1 <appendix xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
2 xml:id="appendix.free" xreflabel="Free">
3 <?dbhtml filename="appendix_free.html"?>
6 Free Software Needs Free Documentation
8 <primary>Appendix</primary>
9 <secondary>Free Documentation</secondary>
13 <keyword>ISO C++</keyword>
14 <keyword>library</keyword>
21 The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
22 software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
23 these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with
24 full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software
25 package; when an important free software package does not come with a
26 free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.
30 Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got
31 a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked
32 Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better
33 introductory manuals--but those were not free.
37 Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for
38 O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive terms--no
39 copying, no modification, source files not available--which exclude
40 them from the free software community.
44 That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to
45 our community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary
46 manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their
47 manuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell
48 me about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to help
49 the GNU project--and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to
50 explain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would
51 restrict it so that we cannot use it.
55 Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we
56 can ill afford to lose manuals this way.
60 Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom,
61 not price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly
62 Associates charged a price for printed copies--that in itself is fine.
63 (The Free Software Foundation <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/doc/doc.html">sells printed copies</link> of
64 free GNU manuals, too.) But GNU manuals are available in source code
65 form, while these manuals are available only on paper. GNU manuals
66 come with permission to copy and modify; the Perl manuals do not.
67 These restrictions are the problems.
71 The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
72 software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
73 Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be
74 permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,
75 on-line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.
79 As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to
80 have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues
81 for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For
82 example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to
83 modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our
88 But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
89 for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
90 to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
91 conscientious they will change the manual too--so they can provide
92 accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
93 which forbids programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, or
94 more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if
95 they change the program, does not fill our community's needs.
99 While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some
100 kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For
101 example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
102 notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is
103 also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
104 they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
105 deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
106 topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)
110 These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical
111 matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the
112 manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block
113 the free software community from making full use of the manual.
117 However, it must be possible to modify all the <emphasis>technical</emphasis>
118 content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual
119 media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
120 block the community, the manual is not free, and so we need another
125 Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another
126 manual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many
127 users think that a proprietary manual is good enough--so they don't
128 see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that the free
129 operating system has a gap that needs filling.
133 Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some
134 have not considered the issue. I hope this article will do something
139 Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same
140 reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they
141 judge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion.
142 These people are entitled to their opinions, but since those opinions
143 spring from values which do not include freedom, they are no guide for
144 those of us who do value freedom.
148 Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals
149 to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary
150 manuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help
151 GNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that
152 he must above all make it free.
156 We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted
157 manuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to
158 check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
159 prefer copylefted manuals to non-copylefted ones.
162 [Note: We now maintain a <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://www.gnu.org/doc/other-free-books.html">web page
163 that lists free books available from other publishers</link>].
166 <para>Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</para>
168 <para>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
169 permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
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