/c++/3.2.2</para></listitem>
590 <listitem><para>GCC 3.2.3: include/c++/3.2.3</para></listitem>
591 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.0: include/c++/3.3</para></listitem>
592 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.1: include/c++/3.3.1</para></listitem>
593 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.2: include/c++/3.3.2</para></listitem>
594 <listitem><para>GCC 3.3.3: include/c++/3.3.3</para></listitem>
595 <listitem><para>GCC 3.4.x: include/c++/3.4.x</para></listitem>
596 <listitem><para>GCC 4.x.y: include/c++/4.x.y</para></listitem>
597 <listitem><para>GCC 5.1.0: include/c++/5.1.0</para></listitem>
599 <para>GCC x.y.0: include/c++/x.y.0 (for releases after GCC 5.1.0)</para>
607 Taken together, these techniques can accurately specify interface
608 and implementation changes in the GNU C++ tools themselves. Used
609 properly, they allow both the GNU C++ tools implementation, and
610 programs using them, an evolving yet controlled development that
611 maintains backward compatibility.
617 <section xml:id="abi.versioning.prereq"><info><title>Prerequisites</title></info>
620 Minimum environment that supports a versioned ABI: A supported
621 dynamic linker, a GNU linker of sufficient vintage to understand
622 demangled C++ name globbing (ld) or the Sun linker, a shared
624 with g++, and shared libraries (libgcc_s, libstdc++) compiled by
625 a compiler (g++) with a compatible ABI. Phew.
629 On top of all that, an additional constraint: libstdc++ did not
630 attempt to version symbols (or age gracefully, really) until
635 Most modern GNU/Linux and BSD versions, particularly ones using
636 GCC 3.1 and later, will meet the
637 requirements above, as does Solaris 2.5 and up.
641 <section xml:id="abi.versioning.config"><info><title>Configuring</title></info>
645 It turns out that most of the configure options that change
646 default behavior will impact the mangled names of exported
647 symbols, and thus impact versioning and compatibility.
651 For more information on configure options, including ABI
653 <link linkend="manual.intro.setup.configure">here</link>
657 There is one flag that explicitly deals with symbol versioning:
662 In particular, libstdc++-v3/acinclude.m4 has a macro called
663 GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SYMVERS that defaults to yes (or the argument
664 passed in via --enable-symvers=foo). At that point, the macro
665 attempts to make sure that all the requirement for symbol
666 versioning are in place. For more information, please consult
671 <section xml:id="abi.versioning.active"><info><title>Checking Active</title></info>
675 When the GNU C++ library is being built with symbol versioning
676 on, you should see the following at configure time for
677 libstdc++ (showing either 'gnu' or another of the supported styles):
682 checking versioning on shared library symbols... gnu
687 If you don't see this line in the configure output, or if this line
688 appears but the last word is 'no', then you are out of luck.
692 If the compiler is pre-installed, a quick way to test is to compile
693 the following (or any) simple C++ file and link it to the shared
698 #include <iostream>
701 { std::cout << "hello" << std::endl; return 0; }
703 %g++ hello.cc -o hello.out
706 libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
707 libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
708 libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40016000)
709 libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
710 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
716 If you see symbols in the resulting output with "GLIBCXX_3" as part
717 of the name, then the executable is versioned. Here's an example:
721 <code>U _ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@@GLIBCXX_3.4</code>
725 On Solaris 2, you can use <code>pvs -r</code> instead:
729 %g++ hello.cc -o hello.out
732 libstdc++.so.6 (GLIBCXX_3.4, GLIBCXX_3.4.12);
733 libgcc_s.so.1 (GCC_3.0);
734 libc.so.1 (SUNWprivate_1.1, SYSVABI_1.3);
738 <code>ldd -v</code> works too, but is very verbose.
744 <section xml:id="abi.changes_allowed"><info><title>Allowed Changes</title></info>
748 The following will cause the library minor version number to
749 increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to "libstdc++.so.3.0.5".
752 <listitem><para>Adding an exported global or static data member</para></listitem>
753 <listitem><para>Adding an exported function, static or non-virtual member function</para></listitem>
754 <listitem><para>Adding an exported symbol or symbols by additional instantiations</para></listitem>
757 Other allowed changes are possible.
762 <section xml:id="abi.changes_no"><info><title>Prohibited Changes</title></info>
766 The following non-exhaustive list will cause the library major version
767 number to increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to
768 "libstdc++.so.4.0.0".
772 <listitem><para>Changes in the gcc/g++ compiler ABI</para></listitem>
773 <listitem><para>Changing size of an exported symbol</para></listitem>
774 <listitem><para>Changing alignment of an exported symbol</para></listitem>
775 <listitem><para>Changing the layout of an exported symbol</para></listitem>
776 <listitem><para>Changing mangling on an exported symbol</para></listitem>
777 <listitem><para>Deleting an exported symbol</para></listitem>
778 <listitem><para>Changing the inheritance properties of a type by adding or removing
779 base classes</para></listitem>
781 Changing the size, alignment, or layout of types
782 specified in the C++ standard. These may not necessarily be
783 instantiated or otherwise exported in the library binary, and
784 include all the required locale facets, as well as things like
785 std::basic_streambuf, et al.
788 <listitem><para> Adding an explicit copy constructor or destructor to a
789 class that would otherwise have implicit versions. This will change
790 the way the compiler deals with this class in by-value return
791 statements or parameters: instead of passing instances of this
792 class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See the
793 section on <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#calls">Function
794 Calling Conventions and APIs</link>
795 of the C++ ABI documentation for further details.
804 <section xml:id="abi.impl"><info><title>Implementation</title></info>
810 Separation of interface and implementation
813 This is accomplished by two techniques that separate the API from
814 the ABI: forcing undefined references to link against a library
815 binary for definitions.
820 <term>Include files have declarations, source files have defines</term>
824 For non-templatized types, such as much of <code>class
825 locale</code>, the appropriate standard C++ include, say
826 <code>locale</code>, can contain full declarations, while
827 various source files (say <code> locale.cc, locale_init.cc,
828 localename.cc</code>) contain definitions.
834 <term>Extern template on required types</term>
838 For parts of the standard that have an explicit list of
839 required instantiations, the GNU extension syntax <code> extern
840 template </code> can be used to control where template
841 definitions reside. By marking required instantiations as
842 <code> extern template </code> in include files, and providing
843 explicit instantiations in the appropriate instantiation files,
844 non-inlined template functions can be versioned. This technique
845 is mostly used on parts of the standard that require <code>
846 char</code> and <code> wchar_t</code> instantiations, and
847 includes <code> basic_string</code>, the locale facets, and the
848 types in <code> iostreams</code>.
856 In addition, these techniques have the additional benefit that they
857 reduce binary size, which can increase runtime performance.
863 Namespaces linking symbol definitions to export mapfiles
866 All symbols in the shared library binary are processed by a
867 linker script at build time that either allows or disallows
868 external linkage. Because of this, some symbols, regardless of
869 normal C/C++ linkage, are not visible. Symbols that are internal
870 have several appealing characteristics: by not exporting the
871 symbols, there are no relocations when the shared library is
872 started and thus this makes for faster runtime loading
873 performance by the underlying dynamic loading mechanism. In
874 addition, they have the possibility of changing without impacting
878 <para>The following namespaces are transformed by the mapfile:</para>
883 <term><code>namespace std</code></term>
884 <listitem><para> Defaults to exporting all symbols in label
885 <code>GLIBCXX</code> that do not begin with an underscore, i.e.,
886 <code>__test_func</code> would not be exported by default. Select
887 exceptional symbols are allowed to be visible.</para></listitem>
891 <term><code>namespace __gnu_cxx</code></term>
892 <listitem><para> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
893 <code>GLIBCXX</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</para></listitem>
897 <term><code>namespace __gnu_internal</code></term>
898 <listitem><para> Defaults to not exported, no items are allowed to be visible.</para></listitem>
902 <term><code>namespace __cxxabiv1</code>, aliased to <code> namespace abi</code></term>
903 <listitem><para> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
904 <code>CXXABI</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</para></listitem>
912 <listitem><para>Freezing the API</para>
913 <para>Disallowed changes, as above, are not made on a stable release
914 branch. Enforcement tends to be less strict with GNU extensions that
915 standard includes.</para>
921 <section xml:id="abi.testing"><info><title>Testing</title></info>
924 <section xml:id="abi.testing.single"><info><title>Single ABI Testing</title></info>
928 Testing for GNU C++ ABI changes is composed of two distinct
929 areas: testing the C++ compiler (g++) for compiler changes, and
930 testing the C++ library (libstdc++) for library changes.
934 Testing the C++ compiler ABI can be done various ways.
938 One. Intel ABI checker.
943 The second is yet unreleased, but has been announced on the gcc
944 mailing list. It is yet unspecified if these tools will be freely
945 available, and able to be included in a GNU project. Please contact
946 Mark Mitchell (mark@codesourcery.com) for more details, and current
952 Involves using the vlad.consistency test framework. This has also been
953 discussed on the gcc mailing lists.
957 Testing the C++ library ABI can also be done various ways.
962 (Brendan Kehoe, Jeff Law suggestion to run 'make check-c++' two ways,
963 one with a new compiler and an old library, and the other with an old
964 compiler and a new library, and look for testsuite regressions)
968 Details on how to set this kind of test up can be found here:
969 http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-08/msg00142.html
974 Use the 'make check-abi' rule in the libstdc++ Makefile.
978 This is a proactive check of the library ABI. Currently, exported symbol
979 names that are either weak or defined are checked against a last known
980 good baseline. Currently, this baseline is keyed off of 3.4.0
981 binaries, as this was the last time the .so number was incremented. In
982 addition, all exported names are demangled, and the exported objects
983 are checked to make sure they are the same size as the same object in
986 Notice that each baseline is relative to a <emphasis>default</emphasis>
987 configured library and compiler: in particular, if options such as
988 --enable-clocale, or --with-cpu, in case of multilibs, are used at
989 configure time, the check may fail, either because of substantive
990 differences or because of limitations of the current checking
995 This dataset is insufficient, yet a start. Also needed is a
996 comprehensive check for all user-visible types part of the standard
997 library for sizeof() and alignof() changes.
1001 Verifying compatible layouts of objects is not even attempted. It
1002 should be possible to use sizeof, alignof, and offsetof to compute
1003 offsets for each structure and type in the standard library, saving to
1004 another datafile. Then, compute this in a similar way for new
1005 binaries, and look for differences.
1009 Another approach might be to use the -fdump-class-hierarchy flag to
1010 get information. However, currently this approach gives insufficient
1011 data for use in library testing, as class data members, their offsets,
1012 and other detailed data is not displayed with this flag.
1013 (See PR g++/7470 on how this was used to find bugs.)
1017 Perhaps there are other C++ ABI checkers. If so, please notify
1018 us. We'd like to know about them!
1022 <section xml:id="abi.testing.multi"><info><title>Multiple ABI Testing</title></info>
1025 A "C" application, dynamically linked to two shared libraries, liba,
1026 libb. The dependent library liba is a C++ shared library compiled with
1027 GCC 3.3, and uses io, exceptions, locale, etc. The dependent library
1028 libb is a C++ shared library compiled with GCC 3.4, and also uses io,
1029 exceptions, locale, etc.
1032 <para> As above, libone is constructed as follows: </para>
1034 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.4.0/bin/g++ -fPIC -DPIC -c a.cc
1036 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.4.0/bin/g++ -shared -Wl,-soname -Wl,libone.so.1 -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,defs a.o -o libone.so.1.0.0
1038 %ln -s libone.so.1.0.0 libone.so
1040 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.4.0/bin/g++ -c a.cc
1042 %ar cru libone.a a.o
1045 <para> And, libtwo is constructed as follows: </para>
1048 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.3.3/bin/g++ -fPIC -DPIC -c b.cc
1050 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.3.3/bin/g++ -shared -Wl,-soname -Wl,libtwo.so.1 -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,defs b.o -o libtwo.so.1.0.0
1052 %ln -s libtwo.so.1.0.0 libtwo.so
1054 %$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.3.3/bin/g++ -c b.cc
1056 %ar cru libtwo.a b.o
1059 <para> ...with the resulting libraries looking like </para>
1063 %ldd libone.so.1.0.0
1064 libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40016000)
1065 libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400fa000)
1066 libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x4011c000)
1067 libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x40125000)
1068 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
1070 %ldd libtwo.so.1.0.0
1071 libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x40027000)
1072 libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400e1000)
1073 libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40103000)
1074 libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x4010c000)
1075 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
1080 Then, the "C" compiler is used to compile a source file that uses
1081 functions from each library.
1084 gcc test.c -g -O2 -L. -lone -ltwo /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6
1088 Which gives the expected:
1094 libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
1095 libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40015000)
1096 libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
1097 libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
1098 libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x400e5000)
1099 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
1104 This resulting binary, when executed, will be able to safely use
1105 code from both liba, and the dependent libstdc++.so.6, and libb,
1106 with the dependent libstdc++.so.5.
1111 <section xml:id="abi.issues"><info><title>Outstanding Issues</title></info>
1115 Some features in the C++ language make versioning especially
1116 difficult. In particular, compiler generated constructs such as
1117 implicit instantiations for templates, typeinfo information, and
1118 virtual tables all may cause ABI leakage across shared library
1119 boundaries. Because of this, mixing C++ ABIs is not recommended at
1124 For more background on this issue, see these bugzilla entries:
1128 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</link>
1132 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</link>
1137 <bibliography xml:id="abi.biblio"><info><title>Bibliography</title></info>
1139 <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.abicheck">
1141 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1142 xlink:href="https://abicheck.sourceforge.net">
1148 <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.cxxabi">
1150 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1151 xlink:href="https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/">
1159 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1160 xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/819-0690/index.html">
1161 Linker and Libraries Guide (document 819-0690)
1169 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1170 xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19422-01/819-3689/">
1171 Sun Studio 11: C++ Migration Guide (document 819-3689)
1178 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1179 xlink:href="https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/dsohowto.pdf">
1180 How to Write Shared Libraries
1186 <firstname>Ulrich</firstname><surname>Drepper</surname>
1193 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1194 xlink:href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ihi0036/latest/">
1195 C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
1202 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1203 xlink:href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html">
1204 Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
1211 <author><personname><firstname>Benjamin</firstname><surname>Kosnik</surname></personname></author>
1216 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1217 xlink:href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2013.html">
1218 Versioning With Namespaces
1224 <author><personname><firstname>Benjamin</firstname><surname>Kosnik</surname></personname></author>
1229 <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
1230 xlink:href="http://syrcose.ispras.ru/2009/files/02_paper.pdf">
1231 Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++
1232 on GNU/Linux Systems
1239 <author><personname><firstname>Pavel</firstname><surname>Shved</surname></personname></author>
1240 <author><personname><firstname>Denis</firstname><surname>Silakov</surname></personname></author>