git-bundle.html

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 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-bundle(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git bundle</em> create [-q | --quiet | --progress]
 455                     [--version=&lt;version&gt;] &lt;file&gt; &lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;
 456 <em>git bundle</em> verify [-q | --quiet] &lt;file&gt;
 457 <em>git bundle</em> list-heads &lt;file&gt; [&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]
 458 <em>git bundle</em> unbundle [--progress] &lt;file&gt; [&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
 459 </div>
 460 </div>
 461 </div>
 462 <div class="sect1">
 463 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 464 <div class="sectionbody">
 465 <div class="paragraph">
 466 <p>Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for
 467 the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server"
 468 sitting on the other side of the network connection.</p>
 469 </div>
 470 <div class="paragraph">
 471 <p>They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a
 472 repository, and to relay the state of the references in one repository
 473 to another.</p>
 474 </div>
 475 <div class="paragraph">
 476 <p>Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as
 477 <code>ssh://</code> and <code>https://</code> can also operate on bundle files. It is
 478 possible <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> a new repository from a bundle, to use
 479 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> to fetch from one, and to list the references
 480 contained within it with <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>. There&#8217;s no
 481 corresponding "write" support, i.e.a <em>git push</em> into a bundle is not
 482 supported.</p>
 483 </div>
 484 <div class="paragraph">
 485 <p>See the "EXAMPLES" section below for examples of how to use bundles.</p>
 486 </div>
 487 </div>
 488 </div>
 489 <div class="sect1">
 490 <h2 id="_bundle_format">BUNDLE FORMAT</h2>
 491 <div class="sectionbody">
 492 <div class="paragraph">
 493 <p>Bundles are <code>.pack</code> files (see <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>) with a
 494 header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.</p>
 495 </div>
 496 <div class="paragraph">
 497 <p>Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be
 498 self-contained, or be created using exclusions.
 499 See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.</p>
 500 </div>
 501 <div class="paragraph">
 502 <p>Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created
 503 using the <code>--thin</code> option to <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>, and
 504 unbundled using the <code>--fix-thin</code> option to <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>.</p>
 505 </div>
 506 <div class="paragraph">
 507 <p>There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision
 508 exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By
 509 using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in
 510 size. That they&#8217;re "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a
 511 curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.</p>
 512 </div>
 513 <div class="paragraph">
 514 <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a> for more details and the discussion of
 515 "thin pack" in <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a> for further details.</p>
 516 </div>
 517 </div>
 518 </div>
 519 <div class="sect1">
 520 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 521 <div class="sectionbody">
 522 <div class="dlist">
 523 <dl>
 524 <dt class="hdlist1">create [options] &lt;file&gt; &lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</dt>
 525 <dd>
 526 <p>Used to create a bundle named <em>file</em>.  This requires the
 527 <em>&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</em> arguments to define the bundle contents.
 528 <em>options</em> contains the options specific to the <em>git bundle create</em>
 529 subcommand. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is written to stdout.</p>
 530 </dd>
 531 <dt class="hdlist1">verify &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 532 <dd>
 533 <p>Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply
 534 cleanly to the current repository.  This includes checks on the
 535 bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite
 536 commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository.
 537 Then, <em>git bundle</em> prints a list of missing commits, if any.
 538 Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object
 539 filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>
 540 for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will
 541 be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the
 542 bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 543 </dd>
 544 <dt class="hdlist1">list-heads &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 545 <dd>
 546 <p>Lists the references defined in the bundle.  If followed by a
 547 list of references, only references matching those given are
 548 printed out. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 549 </dd>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">unbundle &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 551 <dd>
 552 <p>Passes the objects in the bundle to <em>git index-pack</em>
 553 for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all
 554 defined references. If a list of references is given, only
 555 references matching those in the list are printed. This command is
 556 really plumbing, intended to be called only by <em>git fetch</em>.
 557 If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 558 </dd>
 559 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</dt>
 560 <dd>
 561 <p>A list of arguments, acceptable to <em>git rev-parse</em> and
 562 <em>git rev-list</em> (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES
 563 below), that specifies the specific objects and references
 564 to transport.  For example, <code>master~10..master</code> causes the
 565 current master reference to be packaged along with all objects
 566 added since its 10th ancestor commit.  There is no explicit
 567 limit to the number of references and objects that may be
 568 packaged.</p>
 569 </dd>
 570 <dt class="hdlist1">[&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
 571 <dd>
 572 <p>A list of references used to limit the references reported as
 573 available. This is principally of use to <em>git fetch</em>, which
 574 expects to receive only those references asked for and not
 575 necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, <em>git bundle</em> acts
 576 like <em>git fetch-pack</em>).</p>
 577 </dd>
 578 <dt class="hdlist1">--progress</dt>
 579 <dd>
 580 <p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
 581 by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
 582 is specified. This flag forces progress status even if
 583 the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.</p>
 584 </dd>
 585 <dt class="hdlist1">--version=&lt;version&gt;</dt>
 586 <dd>
 587 <p>Specify the bundle version.  Version 2 is the older format and can only be
 588 used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that
 589 permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the
 590 hash algorithm in use.</p>
 591 </dd>
 592 <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
 593 <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
 594 <dd>
 595 <p>This flag makes the command not to report its progress
 596 on the standard error stream.</p>
 597 </dd>
 598 </dl>
 599 </div>
 600 </div>
 601 </div>
 602 <div class="sect1">
 603 <h2 id="_specifying_references">SPECIFYING REFERENCES</h2>
 604 <div class="sectionbody">
 605 <div class="paragraph">
 606 <p>Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a
 607 bundle.</p>
 608 </div>
 609 <div class="paragraph">
 610 <p>More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can
 611 be specified.  The objects packaged are those not contained in the
 612 union of the prerequisites.</p>
 613 </div>
 614 <div class="paragraph">
 615 <p>The <em>git bundle create</em> command resolves the reference names for you
 616 using the same rules as <code>git rev-parse --abbrev-ref=loose</code>. Each
 617 prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. <code>^master~10</code>), or implicitly
 618 (e.g. <code>master~10..master</code>, <code>--since=10.days.ago master</code>).</p>
 619 </div>
 620 <div class="paragraph">
 621 <p>All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and
 622 "next" branch):</p>
 623 </div>
 624 <div class="listingblock">
 625 <div class="content">
 626 <pre>$ git bundle create master.bundle master
 627 $ echo master | git bundle create master.bundle --stdin
 628 $ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next
 629 $ (echo master; echo next) | git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin</pre>
 630 </div>
 631 </div>
 632 <div class="paragraph">
 633 <p>And so are these (and the same but omitted <code>--stdin</code> examples):</p>
 634 </div>
 635 <div class="listingblock">
 636 <div class="content">
 637 <pre>$ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master
 638 $ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next</pre>
 639 </div>
 640 </div>
 641 <div class="paragraph">
 642 <p>A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to
 643 a reference is not accepted:</p>
 644 </div>
 645 <div class="listingblock">
 646 <div class="content">
 647 <pre>$ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD)
 648 fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
 649 $ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5
 650 fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.</pre>
 651 </div>
 652 </div>
 653 </div>
 654 </div>
 655 <div class="sect1">
 656 <h2 id="_object_prerequisites">OBJECT PREREQUISITES</h2>
 657 <div class="sectionbody">
 658 <div class="paragraph">
 659 <p>When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle
 660 that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well
 661 as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the
 662 earlier parts of the history.</p>
 663 </div>
 664 <div class="paragraph">
 665 <p>Feeding a revision such as <code>new</code> to <code>git bundle create</code> will create a
 666 bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision
 667 <code>new</code>. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full
 668 history that leads to the revision <code>new</code>:</p>
 669 </div>
 670 <div class="listingblock">
 671 <div class="content">
 672 <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle new</pre>
 673 </div>
 674 </div>
 675 <div class="paragraph">
 676 <p>A revision range such as <code>old..new</code> will produce a bundle file that
 677 will require the revision <code>old</code> (and any objects reachable from it)
 678 to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:</p>
 679 </div>
 680 <div class="listingblock">
 681 <div class="content">
 682 <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle old..new</pre>
 683 </div>
 684 </div>
 685 <div class="paragraph">
 686 <p>A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted
 687 into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from
 688 (i.e., <code>new</code>, but not <code>old..new</code>).</p>
 689 </div>
 690 <div class="paragraph">
 691 <p>It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file
 692 to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored
 693 when unpacking at the destination.</p>
 694 </div>
 695 <div class="paragraph">
 696 <p>If you want to match <code>git clone --mirror</code>, which would include your
 697 refs such as <code>refs/remotes/*</code>, use <code>--all</code>.
 698 If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly
 699 from the source repository would get, use <code>--branches --tags</code> for
 700 the <code>&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</code>.</p>
 701 </div>
 702 <div class="paragraph">
 703 <p>The <em>git bundle verify</em> command can be used to check whether your
 704 recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a
 705 bundle.</p>
 706 </div>
 707 </div>
 708 </div>
 709 <div class="sect1">
 710 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
 711 <div class="sectionbody">
 712 <div class="paragraph">
 713 <p>Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A
 714 to another repository R2 on machine B.
 715 For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed,
 716 but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.).
 717 We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.</p>
 718 </div>
 719 <div class="paragraph">
 720 <p>To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have
 721 any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last
 722 processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository
 723 with an incremental bundle:</p>
 724 </div>
 725 <div class="listingblock">
 726 <div class="content">
 727 <pre>machineA$ cd R1
 728 machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master
 729 machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre>
 730 </div>
 731 </div>
 732 <div class="paragraph">
 733 <p>Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this
 734 bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can
 735 create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:</p>
 736 </div>
 737 <div class="listingblock">
 738 <div class="content">
 739 <pre>machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2</pre>
 740 </div>
 741 </div>
 742 <div class="paragraph">
 743 <p>This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that
 744 lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will
 745 have an entry like this:</p>
 746 </div>
 747 <div class="listingblock">
 748 <div class="content">
 749 <pre>[remote "origin"]
 750     url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle
 751     fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</pre>
 752 </div>
 753 </div>
 754 <div class="paragraph">
 755 <p>To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after
 756 replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental
 757 updates.</p>
 758 </div>
 759 <div class="paragraph">
 760 <p>After working some more in the original repository, you can create an
 761 incremental bundle to update the other repository:</p>
 762 </div>
 763 <div class="listingblock">
 764 <div class="content">
 765 <pre>machineA$ cd R1
 766 machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master
 767 machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre>
 768 </div>
 769 </div>
 770 <div class="paragraph">
 771 <p>You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace
 772 /home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.</p>
 773 </div>
 774 <div class="listingblock">
 775 <div class="content">
 776 <pre>machineB$ cd R2
 777 machineB$ git pull</pre>
 778 </div>
 779 </div>
 780 <div class="paragraph">
 781 <p>If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should
 782 have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the
 783 prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go
 784 in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag
 785 for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to
 786 the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> command. Here are more examples:</p>
 787 </div>
 788 <div class="paragraph">
 789 <p>You can use a tag that is present in both:</p>
 790 </div>
 791 <div class="listingblock">
 792 <div class="content">
 793 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master</pre>
 794 </div>
 795 </div>
 796 <div class="paragraph">
 797 <p>You can use a prerequisite based on time:</p>
 798 </div>
 799 <div class="listingblock">
 800 <div class="content">
 801 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master</pre>
 802 </div>
 803 </div>
 804 <div class="paragraph">
 805 <p>You can use the number of commits:</p>
 806 </div>
 807 <div class="listingblock">
 808 <div class="content">
 809 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master</pre>
 810 </div>
 811 </div>
 812 <div class="paragraph">
 813 <p>You can run <code>git-bundle verify</code> to see if you can extract from a bundle
 814 that was created with a prerequisite:</p>
 815 </div>
 816 <div class="listingblock">
 817 <div class="content">
 818 <pre>$ git bundle verify mybundle</pre>
 819 </div>
 820 </div>
 821 <div class="paragraph">
 822 <p>This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the
 823 bundle and will error out if you do not have them.</p>
 824 </div>
 825 <div class="paragraph">
 826 <p>A bundle from a recipient repository&#8217;s point of view is just like a
 827 regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map
 828 references when fetching:</p>
 829 </div>
 830 <div class="listingblock">
 831 <div class="content">
 832 <pre>$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef</pre>
 833 </div>
 834 </div>
 835 <div class="paragraph">
 836 <p>You can also see what references it offers:</p>
 837 </div>
 838 <div class="listingblock">
 839 <div class="content">
 840 <pre>$ git ls-remote mybundle</pre>
 841 </div>
 842 </div>
 843 </div>
 844 </div>
 845 <div class="sect1">
 846 <h2 id="_file_format">FILE FORMAT</h2>
 847 <div class="sectionbody">
 848 <div class="paragraph">
 849 <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>.</p>
 850 </div>
 851 </div>
 852 </div>
 853 <div class="sect1">
 854 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 855 <div class="sectionbody">
 856 <div class="paragraph">
 857 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 858 </div>
 859 </div>
 860 </div>
 861 </div>
 862 <div id="footer">
 863 <div id="footer-text">
 864 Last updated 2023-03-19 15:16:41 -0700
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