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 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-diff-tree(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-diff-tree - Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git diff-tree</em> [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty]
 455               [-t] [-r] [-c | --cc] [--combined-all-paths] [--root] [--merge-base]
 456               [&lt;common-diff-options&gt;] &lt;tree-ish&gt; [&lt;tree-ish&gt;] [&lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
 457 </div>
 458 </div>
 459 </div>
 460 <div class="sect1">
 461 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 462 <div class="sectionbody">
 463 <div class="paragraph">
 464 <p>Compare the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.</p>
 465 </div>
 466 <div class="paragraph">
 467 <p>If there is only one &lt;tree-ish&gt; given, the commit is compared with its parents
 468 (see --stdin below).</p>
 469 </div>
 470 <div class="paragraph">
 471 <p>Note that <em>git diff-tree</em> can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object.</p>
 472 </div>
 473 </div>
 474 </div>
 475 <div class="sect1">
 476 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 477 <div class="sectionbody">
 478 <div class="dlist">
 479 <dl>
 480 <dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
 481 <dt class="hdlist1">-u</dt>
 482 <dt class="hdlist1">--patch</dt>
 483 <dd>
 484 <p>Generate patch (see <a href="#generate_patch_text_with_p">Generating patch text with -p</a>).</p>
 485 </dd>
 486 <dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
 487 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-patch</dt>
 488 <dd>
 489 <p>Suppress all output from the diff machinery.  Useful for
 490 commands like <code>git show</code> that show the patch by default to
 491 squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options like
 492 <code>--patch</code>, <code>--stat</code> earlier on the command line in an alias.</p>
 493 </dd>
 494 <dt class="hdlist1">-U&lt;n&gt;</dt>
 495 <dt class="hdlist1">--unified=&lt;n&gt;</dt>
 496 <dd>
 497 <p>Generate diffs with &lt;n&gt; lines of context instead of
 498 the usual three.
 499 Implies <code>--patch</code>.</p>
 500 </dd>
 501 <dt class="hdlist1">--output=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
 502 <dd>
 503 <p>Output to a specific file instead of stdout.</p>
 504 </dd>
 505 <dt class="hdlist1">--output-indicator-new=&lt;char&gt;</dt>
 506 <dt class="hdlist1">--output-indicator-old=&lt;char&gt;</dt>
 507 <dt class="hdlist1">--output-indicator-context=&lt;char&gt;</dt>
 508 <dd>
 509 <p>Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context
 510 lines in the generated patch. Normally they are <em>+</em>, <em>-</em> and
 511 ' ' respectively.</p>
 512 </dd>
 513 <dt class="hdlist1">--raw</dt>
 514 <dd>
 515 <p>Generate the diff in raw format.
 516 This is the default.</p>
 517 </dd>
 518 <dt class="hdlist1">--patch-with-raw</dt>
 519 <dd>
 520 <p>Synonym for <code>-p --raw</code>.</p>
 521 </dd>
 522 <dt class="hdlist1">--indent-heuristic</dt>
 523 <dd>
 524 <p>Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches
 525 easier to read. This is the default.</p>
 526 </dd>
 527 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-indent-heuristic</dt>
 528 <dd>
 529 <p>Disable the indent heuristic.</p>
 530 </dd>
 531 <dt class="hdlist1">--minimal</dt>
 532 <dd>
 533 <p>Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible
 534 diff is produced.</p>
 535 </dd>
 536 <dt class="hdlist1">--patience</dt>
 537 <dd>
 538 <p>Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.</p>
 539 </dd>
 540 <dt class="hdlist1">--histogram</dt>
 541 <dd>
 542 <p>Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.</p>
 543 </dd>
 544 <dt class="hdlist1">--anchored=&lt;text&gt;</dt>
 545 <dd>
 546 <p>Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.</p>
 547 <div class="paragraph">
 548 <p>This option may be specified more than once.</p>
 549 </div>
 550 <div class="paragraph">
 551 <p>If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once,
 552 and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from
 553 appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience
 554 diff" algorithm internally.</p>
 555 </div>
 556 </dd>
 557 <dt class="hdlist1">--diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}</dt>
 558 <dd>
 559 <p>Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:</p>
 560 <div class="openblock">
 561 <div class="content">
 562 <div class="dlist">
 563 <dl>
 564 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>default</code>, <code>myers</code></dt>
 565 <dd>
 566 <p>The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.</p>
 567 </dd>
 568 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>minimal</code></dt>
 569 <dd>
 570 <p>Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
 571 produced.</p>
 572 </dd>
 573 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>patience</code></dt>
 574 <dd>
 575 <p>Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.</p>
 576 </dd>
 577 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>histogram</code></dt>
 578 <dd>
 579 <p>This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support
 580 low-occurrence common elements".</p>
 581 </dd>
 582 </dl>
 583 </div>
 584 </div>
 585 </div>
 586 <div class="paragraph">
 587 <p>For instance, if you configured the <code>diff.algorithm</code> variable to a
 588 non-default value and want to use the default one, then you
 589 have to use <code>--diff-algorithm=default</code> option.</p>
 590 </div>
 591 </dd>
 592 <dt class="hdlist1">--stat[=&lt;width&gt;[,&lt;name-width&gt;[,&lt;count&gt;]]]</dt>
 593 <dd>
 594 <p>Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary
 595 will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph
 596 part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns
 597 if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by
 598 <code>&lt;width&gt;</code>. The width of the filename part can be limited by
 599 giving another width <code>&lt;name-width&gt;</code> after a comma or by setting
 600 <code>diff.statNameWidth=&lt;width&gt;</code>. The width of the graph part can be
 601 limited by using <code>--stat-graph-width=&lt;width&gt;</code> or by setting
 602 <code>diff.statGraphWidth=&lt;width&gt;</code>. Using <code>--stat</code> or
 603 <code>--stat-graph-width</code> affects all commands generating a stat graph,
 604 while setting <code>diff.statNameWidth</code> or <code>diff.statGraphWidth</code>
 605 does not affect <code>git format-patch</code>.
 606 By giving a third parameter <code>&lt;count&gt;</code>, you can limit the output to
 607 the first <code>&lt;count&gt;</code> lines, followed by <code>...</code> if there are more.</p>
 608 <div class="paragraph">
 609 <p>These parameters can also be set individually with <code>--stat-width=&lt;width&gt;</code>,
 610 <code>--stat-name-width=&lt;name-width&gt;</code> and <code>--stat-count=&lt;count&gt;</code>.</p>
 611 </div>
 612 </dd>
 613 <dt class="hdlist1">--compact-summary</dt>
 614 <dd>
 615 <p>Output a condensed summary of extended header information such
 616 as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l"
 617 if it&#8217;s a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding
 618 or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The
 619 information is put between the filename part and the graph
 620 part. Implies <code>--stat</code>.</p>
 621 </dd>
 622 <dt class="hdlist1">--numstat</dt>
 623 <dd>
 624 <p>Similar to <code>--stat</code>, but shows number of added and
 625 deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without
 626 abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly.  For
 627 binary files, outputs two <code>-</code> instead of saying
 628 <code>0 0</code>.</p>
 629 </dd>
 630 <dt class="hdlist1">--shortstat</dt>
 631 <dd>
 632 <p>Output only the last line of the <code>--stat</code> format containing total
 633 number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
 634 lines.</p>
 635 </dd>
 636 <dt class="hdlist1">-X[&lt;param1,param2,&#8230;&#8203;&gt;]</dt>
 637 <dt class="hdlist1">--dirstat[=&lt;param1,param2,&#8230;&#8203;&gt;]</dt>
 638 <dd>
 639 <p>Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each
 640 sub-directory. The behavior of <code>--dirstat</code> can be customized by
 641 passing it a comma separated list of parameters.
 642 The defaults are controlled by the <code>diff.dirstat</code> configuration
 643 variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
 644 The following parameters are available:</p>
 645 <div class="openblock">
 646 <div class="content">
 647 <div class="dlist">
 648 <dl>
 649 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>changes</code></dt>
 650 <dd>
 651 <p>Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been
 652 removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores
 653 the amount of pure code movements within a file.  In other words,
 654 rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes.
 655 This is the default behavior when no parameter is given.</p>
 656 </dd>
 657 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>lines</code></dt>
 658 <dd>
 659 <p>Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff
 660 analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary
 661 files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no
 662 natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive <code>--dirstat</code>
 663 behavior than the <code>changes</code> behavior, but it does count rearranged
 664 lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output
 665 is consistent with what you get from the other <code>--*stat</code> options.</p>
 666 </dd>
 667 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>files</code></dt>
 668 <dd>
 669 <p>Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed.
 670 Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is
 671 the computationally cheapest <code>--dirstat</code> behavior, since it does
 672 not have to look at the file contents at all.</p>
 673 </dd>
 674 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>cumulative</code></dt>
 675 <dd>
 676 <p>Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well.
 677 Note that when using <code>cumulative</code>, the sum of the percentages
 678 reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can
 679 be specified with the <code>noncumulative</code> parameter.</p>
 680 </dd>
 681 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;limit&gt;</dt>
 682 <dd>
 683 <p>An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default).
 684 Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes
 685 are not shown in the output.</p>
 686 </dd>
 687 </dl>
 688 </div>
 689 </div>
 690 </div>
 691 <div class="paragraph">
 692 <p>Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring
 693 directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files,
 694 and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories:
 695 <code>--dirstat=files,10,cumulative</code>.</p>
 696 </div>
 697 </dd>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1">--cumulative</dt>
 699 <dd>
 700 <p>Synonym for --dirstat=cumulative</p>
 701 </dd>
 702 <dt class="hdlist1">--dirstat-by-file[=&lt;param1,param2&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
 703 <dd>
 704 <p>Synonym for --dirstat=files,&lt;param1&gt;,&lt;param2&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</p>
 705 </dd>
 706 <dt class="hdlist1">--summary</dt>
 707 <dd>
 708 <p>Output a condensed summary of extended header information
 709 such as creations, renames and mode changes.</p>
 710 </dd>
 711 <dt class="hdlist1">--patch-with-stat</dt>
 712 <dd>
 713 <p>Synonym for <code>-p --stat</code>.</p>
 714 </dd>
 715 <dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt>
 716 <dd>
 717 <p>When <code>--raw</code>, <code>--numstat</code>, <code>--name-only</code> or <code>--name-status</code> has been
 718 given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.</p>
 719 <div class="paragraph">
 720 <p>Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
 721 explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
 722 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
 723 </div>
 724 </dd>
 725 <dt class="hdlist1">--name-only</dt>
 726 <dd>
 727 <p>Show only the name of each changed file in the post-image tree.
 728 The file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
 729 For more information see the discussion about encoding in the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
 730 manual page.</p>
 731 </dd>
 732 <dt class="hdlist1">--name-status</dt>
 733 <dd>
 734 <p>Show only the name(s) and status of each changed file. See the description
 735 of the <code>--diff-filter</code> option on what the status letters mean.
 736 Just like <code>--name-only</code> the file names are often encoded in UTF-8.</p>
 737 </dd>
 738 <dt class="hdlist1">--submodule[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
 739 <dd>
 740 <p>Specify how differences in submodules are shown.  When specifying
 741 <code>--submodule=short</code> the <em>short</em> format is used.  This format just
 742 shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range.
 743 When <code>--submodule</code> or <code>--submodule=log</code> is specified, the <em>log</em>
 744 format is used.  This format lists the commits in the range like
 745 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a> <code>summary</code> does.  When <code>--submodule=diff</code>
 746 is specified, the <em>diff</em> format is used.  This format shows an
 747 inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the
 748 commit range.  Defaults to <code>diff.submodule</code> or the <em>short</em> format
 749 if the config option is unset.</p>
 750 </dd>
 751 <dt class="hdlist1">--color[=&lt;when&gt;]</dt>
 752 <dd>
 753 <p>Show colored diff.
 754 <code>--color</code> (i.e. without <em>=&lt;when&gt;</em>) is the same as <code>--color=always</code>.
 755 <em>&lt;when&gt;</em> can be one of <code>always</code>, <code>never</code>, or <code>auto</code>.</p>
 756 </dd>
 757 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-color</dt>
 758 <dd>
 759 <p>Turn off colored diff.
 760 It is the same as <code>--color=never</code>.</p>
 761 </dd>
 762 <dt class="hdlist1">--color-moved[=&lt;mode&gt;]</dt>
 763 <dd>
 764 <p>Moved lines of code are colored differently.
 765 The &lt;mode&gt; defaults to <em>no</em> if the option is not given
 766 and to <em>zebra</em> if the option with no mode is given.
 767 The mode must be one of:</p>
 768 <div class="openblock">
 769 <div class="content">
 770 <div class="dlist">
 771 <dl>
 772 <dt class="hdlist1">no</dt>
 773 <dd>
 774 <p>Moved lines are not highlighted.</p>
 775 </dd>
 776 <dt class="hdlist1">default</dt>
 777 <dd>
 778 <p>Is a synonym for <code>zebra</code>. This may change to a more sensible mode
 779 in the future.</p>
 780 </dd>
 781 <dt class="hdlist1">plain</dt>
 782 <dd>
 783 <p>Any line that is added in one location and was removed
 784 in another location will be colored with <em>color.diff.newMoved</em>.
 785 Similarly <em>color.diff.oldMoved</em> will be used for removed lines
 786 that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any
 787 moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine
 788 if a block of code was moved without permutation.</p>
 789 </dd>
 790 <dt class="hdlist1">blocks</dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters
 793 are detected greedily. The detected blocks are
 794 painted using either the <em>color.diff.{old,new}Moved</em> color.
 795 Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart.</p>
 796 </dd>
 797 <dt class="hdlist1">zebra</dt>
 798 <dd>
 799 <p>Blocks of moved text are detected as in <em>blocks</em> mode. The blocks
 800 are painted using either the <em>color.diff.{old,new}Moved</em> color or
 801 <em>color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative</em>. The change between
 802 the two colors indicates that a new block was detected.</p>
 803 </dd>
 804 <dt class="hdlist1">dimmed-zebra</dt>
 805 <dd>
 806 <p>Similar to <em>zebra</em>, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts
 807 of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent
 808 blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting.
 809 <code>dimmed_zebra</code> is a deprecated synonym.</p>
 810 </dd>
 811 </dl>
 812 </div>
 813 </div>
 814 </div>
 815 </dd>
 816 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-color-moved</dt>
 817 <dd>
 818 <p>Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration
 819 settings. It is the same as <code>--color-moved=no</code>.</p>
 820 </dd>
 821 <dt class="hdlist1">--color-moved-ws=&lt;modes&gt;</dt>
 822 <dd>
 823 <p>This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the
 824 move detection for <code>--color-moved</code>.
 825 These modes can be given as a comma separated list:</p>
 826 <div class="openblock">
 827 <div class="content">
 828 <div class="dlist">
 829 <dl>
 830 <dt class="hdlist1">no</dt>
 831 <dd>
 832 <p>Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.</p>
 833 </dd>
 834 <dt class="hdlist1">ignore-space-at-eol</dt>
 835 <dd>
 836 <p>Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.</p>
 837 </dd>
 838 <dt class="hdlist1">ignore-space-change</dt>
 839 <dd>
 840 <p>Ignore changes in amount of whitespace.  This ignores whitespace
 841 at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
 842 more whitespace characters to be equivalent.</p>
 843 </dd>
 844 <dt class="hdlist1">ignore-all-space</dt>
 845 <dd>
 846 <p>Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
 847 even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.</p>
 848 </dd>
 849 <dt class="hdlist1">allow-indentation-change</dt>
 850 <dd>
 851 <p>Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then
 852 group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in
 853 whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the
 854 other modes.</p>
 855 </dd>
 856 </dl>
 857 </div>
 858 </div>
 859 </div>
 860 </dd>
 861 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-color-moved-ws</dt>
 862 <dd>
 863 <p>Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can be
 864 used to override configuration settings. It is the same as
 865 <code>--color-moved-ws=no</code>.</p>
 866 </dd>
 867 <dt class="hdlist1">--word-diff[=&lt;mode&gt;]</dt>
 868 <dd>
 869 <p>Show a word diff, using the &lt;mode&gt; to delimit changed words.
 870 By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
 871 <code>--word-diff-regex</code> below.  The &lt;mode&gt; defaults to <em>plain</em>, and
 872 must be one of:</p>
 873 <div class="openblock">
 874 <div class="content">
 875 <div class="dlist">
 876 <dl>
 877 <dt class="hdlist1">color</dt>
 878 <dd>
 879 <p>Highlight changed words using only colors.  Implies <code>--color</code>.</p>
 880 </dd>
 881 <dt class="hdlist1">plain</dt>
 882 <dd>
 883 <p>Show words as <code>[-removed-]</code> and <code>{+added+}</code>.  Makes no
 884 attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input,
 885 so the output may be ambiguous.</p>
 886 </dd>
 887 <dt class="hdlist1">porcelain</dt>
 888 <dd>
 889 <p>Use a special line-based format intended for script
 890 consumption.  Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the
 891 usual unified diff format, starting with a <code>+</code>/<code>-</code>/` `
 892 character at the beginning of the line and extending to the
 893 end of the line.  Newlines in the input are represented by a
 894 tilde <code>~</code> on a line of its own.</p>
 895 </dd>
 896 <dt class="hdlist1">none</dt>
 897 <dd>
 898 <p>Disable word diff again.</p>
 899 </dd>
 900 </dl>
 901 </div>
 902 </div>
 903 </div>
 904 <div class="paragraph">
 905 <p>Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to
 906 highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled.</p>
 907 </div>
 908 </dd>
 909 <dt class="hdlist1">--word-diff-regex=&lt;regex&gt;</dt>
 910 <dd>
 911 <p>Use &lt;regex&gt; to decide what a word is, instead of considering
 912 runs of non-whitespace to be a word.  Also implies
 913 <code>--word-diff</code> unless it was already enabled.</p>
 914 <div class="paragraph">
 915 <p>Every non-overlapping match of the
 916 &lt;regex&gt; is considered a word.  Anything between these matches is
 917 considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
 918 differences.  You may want to append <code>|[^[:space:]]</code> to your regular
 919 expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters.
 920 A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the
 921 newline.</p>
 922 </div>
 923 <div class="paragraph">
 924 <p>For example, <code>--word-diff-regex=.</code> will treat each character as a word
 925 and, correspondingly, show differences character by character.</p>
 926 </div>
 927 <div class="paragraph">
 928 <p>The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
 929 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> or <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.  Giving it explicitly
 930 overrides any diff driver or configuration setting.  Diff drivers
 931 override configuration settings.</p>
 932 </div>
 933 </dd>
 934 <dt class="hdlist1">--color-words[=&lt;regex&gt;]</dt>
 935 <dd>
 936 <p>Equivalent to <code>--word-diff=color</code> plus (if a regex was
 937 specified) <code>--word-diff-regex=&lt;regex&gt;</code>.</p>
 938 </dd>
 939 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-renames</dt>
 940 <dd>
 941 <p>Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration
 942 file gives the default to do so.</p>
 943 </dd>
 944 <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]rename-empty</dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.</p>
 947 </dd>
 948 <dt class="hdlist1">--check</dt>
 949 <dd>
 950 <p>Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors.
 951 What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by <code>core.whitespace</code>
 952 configuration.  By default, trailing whitespaces (including
 953 lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
 954 that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the
 955 initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors.
 956 Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible
 957 with --exit-code.</p>
 958 </dd>
 959 <dt class="hdlist1">--ws-error-highlight=&lt;kind&gt;</dt>
 960 <dd>
 961 <p>Highlight whitespace errors in the <code>context</code>, <code>old</code> or <code>new</code>
 962 lines of the diff.  Multiple values are separated by comma,
 963 <code>none</code> resets previous values, <code>default</code> reset the list to
 964 <code>new</code> and <code>all</code> is a shorthand for <code>old,new,context</code>.  When
 965 this option is not given, and the configuration variable
 966 <code>diff.wsErrorHighlight</code> is not set, only whitespace errors in
 967 <code>new</code> lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored
 968 with <code>color.diff.whitespace</code>.</p>
 969 </dd>
 970 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-index</dt>
 971 <dd>
 972 <p>Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full
 973 pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index"
 974 line when generating patch format output.</p>
 975 </dd>
 976 <dt class="hdlist1">--binary</dt>
 977 <dd>
 978 <p>In addition to <code>--full-index</code>, output a binary diff that
 979 can be applied with <code>git-apply</code>.
 980 Implies <code>--patch</code>.</p>
 981 </dd>
 982 <dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev[=&lt;n&gt;]</dt>
 983 <dd>
 984 <p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
 985 name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header
 986 lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>
 987 hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object.
 988 In diff-patch output format, <code>--full-index</code> takes higher
 989 precedence, i.e. if <code>--full-index</code> is specified, full blob
 990 names will be shown regardless of <code>--abbrev</code>.
 991 Non default number of digits can be specified with <code>--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;</code>.</p>
 992 </dd>
 993 <dt class="hdlist1">-B[&lt;n&gt;][/&lt;m&gt;]</dt>
 994 <dt class="hdlist1">--break-rewrites[=[&lt;n&gt;][/&lt;m&gt;]]</dt>
 995 <dd>
 996 <p>Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and
 997 create. This serves two purposes:</p>
 998 <div class="paragraph">
 999 <p>It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file
1000 not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very
1001 few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a
1002 single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of
1003 everything new, and the number <code>m</code> controls this aspect of the -B
1004 option (defaults to 60%). <code>-B/70%</code> specifies that less than 30% of the
1005 original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total
1006 rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of
1007 deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines).</p>
1008 </div>
1009 <div class="paragraph">
1010 <p>When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the
1011 source of a rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared
1012 as the source of a rename), and the number <code>n</code> controls this aspect of
1013 the -B option (defaults to 50%). <code>-B20%</code> specifies that a change with
1014 addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file&#8217;s size are
1015 eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
1016 another file.</p>
1017 </div>
1018 </dd>
1019 <dt class="hdlist1">-M[&lt;n&gt;]</dt>
1020 <dt class="hdlist1">--find-renames[=&lt;n&gt;]</dt>
1021 <dd>
1022 <p>Detect renames.
1023 If <code>n</code> is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity
1024 index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
1025 file&#8217;s size). For example, <code>-M90%</code> means Git should consider a
1026 delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file
1027 hasn&#8217;t changed.  Without a <code>%</code> sign, the number is to be read as
1028 a fraction, with a decimal point before it.  I.e., <code>-M5</code> becomes
1029 0.5, and is thus the same as <code>-M50%</code>.  Similarly, <code>-M05</code> is
1030 the same as <code>-M5%</code>.  To limit detection to exact renames, use
1031 <code>-M100%</code>.  The default similarity index is 50%.</p>
1032 </dd>
1033 <dt class="hdlist1">-C[&lt;n&gt;]</dt>
1034 <dt class="hdlist1">--find-copies[=&lt;n&gt;]</dt>
1035 <dd>
1036 <p>Detect copies as well as renames.  See also <code>--find-copies-harder</code>.
1037 If <code>n</code> is specified, it has the same meaning as for <code>-M&lt;n&gt;</code>.</p>
1038 </dd>
1039 <dt class="hdlist1">--find-copies-harder</dt>
1040 <dd>
1041 <p>For performance reasons, by default, <code>-C</code> option finds copies only
1042 if the original file of the copy was modified in the same
1043 changeset.  This flag makes the command
1044 inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of
1045 copy.  This is a very expensive operation for large
1046 projects, so use it with caution.  Giving more than one
1047 <code>-C</code> option has the same effect.</p>
1048 </dd>
1049 <dt class="hdlist1">-D</dt>
1050 <dt class="hdlist1">--irreversible-delete</dt>
1051 <dd>
1052 <p>Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not
1053 the diff between the preimage and <code>/dev/null</code>. The resulting patch
1054 is not meant to be applied with <code>patch</code> or <code>git apply</code>; this is
1055 solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the
1056 text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks
1057 enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually,
1058 hence the name of the option.</p>
1059 <div class="paragraph">
1060 <p>When used together with <code>-B</code>, omit also the preimage in the deletion part
1061 of a delete/create pair.</p>
1062 </div>
1063 </dd>
1064 <dt class="hdlist1">-l&lt;num&gt;</dt>
1065 <dd>
1066 <p>The <code>-M</code> and <code>-C</code> options involve some preliminary steps that
1067 can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an
1068 exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining
1069 unpaired destinations to all relevant sources.  (For renames,
1070 only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all
1071 original sources are relevant.)  For N sources and
1072 destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2).  This option
1073 prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from
1074 running if the number of source/destination files involved
1075 exceeds the specified number.  Defaults to diff.renameLimit.
1076 Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.</p>
1077 </dd>
1078 <dt class="hdlist1">--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)&#8230;&#8203;[*]]</dt>
1079 <dd>
1080 <p>Select only files that are Added (<code>A</code>), Copied (<code>C</code>),
1081 Deleted (<code>D</code>), Modified (<code>M</code>), Renamed (<code>R</code>), have their
1082 type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, &#8230;&#8203;) changed (<code>T</code>),
1083 are Unmerged (<code>U</code>), are
1084 Unknown (<code>X</code>), or have had their pairing Broken (<code>B</code>).
1085 Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used.
1086 When <code>*</code> (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
1087 paths are selected if there is any file that matches
1088 other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
1089 that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.</p>
1090 <div class="paragraph">
1091 <p>Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude.  E.g.
1092 <code>--diff-filter=ad</code> excludes added and deleted paths.</p>
1093 </div>
1094 <div class="paragraph">
1095 <p>Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied and
1096 renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled.</p>
1097 </div>
1098 </dd>
1099 <dt class="hdlist1">-S&lt;string&gt;</dt>
1100 <dd>
1101 <p>Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
1102 the specified string (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file.
1103 Intended for the scripter&#8217;s use.</p>
1104 <div class="paragraph">
1105 <p>It is useful when you&#8217;re looking for an exact block of code (like a
1106 struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first
1107 came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting
1108 block in the preimage back into <code>-S</code>, and keep going until you get the
1109 very first version of the block.</p>
1110 </div>
1111 <div class="paragraph">
1112 <p>Binary files are searched as well.</p>
1113 </div>
1114 </dd>
1115 <dt class="hdlist1">-G&lt;regex&gt;</dt>
1116 <dd>
1117 <p>Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed
1118 lines that match &lt;regex&gt;.</p>
1119 <div class="paragraph">
1120 <p>To illustrate the difference between <code>-S&lt;regex&gt; --pickaxe-regex</code> and
1121 <code>-G&lt;regex&gt;</code>, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
1122 file:</p>
1123 </div>
1124 <div class="listingblock">
1125 <div class="content">
1126 <pre>+    return frotz(nitfol, two-&gt;ptr, 1, 0);
1127 ...
1128 -    hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);</pre>
1129 </div>
1130 </div>
1131 <div class="paragraph">
1132 <p>While <code>git log -G"frotz\(nitfol"</code> will show this commit, <code>git log
1133 -S"frotz\(nitfol" --pickaxe-regex</code> will not (because the number of
1134 occurrences of that string did not change).</p>
1135 </div>
1136 <div class="paragraph">
1137 <p>Unless <code>--text</code> is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv
1138 filter will be ignored.</p>
1139 </div>
1140 <div class="paragraph">
1141 <p>See the <em>pickaxe</em> entry in <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a> for more
1142 information.</p>
1143 </div>
1144 </dd>
1145 <dt class="hdlist1">--find-object=&lt;object-id&gt;</dt>
1146 <dd>
1147 <p>Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
1148 the specified object. Similar to <code>-S</code>, just the argument is different
1149 in that it doesn&#8217;t search for a specific string but for a specific
1150 object id.</p>
1151 <div class="paragraph">
1152 <p>The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the <code>-t</code> option in
1153 <code>git-log</code> to also find trees.</p>
1154 </div>
1155 </dd>
1156 <dt class="hdlist1">--pickaxe-all</dt>
1157 <dd>
1158 <p>When <code>-S</code> or <code>-G</code> finds a change, show all the changes in that
1159 changeset, not just the files that contain the change
1160 in &lt;string&gt;.</p>
1161 </dd>
1162 <dt class="hdlist1">--pickaxe-regex</dt>
1163 <dd>
1164 <p>Treat the &lt;string&gt; given to <code>-S</code> as an extended POSIX regular
1165 expression to match.</p>
1166 </dd>
1167 <dt class="hdlist1">-O&lt;orderfile&gt;</dt>
1168 <dd>
1169 <p>Control the order in which files appear in the output.
1170 This overrides the <code>diff.orderFile</code> configuration variable
1171 (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).  To cancel <code>diff.orderFile</code>,
1172 use <code>-O/dev/null</code>.</p>
1173 <div class="paragraph">
1174 <p>The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
1175 &lt;orderfile&gt;.
1176 All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output
1177 first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not
1178 the first) are output next, and so on.
1179 All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output
1180 last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the
1181 file.
1182 If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern
1183 but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is
1184 the normal order.</p>
1185 </div>
1186 <div class="paragraph">
1187 <p>&lt;orderfile&gt; is parsed as follows:</p>
1188 </div>
1189 <div class="openblock">
1190 <div class="content">
1191 <div class="ulist">
1192 <ul>
1193 <li>
1194 <p>Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for
1195 readability.</p>
1196 </li>
1197 <li>
1198 <p>Lines starting with a hash ("<code>#</code>") are ignored, so they can be used
1199 for comments.  Add a backslash ("<code>\</code>") to the beginning of the
1200 pattern if it starts with a hash.</p>
1201 </li>
1202 <li>
1203 <p>Each other line contains a single pattern.</p>
1204 </li>
1205 </ul>
1206 </div>
1207 </div>
1208 </div>
1209 <div class="paragraph">
1210 <p>Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for
1211 fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also
1212 matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname
1213 components matches the pattern.  For example, the pattern "<code>foo*bar</code>"
1214 matches "<code>fooasdfbar</code>" and "<code>foo/bar/baz/asdf</code>" but not "<code>foobarx</code>".</p>
1215 </div>
1216 </dd>
1217 <dt class="hdlist1">--skip-to=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
1218 <dt class="hdlist1">--rotate-to=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
1219 <dd>
1220 <p>Discard the files before the named &lt;file&gt; from the output
1221 (i.e. <em>skip to</em>), or move them to the end of the output
1222 (i.e. <em>rotate to</em>).  These options were invented primarily for the use
1223 of the <code>git difftool</code> command, and may not be very useful
1224 otherwise.</p>
1225 </dd>
1226 <dt class="hdlist1">-R</dt>
1227 <dd>
1228 <p>Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or
1229 on-disk file to tree contents.</p>
1230 </dd>
1231 <dt class="hdlist1">--relative[=&lt;path&gt;]</dt>
1232 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-relative</dt>
1233 <dd>
1234 <p>When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be
1235 told to exclude changes outside the directory and show
1236 pathnames relative to it with this option.  When you are
1237 not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you
1238 can name which subdirectory to make the output relative
1239 to by giving a &lt;path&gt; as an argument.
1240 <code>--no-relative</code> can be used to countermand both <code>diff.relative</code> config
1241 option and previous <code>--relative</code>.</p>
1242 </dd>
1243 <dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
1244 <dt class="hdlist1">--text</dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>Treat all files as text.</p>
1247 </dd>
1248 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-cr-at-eol</dt>
1249 <dd>
1250 <p>Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.</p>
1251 </dd>
1252 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-space-at-eol</dt>
1253 <dd>
1254 <p>Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.</p>
1255 </dd>
1256 <dt class="hdlist1">-b</dt>
1257 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-space-change</dt>
1258 <dd>
1259 <p>Ignore changes in amount of whitespace.  This ignores whitespace
1260 at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
1261 more whitespace characters to be equivalent.</p>
1262 </dd>
1263 <dt class="hdlist1">-w</dt>
1264 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-all-space</dt>
1265 <dd>
1266 <p>Ignore whitespace when comparing lines.  This ignores
1267 differences even if one line has whitespace where the other
1268 line has none.</p>
1269 </dd>
1270 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-blank-lines</dt>
1271 <dd>
1272 <p>Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.</p>
1273 </dd>
1274 <dt class="hdlist1">-I&lt;regex&gt;</dt>
1275 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-matching-lines=&lt;regex&gt;</dt>
1276 <dd>
1277 <p>Ignore changes whose all lines match &lt;regex&gt;.  This option may
1278 be specified more than once.</p>
1279 </dd>
1280 <dt class="hdlist1">--inter-hunk-context=&lt;lines&gt;</dt>
1281 <dd>
1282 <p>Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number
1283 of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
1284 Defaults to <code>diff.interHunkContext</code> or 0 if the config option
1285 is unset.</p>
1286 </dd>
1287 <dt class="hdlist1">-W</dt>
1288 <dt class="hdlist1">--function-context</dt>
1289 <dd>
1290 <p>Show whole function as context lines for each change.
1291 The function names are determined in the same way as
1292 <code>git diff</code> works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a
1293 custom hunk-header</em> in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
1294 </dd>
1295 <dt class="hdlist1">--exit-code</dt>
1296 <dd>
1297 <p>Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1).
1298 That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and
1299 0 means no differences.</p>
1300 </dd>
1301 <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
1302 <dd>
1303 <p>Disable all output of the program. Implies <code>--exit-code</code>.
1304 Disables execution of external diff helpers whose exit code
1305 is not trusted, i.e. their respective configuration option
1306 <code>diff.trustExitCode</code> or <code>diff.&lt;driver&gt;.trustExitCode</code> or
1307 environment variable <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF_TRUST_EXIT_CODE</code> is
1308 false.</p>
1309 </dd>
1310 <dt class="hdlist1">--ext-diff</dt>
1311 <dd>
1312 <p>Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
1313 external diff driver with <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>, you need
1314 to use this option with <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> and friends.</p>
1315 </dd>
1316 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-ext-diff</dt>
1317 <dd>
1318 <p>Disallow external diff drivers.</p>
1319 </dd>
1320 <dt class="hdlist1">--textconv</dt>
1321 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-textconv</dt>
1322 <dd>
1323 <p>Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run
1324 when comparing binary files. See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for
1325 details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way
1326 conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human
1327 consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv
1328 filters are enabled by default only for <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and
1329 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, but not for <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> or
1330 diff plumbing commands.</p>
1331 </dd>
1332 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-submodules[=&lt;when&gt;]</dt>
1333 <dd>
1334 <p>Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. &lt;when&gt; can be
1335 either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default.
1336 Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains
1337 untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded
1338 in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the
1339 <em>ignore</em> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> or <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>. When
1340 "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only
1341 contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified
1342 content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules,
1343 only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was
1344 the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to submodules.</p>
1345 </dd>
1346 <dt class="hdlist1">--src-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;</dt>
1347 <dd>
1348 <p>Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".</p>
1349 </dd>
1350 <dt class="hdlist1">--dst-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;</dt>
1351 <dd>
1352 <p>Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".</p>
1353 </dd>
1354 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-prefix</dt>
1355 <dd>
1356 <p>Do not show any source or destination prefix.</p>
1357 </dd>
1358 <dt class="hdlist1">--default-prefix</dt>
1359 <dd>
1360 <p>Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/").
1361 This overrides configuration variables such as <code>diff.noprefix</code>,
1362 <code>diff.srcPrefix</code>, <code>diff.dstPrefix</code>, and <code>diff.mnemonicPrefix</code>
1363 (see <code>git-config</code>(1)).</p>
1364 </dd>
1365 <dt class="hdlist1">--line-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;</dt>
1366 <dd>
1367 <p>Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output.</p>
1368 </dd>
1369 <dt class="hdlist1">--ita-invisible-in-index</dt>
1370 <dd>
1371 <p>By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing
1372 empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached".
1373 This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff"
1374 and non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be
1375 reverted with <code>--ita-visible-in-index</code>. Both options are
1376 experimental and could be removed in future.</p>
1377 </dd>
1378 </dl>
1379 </div>
1380 <div class="paragraph">
1381 <p>For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
1382 <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>.</p>
1383 </div>
1384 <div class="dlist">
1385 <dl>
1386 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
1387 <dd>
1388 <p>The id of a tree object.</p>
1389 </dd>
1390 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</dt>
1391 <dd>
1392 <p>If provided, the results are limited to a subset of files
1393 matching one of the provided pathspecs.</p>
1394 </dd>
1395 <dt class="hdlist1">-r</dt>
1396 <dd>
1397 <p>Recurse into sub-trees.</p>
1398 </dd>
1399 <dt class="hdlist1">-t</dt>
1400 <dd>
1401 <p>Show tree entry itself as well as subtrees.  Implies -r.</p>
1402 </dd>
1403 <dt class="hdlist1">--root</dt>
1404 <dd>
1405 <p>When <code>--root</code> is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big
1406 creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against the NULL tree.</p>
1407 </dd>
1408 <dt class="hdlist1">--merge-base</dt>
1409 <dd>
1410 <p>Instead of comparing the &lt;tree-ish&gt;s directly, use the merge
1411 base between the two &lt;tree-ish&gt;s as the "before" side.  There
1412 must be two &lt;tree-ish&gt;s given and they must both be commits.</p>
1413 </dd>
1414 <dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
1415 <dd>
1416 <p>When <code>--stdin</code> is specified, the command does not take
1417 &lt;tree-ish&gt; arguments from the command line.  Instead, it
1418 reads lines containing either two &lt;tree&gt;, one &lt;commit&gt;, or a
1419 list of &lt;commit&gt; from its standard input.  (Use a single space
1420 as separator.)</p>
1421 <div class="paragraph">
1422 <p>When two trees are given, it compares the first tree with the second.
1423 When a single commit is given, it compares the commit with its
1424 parents.  The remaining commits, when given, are used as if they are
1425 parents of the first commit.</p>
1426 </div>
1427 <div class="paragraph">
1428 <p>When comparing two trees, the ID of both trees (separated by a space
1429 and terminated by a newline) is printed before the difference.  When
1430 comparing commits, the ID of the first (or only) commit, followed by a
1431 newline, is printed.</p>
1432 </div>
1433 <div class="paragraph">
1434 <p>The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing
1435 commits (but not trees).</p>
1436 </div>
1437 </dd>
1438 <dt class="hdlist1">-m</dt>
1439 <dd>
1440 <p>By default, <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> does not show
1441 differences for merge commits.  With this flag, it shows
1442 differences to that commit from all of its parents. See
1443 also <code>-c</code>.</p>
1444 </dd>
1445 <dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
1446 <dd>
1447 <p>By default, <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> shows differences,
1448 either in machine-readable form (without <code>-p</code>) or in patch
1449 form (with <code>-p</code>).  This output can be suppressed.  It is
1450 only useful with the <code>-v</code> flag.</p>
1451 </dd>
1452 <dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
1453 <dd>
1454 <p>This flag causes <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> to also show
1455 the commit message before the differences.</p>
1456 </dd>
1457 <dt class="hdlist1">--pretty[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
1458 <dt class="hdlist1">--format=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
1459 <dd>
1460 <p>Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
1461 where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
1462 <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>
1463 and <em>tformat:&lt;string&gt;</em>.  When <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> is none of the above,
1464 and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
1465 <em>--pretty=tformat:&lt;format&gt;</em> were given.</p>
1466 <div class="paragraph">
1467 <p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
1468 format.  When <em>=&lt;format&gt;</em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p>
1469 </div>
1470 <div class="paragraph">
1471 <p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
1472 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
1473 </div>
1474 </dd>
1475 <dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev-commit</dt>
1476 <dd>
1477 <p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
1478 name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
1479 "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed)
1480 option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.</p>
1481 <div class="paragraph">
1482 <p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
1483 people using 80-column terminals.</p>
1484 </div>
1485 </dd>
1486 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-abbrev-commit</dt>
1487 <dd>
1488 <p>Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
1489 <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
1490 as "--oneline". It also overrides the <code>log.abbrevCommit</code> variable.</p>
1491 </dd>
1492 <dt class="hdlist1">--oneline</dt>
1493 <dd>
1494 <p>This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
1495 used together.</p>
1496 </dd>
1497 <dt class="hdlist1">--encoding=&lt;encoding&gt;</dt>
1498 <dd>
1499 <p>Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
1500 in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
1501 command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
1502 preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
1503 defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
1504 in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
1505 verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
1506 commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
1507 to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
1508 object verbatim.</p>
1509 </dd>
1510 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs=&lt;n&gt;</dt>
1511 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs</dt>
1512 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-expand-tabs</dt>
1513 <dd>
1514 <p>Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
1515 to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>)
1516 in the log message before showing it in the output.
1517 <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
1518 <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
1519 which disables tab expansion.</p>
1520 <div class="paragraph">
1521 <p>By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
1522 message by 4 spaces (i.e.  <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
1523 and <em>fuller</em>).</p>
1524 </div>
1525 </dd>
1526 <dt class="hdlist1">--notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]</dt>
1527 <dd>
1528 <p>Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
1529 commit, when showing the commit log message.  This is the default
1530 for <code>git log</code>, <code>git show</code> and <code>git whatchanged</code> commands when
1531 there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code>, or <code>--oneline</code> option given
1532 on the command line.</p>
1533 <div class="paragraph">
1534 <p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
1535 <code>core.notesRef</code> and <code>notes.displayRef</code> variables (or corresponding
1536 environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p>
1537 </div>
1538 <div class="paragraph">
1539 <p>With an optional <em>&lt;ref&gt;</em> argument, use the ref to find the notes
1540 to display.  The ref can specify the full refname when it begins
1541 with <code>refs/notes/</code>; when it begins with <code>notes/</code>, <code>refs/</code> and otherwise
1542 <code>refs/notes/</code> is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.</p>
1543 </div>
1544 <div class="paragraph">
1545 <p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
1546 being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
1547 "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
1548 "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p>
1549 </div>
1550 </dd>
1551 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-notes</dt>
1552 <dd>
1553 <p>Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
1554 resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
1555 Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
1556 "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
1557 from "refs/notes/bar".</p>
1558 </dd>
1559 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes-by-default</dt>
1560 <dd>
1561 <p>Show the default notes unless options for displaying specific
1562 notes are given.</p>
1563 </dd>
1564 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]</dt>
1565 <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]standard-notes</dt>
1566 <dd>
1567 <p>These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
1568 options instead.</p>
1569 </dd>
1570 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-signature</dt>
1571 <dd>
1572 <p>Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
1573 to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.</p>
1574 </dd>
1575 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-commit-id</dt>
1576 <dd>
1577 <p><em>git diff-tree</em> outputs a line with the commit ID when
1578 applicable.  This flag suppresses the commit ID output.</p>
1579 </dd>
1580 <dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
1581 <dd>
1582 <p>This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed
1583 (which means it is useful only when the command is given
1584 one &lt;tree-ish&gt;, or <code>--stdin</code>).  It shows the differences
1585 from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously
1586 instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the
1587 result one at a time (which is what the <code>-m</code> option does).
1588 Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified
1589 from all parents.</p>
1590 </dd>
1591 <dt class="hdlist1">--cc</dt>
1592 <dd>
1593 <p>This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed,
1594 in a similar way to the <code>-c</code> option. It implies the <code>-c</code>
1595 and <code>-p</code> options and further compresses the patch output
1596 by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
1597 have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
1598 without modification.  When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit
1599 itself and the commit log message are not shown, just like in any other
1600 "empty diff" case.</p>
1601 </dd>
1602 <dt class="hdlist1">--combined-all-paths</dt>
1603 <dd>
1604 <p>This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to
1605 list the name of the file from all parents.  It thus only has
1606 effect when -c or --cc are specified, and is likely only
1607 useful if filename changes are detected (i.e. when either
1608 rename or copy detection have been requested).</p>
1609 </dd>
1610 <dt class="hdlist1">--always</dt>
1611 <dd>
1612 <p>Show the commit itself and the commit log message even
1613 if the diff itself is empty.</p>
1614 </dd>
1615 </dl>
1616 </div>
1617 </div>
1618 </div>
1619 <div class="sect1">
1620 <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
1621 <div class="sectionbody">
1622 <div class="paragraph">
1623 <p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
1624 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
1625 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line.  This line begins with
1626 "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
1627 separated by spaces.  Note that the listed commits may not
1628 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
1629 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
1630 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
1631 file.</p>
1632 </div>
1633 <div class="paragraph">
1634 <p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
1635 additional formats by setting a pretty.&lt;name&gt;
1636 config option to either another format name, or a
1637 <em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
1638 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
1639 built-in formats:</p>
1640 </div>
1641 <div class="ulist">
1642 <ul>
1643 <li>
1644 <p><em>oneline</em></p>
1645 <div class="literalblock">
1646 <div class="content">
1647 <pre>&lt;hash&gt; &lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1648 </div>
1649 </div>
1650 <div class="paragraph">
1651 <p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
1652 </div>
1653 </li>
1654 <li>
1655 <p><em>short</em></p>
1656 <div class="literalblock">
1657 <div class="content">
1658 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
1659 Author: &lt;author&gt;</pre>
1660 </div>
1661 </div>
1662 <div class="literalblock">
1663 <div class="content">
1664 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1665 </div>
1666 </div>
1667 </li>
1668 <li>
1669 <p><em>medium</em></p>
1670 <div class="literalblock">
1671 <div class="content">
1672 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
1673 Author: &lt;author&gt;
1674 Date:   &lt;author-date&gt;</pre>
1675 </div>
1676 </div>
1677 <div class="literalblock">
1678 <div class="content">
1679 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1680 </div>
1681 </div>
1682 <div class="literalblock">
1683 <div class="content">
1684 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
1685 </div>
1686 </div>
1687 </li>
1688 <li>
1689 <p><em>full</em></p>
1690 <div class="literalblock">
1691 <div class="content">
1692 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
1693 Author: &lt;author&gt;
1694 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</pre>
1695 </div>
1696 </div>
1697 <div class="literalblock">
1698 <div class="content">
1699 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1700 </div>
1701 </div>
1702 <div class="literalblock">
1703 <div class="content">
1704 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
1705 </div>
1706 </div>
1707 </li>
1708 <li>
1709 <p><em>fuller</em></p>
1710 <div class="literalblock">
1711 <div class="content">
1712 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
1713 Author:     &lt;author&gt;
1714 AuthorDate: &lt;author-date&gt;
1715 Commit:     &lt;committer&gt;
1716 CommitDate: &lt;committer-date&gt;</pre>
1717 </div>
1718 </div>
1719 <div class="literalblock">
1720 <div class="content">
1721 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1722 </div>
1723 </div>
1724 <div class="literalblock">
1725 <div class="content">
1726 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
1727 </div>
1728 </div>
1729 </li>
1730 <li>
1731 <p><em>reference</em></p>
1732 <div class="literalblock">
1733 <div class="content">
1734 <pre>&lt;abbrev-hash&gt; (&lt;title-line&gt;, &lt;short-author-date&gt;)</pre>
1735 </div>
1736 </div>
1737 <div class="paragraph">
1738 <p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
1739 is the same as <code>--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'</code>.  By default,
1740 the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
1741 is explicitly specified.  As with any <code>format:</code> with format
1742 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
1743 <code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
1744 </div>
1745 </li>
1746 <li>
1747 <p><em>email</em></p>
1748 <div class="literalblock">
1749 <div class="content">
1750 <pre>From &lt;hash&gt; &lt;date&gt;
1751 From: &lt;author&gt;
1752 Date: &lt;author-date&gt;
1753 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
1754 </div>
1755 </div>
1756 <div class="literalblock">
1757 <div class="content">
1758 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
1759 </div>
1760 </div>
1761 </li>
1762 <li>
1763 <p><em>mboxrd</em></p>
1764 <div class="paragraph">
1765 <p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
1766 (preceded by zero or more "&gt;") are quoted with "&gt;" so they aren&#8217;t
1767 confused as starting a new commit.</p>
1768 </div>
1769 </li>
1770 <li>
1771 <p><em>raw</em></p>
1772 <div class="paragraph">
1773 <p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
1774 stored in the commit object.  Notably, the hashes are
1775 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
1776 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
1777 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
1778 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
1779 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
1780 <code>git log --raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
1781 use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p>
1782 </div>
1783 </li>
1784 <li>
1785 <p><em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em></p>
1786 <div class="paragraph">
1787 <p>The <em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em> format allows you to specify which information
1788 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
1789 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
1790 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
1791 </div>
1792 <div class="paragraph">
1793 <p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
1794 would show something like this:</p>
1795 </div>
1796 <div class="listingblock">
1797 <div class="content">
1798 <pre>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
1799 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;</pre>
1800 </div>
1801 </div>
1802 <div class="paragraph">
1803 <p>The placeholders are:</p>
1804 </div>
1805 <div class="ulist">
1806 <ul>
1807 <li>
1808 <p>Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:</p>
1809 <div class="dlist">
1810 <dl>
1811 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%n</em></dt>
1812 <dd>
1813 <p>newline</p>
1814 </dd>
1815 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%%</em></dt>
1816 <dd>
1817 <p>a raw <em>%</em></p>
1818 </dd>
1819 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%x00</em></dt>
1820 <dd>
1821 <p><em>%x</em> followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a
1822 byte with the hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this
1823 "literal formatting code" in the rest of this document).</p>
1824 </dd>
1825 </dl>
1826 </div>
1827 </li>
1828 <li>
1829 <p>Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:</p>
1830 <div class="dlist">
1831 <dl>
1832 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cred</em></dt>
1833 <dd>
1834 <p>switch color to red</p>
1835 </dd>
1836 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cgreen</em></dt>
1837 <dd>
1838 <p>switch color to green</p>
1839 </dd>
1840 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cblue</em></dt>
1841 <dd>
1842 <p>switch color to blue</p>
1843 </dd>
1844 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Creset</em></dt>
1845 <dd>
1846 <p>reset color</p>
1847 </dd>
1848 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%C(&#8230;&#8203;)</em></dt>
1849 <dd>
1850 <p>color specification, as described under Values in the
1851 "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.  By
1852 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
1853 (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
1854 the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
1855 terminal). <code>%C(auto,...)</code> is accepted as a historical
1856 synonym for the default (e.g., <code>%C(auto,red)</code>). Specifying
1857 <code>%C(always,...)</code> will show the colors even when color is
1858 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
1859 <code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
1860 including this format and anything else git might color).
1861 <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
1862 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
1863 again.</p>
1864 </dd>
1865 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%m</em></dt>
1866 <dd>
1867 <p>left (<code>&lt;</code>), right (<code>&gt;</code>) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark</p>
1868 </dd>
1869 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%w([&lt;w&gt;[,&lt;i1&gt;[,&lt;i2&gt;]]])</em></dt>
1870 <dd>
1871 <p>switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
1872 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.</p>
1873 </dd>
1874 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em></dt>
1875 <dd>
1876 <p>make the next placeholder take at
1877 least N column widths, padding spaces on
1878 the right if necessary.  Optionally
1879 truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..ft</code>,
1880 the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi..le</code>, or the end
1881 (trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
1882 N columns.
1883 Note 1: that truncating
1884 only works correctly with N &gt;= 2.
1885 Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
1886 values are optional.
1887 Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
1888 will take two display columns, which may
1889 over-run column boundaries.
1890 Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
1891 may be misplaced at padding boundaries.</p>
1892 </dd>
1893 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
1894 <dd>
1895 <p>make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
1896 display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
1897 Use negative M values for column positions measured
1898 from the right hand edge of the terminal window.</p>
1899 </dd>
1900 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
1901 <dd>
1902 <p>similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em> respectively,
1903 but padding spaces on the left</p>
1904 </dd>
1905 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
1906 <dd>
1907 <p>similar to <em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
1908 respectively, except that if the next
1909 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
1910 there are spaces on its left, use those
1911 spaces</p>
1912 </dd>
1913 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
1914 <dd>
1915 <p>similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
1916 respectively, but padding both sides
1917 (i.e. the text is centered)</p>
1918 </dd>
1919 </dl>
1920 </div>
1921 </li>
1922 <li>
1923 <p>Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:</p>
1924 <div class="dlist">
1925 <dl>
1926 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%H</em></dt>
1927 <dd>
1928 <p>commit hash</p>
1929 </dd>
1930 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%h</em></dt>
1931 <dd>
1932 <p>abbreviated commit hash</p>
1933 </dd>
1934 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%T</em></dt>
1935 <dd>
1936 <p>tree hash</p>
1937 </dd>
1938 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%t</em></dt>
1939 <dd>
1940 <p>abbreviated tree hash</p>
1941 </dd>
1942 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%P</em></dt>
1943 <dd>
1944 <p>parent hashes</p>
1945 </dd>
1946 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%p</em></dt>
1947 <dd>
1948 <p>abbreviated parent hashes</p>
1949 </dd>
1950 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%an</em></dt>
1951 <dd>
1952 <p>author name</p>
1953 </dd>
1954 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aN</em></dt>
1955 <dd>
1956 <p>author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1957 or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
1958 </dd>
1959 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ae</em></dt>
1960 <dd>
1961 <p>author email</p>
1962 </dd>
1963 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aE</em></dt>
1964 <dd>
1965 <p>author email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1966 or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
1967 </dd>
1968 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%al</em></dt>
1969 <dd>
1970 <p>author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
1971 </dd>
1972 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aL</em></dt>
1973 <dd>
1974 <p>author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
1975 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
1976 </dd>
1977 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ad</em></dt>
1978 <dd>
1979 <p>author date (format respects --date= option)</p>
1980 </dd>
1981 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aD</em></dt>
1982 <dd>
1983 <p>author date, RFC2822 style</p>
1984 </dd>
1985 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ar</em></dt>
1986 <dd>
1987 <p>author date, relative</p>
1988 </dd>
1989 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%at</em></dt>
1990 <dd>
1991 <p>author date, UNIX timestamp</p>
1992 </dd>
1993 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ai</em></dt>
1994 <dd>
1995 <p>author date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
1996 </dd>
1997 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aI</em></dt>
1998 <dd>
1999 <p>author date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
2000 </dd>
2001 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%as</em></dt>
2002 <dd>
2003 <p>author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
2004 </dd>
2005 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ah</em></dt>
2006 <dd>
2007 <p>author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
2008 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
2009 </dd>
2010 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cn</em></dt>
2011 <dd>
2012 <p>committer name</p>
2013 </dd>
2014 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cN</em></dt>
2015 <dd>
2016 <p>committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
2017 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2018 </dd>
2019 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ce</em></dt>
2020 <dd>
2021 <p>committer email</p>
2022 </dd>
2023 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cE</em></dt>
2024 <dd>
2025 <p>committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
2026 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2027 </dd>
2028 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cl</em></dt>
2029 <dd>
2030 <p>committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
2031 </dd>
2032 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cL</em></dt>
2033 <dd>
2034 <p>committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
2035 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2036 </dd>
2037 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cd</em></dt>
2038 <dd>
2039 <p>committer date (format respects --date= option)</p>
2040 </dd>
2041 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cD</em></dt>
2042 <dd>
2043 <p>committer date, RFC2822 style</p>
2044 </dd>
2045 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cr</em></dt>
2046 <dd>
2047 <p>committer date, relative</p>
2048 </dd>
2049 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ct</em></dt>
2050 <dd>
2051 <p>committer date, UNIX timestamp</p>
2052 </dd>
2053 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ci</em></dt>
2054 <dd>
2055 <p>committer date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
2056 </dd>
2057 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cI</em></dt>
2058 <dd>
2059 <p>committer date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
2060 </dd>
2061 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cs</em></dt>
2062 <dd>
2063 <p>committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
2064 </dd>
2065 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ch</em></dt>
2066 <dd>
2067 <p>committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
2068 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
2069 </dd>
2070 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%d</em></dt>
2071 <dd>
2072 <p>ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></p>
2073 </dd>
2074 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%D</em></dt>
2075 <dd>
2076 <p>ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.</p>
2077 </dd>
2078 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(decorate[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2079 <dd>
2080 <p>ref names with custom decorations. The <code>decorate</code> string may be followed by a
2081 colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
2082 literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (<code>%x2C</code>) and closing
2083 parentheses (<code>%x29</code>), due to their role in the option syntax.</p>
2084 <div class="ulist">
2085 <ul>
2086 <li>
2087 <p><em>prefix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before the list of ref names.  Defaults to "&#160;<code>(</code>".</p>
2088 </li>
2089 <li>
2090 <p><em>suffix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown after the list of ref names.  Defaults to "<code>)</code>".</p>
2091 </li>
2092 <li>
2093 <p><em>separator=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between ref names.  Defaults to "<code>,</code>&#160;".</p>
2094 </li>
2095 <li>
2096 <p><em>pointer=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
2097 Defaults to "&#160;<code>-&gt;</code>&#160;".</p>
2098 </li>
2099 <li>
2100 <p><em>tag=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before tag names. Defaults to "<code>tag:</code>&#160;".</p>
2101 </li>
2102 </ul>
2103 </div>
2104 </dd>
2105 </dl>
2106 </div>
2107 </li>
2108 </ul>
2109 </div>
2110 <div class="paragraph">
2111 <p>For example, to produce decorations with no wrapping
2112 or tag annotations, and spaces as separators:</p>
2113 </div>
2114 <div class="paragraph">
2115 <p>+
2116 <code>%(decorate:prefix=,suffix=,tag=,separator= )</code></p>
2117 </div>
2118 <div class="dlist">
2119 <dl>
2120 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(describe[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2121 <dd>
2122 <p>human-readable name, like <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>; empty string for
2123 undescribable commits.  The <code>describe</code> string may be followed by a colon and
2124 zero or more comma-separated options.  Descriptions can be inconsistent when
2125 tags are added or removed at the same time.</p>
2126 <div class="ulist">
2127 <ul>
2128 <li>
2129 <p><em>tags[=&lt;bool-value&gt;]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
2130 consider lightweight tags as well.</p>
2131 </li>
2132 <li>
2133 <p><em>abbrev=&lt;number&gt;</em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
2134 (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
2135 default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use &lt;number&gt; digits, or as many
2136 digits as needed to form a unique object name.</p>
2137 </li>
2138 <li>
2139 <p><em>match=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Only consider tags matching the given
2140 <code>glob(7)</code> pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
2141 </li>
2142 <li>
2143 <p><em>exclude=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
2144 <code>glob(7)</code> pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
2145 </li>
2146 </ul>
2147 </div>
2148 </dd>
2149 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%S</em></dt>
2150 <dd>
2151 <p>ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
2152 (like <code>git log --source</code>), only works with <code>git log</code></p>
2153 </dd>
2154 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%e</em></dt>
2155 <dd>
2156 <p>encoding</p>
2157 </dd>
2158 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%s</em></dt>
2159 <dd>
2160 <p>subject</p>
2161 </dd>
2162 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%f</em></dt>
2163 <dd>
2164 <p>sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename</p>
2165 </dd>
2166 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%b</em></dt>
2167 <dd>
2168 <p>body</p>
2169 </dd>
2170 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%B</em></dt>
2171 <dd>
2172 <p>raw body (unwrapped subject and body)</p>
2173 </dd>
2174 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%N</em></dt>
2175 <dd>
2176 <p>commit notes</p>
2177 </dd>
2178 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GG</em></dt>
2179 <dd>
2180 <p>raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit</p>
2181 </dd>
2182 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%G?</em></dt>
2183 <dd>
2184 <p>show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
2185 "B" for a bad signature,
2186 "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
2187 "X" for a good signature that has expired,
2188 "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
2189 "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
2190 "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
2191 and "N" for no signature</p>
2192 </dd>
2193 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GS</em></dt>
2194 <dd>
2195 <p>show the name of the signer for a signed commit</p>
2196 </dd>
2197 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GK</em></dt>
2198 <dd>
2199 <p>show the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2200 </dd>
2201 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GF</em></dt>
2202 <dd>
2203 <p>show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2204 </dd>
2205 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GP</em></dt>
2206 <dd>
2207 <p>show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
2208 to sign a signed commit</p>
2209 </dd>
2210 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GT</em></dt>
2211 <dd>
2212 <p>show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2213 </dd>
2214 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gD</em></dt>
2215 <dd>
2216 <p>reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code> or <code>refs/stash@{2
2217 minutes ago}</code>; the format follows the rules described for the
2218 <code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
2219 given on the command line (so <code>git log -g refs/heads/master</code>
2220 would yield <code>refs/heads/master@{0}</code>).</p>
2221 </dd>
2222 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gd</em></dt>
2223 <dd>
2224 <p>shortened reflog selector; same as <code>%gD</code>, but the refname
2225 portion is shortened for human readability (so
2226 <code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).</p>
2227 </dd>
2228 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gn</em></dt>
2229 <dd>
2230 <p>reflog identity name</p>
2231 </dd>
2232 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gN</em></dt>
2233 <dd>
2234 <p>reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
2235 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2236 </dd>
2237 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ge</em></dt>
2238 <dd>
2239 <p>reflog identity email</p>
2240 </dd>
2241 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gE</em></dt>
2242 <dd>
2243 <p>reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
2244 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2245 </dd>
2246 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gs</em></dt>
2247 <dd>
2248 <p>reflog subject</p>
2249 </dd>
2250 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(trailers[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2251 <dd>
2252 <p>display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
2253 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>. The <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by
2254 a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided
2255 multiple times, the last occurrence wins.</p>
2256 <div class="ulist">
2257 <ul>
2258 <li>
2259 <p><em>key=&lt;key&gt;</em>: only show trailers with specified &lt;key&gt;. Matching is done
2260 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
2261 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
2262 shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
2263 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
2264 desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>.  E.g.,
2265 <code>%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)</code> shows trailer lines with key
2266 <code>Reviewed-by</code>.</p>
2267 </li>
2268 <li>
2269 <p><em>only[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
2270 block should be included.</p>
2271 </li>
2272 <li>
2273 <p><em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between trailer
2274 lines. Defaults to a line feed character. The string &lt;sep&gt; may contain
2275 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
2276 separator one must use <code>%x2C</code> as it would otherwise be parsed as
2277 next option. E.g., <code>%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )</code>
2278 shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
2279 and a space.</p>
2280 </li>
2281 <li>
2282 <p><em>unfold[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer&#8217;s <code>--unfold</code>
2283 option was given. E.g.,
2284 <code>%(trailers:only,unfold=true)</code> unfolds and shows all trailer lines.</p>
2285 </li>
2286 <li>
2287 <p><em>keyonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.</p>
2288 </li>
2289 <li>
2290 <p><em>valueonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.</p>
2291 </li>
2292 <li>
2293 <p><em>key_value_separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between
2294 the key and value of each trailer. Defaults to ": ". Otherwise it
2295 shares the same semantics as <em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em> above.</p>
2296 </li>
2297 </ul>
2298 </div>
2299 </dd>
2300 </dl>
2301 </div>
2302 </li>
2303 </ul>
2304 </div>
2305 <div class="admonitionblock note">
2306 <table>
2307 <tr>
2308 <td class="icon">
2309 <div class="title">Note</div>
2310 </td>
2311 <td class="content">
2312 Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
2313 revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
2314 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
2315 <code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> and <code>%D</code> placeholders will use the "short"
2316 decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
2317 line.
2318 </td>
2319 </tr>
2320 </table>
2321 </div>
2322 <div class="paragraph">
2323 <p>The boolean options accept an optional value <code>[=&lt;bool-value&gt;]</code>. The values
2324 <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>on</code>, <code>off</code> etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
2325 sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. If a boolean
2326 option is given with no value, it&#8217;s enabled.</p>
2327 </div>
2328 <div class="paragraph">
2329 <p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
2330 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
2331 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
2332 </div>
2333 <div class="paragraph">
2334 <p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
2335 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
2336 placeholder expands to an empty string.</p>
2337 </div>
2338 <div class="paragraph">
2339 <p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
2340 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
2341 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
2342 </div>
2343 <div class="ulist">
2344 <ul>
2345 <li>
2346 <p><em>tformat:</em></p>
2347 <div class="paragraph">
2348 <p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
2349 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
2350 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
2351 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
2352 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
2353 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
2354 For example:</p>
2355 </div>
2356 <div class="listingblock">
2357 <div class="content">
2358 <pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
2359   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
2360 4da45be
2361 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
2362
2363 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
2364   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
2365 4da45be
2366 7134973</pre>
2367 </div>
2368 </div>
2369 <div class="paragraph">
2370 <p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
2371 as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it.  For example, these two are
2372 equivalent:</p>
2373 </div>
2374 <div class="listingblock">
2375 <div class="content">
2376 <pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
2377 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</pre>
2378 </div>
2379 </div>
2380 </li>
2381 </ul>
2382 </div>
2383 </div>
2384 </div>
2385 <div class="sect1">
2386 <h2 id="_raw_output_format">Raw output format</h2>
2387 <div class="sectionbody">
2388 <div class="paragraph">
2389 <p>The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree",
2390 "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar.</p>
2391 </div>
2392 <div class="paragraph">
2393 <p>These commands all compare two sets of things; what is
2394 compared differs:</p>
2395 </div>
2396 <div class="dlist">
2397 <dl>
2398 <dt class="hdlist1">git-diff-index &lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
2399 <dd>
2400 <p>compares the &lt;tree-ish&gt; and the files on the filesystem.</p>
2401 </dd>
2402 <dt class="hdlist1">git-diff-index --cached &lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
2403 <dd>
2404 <p>compares the &lt;tree-ish&gt; and the index.</p>
2405 </dd>
2406 <dt class="hdlist1">git-diff-tree [-r] &lt;tree-ish-1&gt; &lt;tree-ish-2&gt; [&lt;pattern&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
2407 <dd>
2408 <p>compares the trees named by the two arguments.</p>
2409 </dd>
2410 <dt class="hdlist1">git-diff-files [&lt;pattern&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
2411 <dd>
2412 <p>compares the index and the files on the filesystem.</p>
2413 </dd>
2414 </dl>
2415 </div>
2416 <div class="paragraph">
2417 <p>The "git-diff-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of
2418 what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output
2419 line per changed file.</p>
2420 </div>
2421 <div class="paragraph">
2422 <p>An output line is formatted this way:</p>
2423 </div>
2424 <div class="listingblock">
2425 <div class="content">
2426 <pre>in-place edit  :100644 100644 bcd1234 0123456 M file0
2427 copy-edit      :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 C68 file1 file2
2428 rename-edit    :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 R86 file1 file3
2429 create         :000000 100644 0000000 1234567 A file4
2430 delete         :100644 000000 1234567 0000000 D file5
2431 unmerged       :000000 000000 0000000 0000000 U file6</pre>
2432 </div>
2433 </div>
2434 <div class="paragraph">
2435 <p>That is, from the left to the right:</p>
2436 </div>
2437 <div class="olist arabic">
2438 <ol class="arabic">
2439 <li>
2440 <p>a colon.</p>
2441 </li>
2442 <li>
2443 <p>mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.</p>
2444 </li>
2445 <li>
2446 <p>a space.</p>
2447 </li>
2448 <li>
2449 <p>mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.</p>
2450 </li>
2451 <li>
2452 <p>a space.</p>
2453 </li>
2454 <li>
2455 <p>sha1 for "src"; 0{40} if creation or unmerged.</p>
2456 </li>
2457 <li>
2458 <p>a space.</p>
2459 </li>
2460 <li>
2461 <p>sha1 for "dst"; 0{40} if deletion, unmerged or "work tree out of sync with the index".</p>
2462 </li>
2463 <li>
2464 <p>a space.</p>
2465 </li>
2466 <li>
2467 <p>status, followed by optional "score" number.</p>
2468 </li>
2469 <li>
2470 <p>a tab or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used.</p>
2471 </li>
2472 <li>
2473 <p>path for "src"</p>
2474 </li>
2475 <li>
2476 <p>a tab or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used; only exists for C or R.</p>
2477 </li>
2478 <li>
2479 <p>path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.</p>
2480 </li>
2481 <li>
2482 <p>an LF or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used, to terminate the record.</p>
2483 </li>
2484 </ol>
2485 </div>
2486 <div class="paragraph">
2487 <p>Possible status letters are:</p>
2488 </div>
2489 <div class="ulist">
2490 <ul>
2491 <li>
2492 <p>A: addition of a file</p>
2493 </li>
2494 <li>
2495 <p>C: copy of a file into a new one</p>
2496 </li>
2497 <li>
2498 <p>D: deletion of a file</p>
2499 </li>
2500 <li>
2501 <p>M: modification of the contents or mode of a file</p>
2502 </li>
2503 <li>
2504 <p>R: renaming of a file</p>
2505 </li>
2506 <li>
2507 <p>T: change in the type of the file (regular file, symbolic link or submodule)</p>
2508 </li>
2509 <li>
2510 <p>U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can
2511 be committed)</p>
2512 </li>
2513 <li>
2514 <p>X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it)</p>
2515 </li>
2516 </ul>
2517 </div>
2518 <div class="paragraph">
2519 <p>Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the
2520 percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or
2521 copy).  Status letter M may be followed by a score (denoting the
2522 percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites.</p>
2523 </div>
2524 <div class="paragraph">
2525 <p>The sha1 for "dst" is shown as all 0&#8217;s if a file on the filesystem
2526 is out of sync with the index.</p>
2527 </div>
2528 <div class="paragraph">
2529 <p>Example:</p>
2530 </div>
2531 <div class="listingblock">
2532 <div class="content">
2533 <pre>:100644 100644 5be4a4a 0000000 M file.c</pre>
2534 </div>
2535 </div>
2536 <div class="paragraph">
2537 <p>Without the <code>-z</code> option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
2538 quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
2539 (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).  Using <code>-z</code> the filename is output
2540 verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.</p>
2541 </div>
2542 </div>
2543 </div>
2544 <div class="sect1">
2545 <h2 id="_diff_format_for_merges">diff format for merges</h2>
2546 <div class="sectionbody">
2547 <div class="paragraph">
2548 <p>"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff --raw"
2549 can take <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code> option
2550 to generate diff output also for merge commits.  The output differs
2551 from the format described above in the following way:</p>
2552 </div>
2553 <div class="olist arabic">
2554 <ol class="arabic">
2555 <li>
2556 <p>there is a colon for each parent</p>
2557 </li>
2558 <li>
2559 <p>there are more "src" modes and "src" sha1</p>
2560 </li>
2561 <li>
2562 <p>status is concatenated status characters for each parent</p>
2563 </li>
2564 <li>
2565 <p>no optional "score" number</p>
2566 </li>
2567 <li>
2568 <p>tab-separated pathname(s) of the file</p>
2569 </li>
2570 </ol>
2571 </div>
2572 <div class="paragraph">
2573 <p>For <code>-c</code> and <code>--cc</code>, only the destination or final path is shown even
2574 if the file was renamed on any side of history.  With
2575 <code>--combined-all-paths</code>, the name of the path in each parent is shown
2576 followed by the name of the path in the merge commit.</p>
2577 </div>
2578 <div class="paragraph">
2579 <p>Examples for <code>-c</code> and <code>--cc</code> without <code>--combined-all-paths</code>:</p>
2580 </div>
2581 <div class="listingblock">
2582 <div class="content">
2583 <pre>::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM       desc.c
2584 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM       bar.sh
2585 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR       phooey.c</pre>
2586 </div>
2587 </div>
2588 <div class="paragraph">
2589 <p>Examples when <code>--combined-all-paths</code> added to either <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code>:</p>
2590 </div>
2591 <div class="listingblock">
2592 <div class="content">
2593 <pre>::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM       desc.c  desc.c  desc.c
2594 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM       foo.sh  bar.sh  bar.sh
2595 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR       fooey.c fuey.c  phooey.c</pre>
2596 </div>
2597 </div>
2598 <div class="paragraph">
2599 <p>Note that <em>combined diff</em> lists only files which were modified from
2600 all parents.</p>
2601 </div>
2602 </div>
2603 </div>
2604 <div class="sect1">
2605 <h2 id="generate_patch_text_with_p">Generating patch text with -p</h2>
2606 <div class="sectionbody">
2607 <div class="paragraph">
2608 <p>Running
2609 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>,
2610 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
2611 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>,
2612 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>,
2613 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>, or
2614 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
2615 with the <code>-p</code> option produces patch text.
2616 You can customize the creation of patch text via the
2617 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> and the <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code> environment variables
2618 (see <a href="git.html">git(1)</a>), and the <code>diff</code> attribute (see <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
2619 </div>
2620 <div class="paragraph">
2621 <p>What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
2622 diff format:</p>
2623 </div>
2624 <div class="olist arabic">
2625 <ol class="arabic">
2626 <li>
2627 <p>It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:</p>
2628 <div class="literalblock">
2629 <div class="content">
2630 <pre>diff --git a/file1 b/file2</pre>
2631 </div>
2632 </div>
2633 <div class="paragraph">
2634 <p>The <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
2635 involved.  Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
2636 <code>/dev/null</code> is <em>not</em> used in place of the <code>a/</code> or <code>b/</code> filenames.</p>
2637 </div>
2638 <div class="paragraph">
2639 <p>When a rename/copy is involved, <code>file1</code> and <code>file2</code> show the
2640 name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
2641 the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.</p>
2642 </div>
2643 </li>
2644 <li>
2645 <p>It is followed by one or more extended header lines:</p>
2646 <div class="literalblock">
2647 <div class="content">
2648 <pre>old mode &lt;mode&gt;
2649 new mode &lt;mode&gt;
2650 deleted file mode &lt;mode&gt;
2651 new file mode &lt;mode&gt;
2652 copy from &lt;path&gt;
2653 copy to &lt;path&gt;
2654 rename from &lt;path&gt;
2655 rename to &lt;path&gt;
2656 similarity index &lt;number&gt;
2657 dissimilarity index &lt;number&gt;
2658 index &lt;hash&gt;..&lt;hash&gt; &lt;mode&gt;</pre>
2659 </div>
2660 </div>
2661 <div class="paragraph">
2662 <p>File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type
2663 and file permission bits.</p>
2664 </div>
2665 <div class="paragraph">
2666 <p>Path names in extended headers do not include the <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> prefixes.</p>
2667 </div>
2668 <div class="paragraph">
2669 <p>The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and
2670 the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines.  It
2671 is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign.  The
2672 similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal
2673 files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old
2674 file made it into the new one.</p>
2675 </div>
2676 <div class="paragraph">
2677 <p>The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change.
2678 The &lt;mode&gt; is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
2679 separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.</p>
2680 </div>
2681 </li>
2682 <li>
2683 <p>Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
2684 the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
2685 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
2686 </li>
2687 <li>
2688 <p>All the <code>file1</code> files in the output refer to files before the
2689 commit, and all the <code>file2</code> files refer to files after the commit.
2690 It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially.  For
2691 example, this patch will swap a and b:</p>
2692 <div class="literalblock">
2693 <div class="content">
2694 <pre>diff --git a/a b/b
2695 rename from a
2696 rename to b
2697 diff --git a/b b/a
2698 rename from b
2699 rename to a</pre>
2700 </div>
2701 </div>
2702 </li>
2703 <li>
2704 <p>Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
2705 applies.  See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in
2706 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details of how to tailor this to
2707 specific languages.</p>
2708 </li>
2709 </ol>
2710 </div>
2711 </div>
2712 </div>
2713 <div class="sect1">
2714 <h2 id="_combined_diff_format">Combined diff format</h2>
2715 <div class="sectionbody">
2716 <div class="paragraph">
2717 <p>Any diff-generating command can take the <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code> option to
2718 produce a <em>combined diff</em> when showing a merge. This is the default
2719 format when showing merges with <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> or
2720 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>. Note also that you can give suitable
2721 <code>--diff-merges</code> option to any of these commands to force generation of
2722 diffs in a specific format.</p>
2723 </div>
2724 <div class="paragraph">
2725 <p>A "combined diff" format looks like this:</p>
2726 </div>
2727 <div class="listingblock">
2728 <div class="content">
2729 <pre>diff --combined describe.c
2730 index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
2731 --- a/describe.c
2732 +++ b/describe.c
2733 @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
2734         return (a_date &gt; b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
2735   }
2736
2737 - static void describe(char *arg)
2738  -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
2739 ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
2740   {
2741  +      unsigned char sha1[20];
2742  +      struct commit *cmit;
2743         struct commit_list *list;
2744         static int initialized = 0;
2745         struct commit_name *n;
2746
2747  +      if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) &lt; 0)
2748  +              usage(describe_usage);
2749  +      cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
2750  +      if (!cmit)
2751  +              usage(describe_usage);
2752  +
2753         if (!initialized) {
2754                 initialized = 1;
2755                 for_each_ref(get_name);</pre>
2756 </div>
2757 </div>
2758 <div class="olist arabic">
2759 <ol class="arabic">
2760 <li>
2761 <p>It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like
2762 this (when the <code>-c</code> option is used):</p>
2763 <div class="literalblock">
2764 <div class="content">
2765 <pre>diff --combined file</pre>
2766 </div>
2767 </div>
2768 <div class="paragraph">
2769 <p>or like this (when the <code>--cc</code> option is used):</p>
2770 </div>
2771 <div class="literalblock">
2772 <div class="content">
2773 <pre>diff --cc file</pre>
2774 </div>
2775 </div>
2776 </li>
2777 <li>
2778 <p>It is followed by one or more extended header lines
2779 (this example shows a merge with two parents):</p>
2780 <div class="literalblock">
2781 <div class="content">
2782 <pre>index &lt;hash&gt;,&lt;hash&gt;..&lt;hash&gt;
2783 mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;..&lt;mode&gt;
2784 new file mode &lt;mode&gt;
2785 deleted file mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;</pre>
2786 </div>
2787 </div>
2788 <div class="paragraph">
2789 <p>The <code>mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;..&lt;mode&gt;</code> line appears only if at least one of
2790 the &lt;mode&gt; is different from the rest. Extended headers with
2791 information about detected content movement (renames and
2792 copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
2793 &lt;tree-ish&gt; and are not used by combined diff format.</p>
2794 </div>
2795 </li>
2796 <li>
2797 <p>It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:</p>
2798 <div class="literalblock">
2799 <div class="content">
2800 <pre>--- a/file
2801 +++ b/file</pre>
2802 </div>
2803 </div>
2804 <div class="paragraph">
2805 <p>Similar to the two-line header for the traditional <em>unified</em> diff
2806 format, <code>/dev/null</code> is used to signal created or deleted
2807 files.</p>
2808 </div>
2809 <div class="paragraph">
2810 <p>However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a
2811 two-line from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
2812 where N is the number of parents in the merge commit:</p>
2813 </div>
2814 <div class="literalblock">
2815 <div class="content">
2816 <pre>--- a/file
2817 --- a/file
2818 --- a/file
2819 +++ b/file</pre>
2820 </div>
2821 </div>
2822 <div class="paragraph">
2823 <p>This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is
2824 active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different
2825 parents.</p>
2826 </div>
2827 </li>
2828 <li>
2829 <p>Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from
2830 accidentally feeding it to <code>patch -p1</code>. Combined diff format
2831 was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not
2832 meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the
2833 extended <em>index</em> header:</p>
2834 <div class="literalblock">
2835 <div class="content">
2836 <pre>@@@ &lt;from-file-range&gt; &lt;from-file-range&gt; &lt;to-file-range&gt; @@@</pre>
2837 </div>
2838 </div>
2839 <div class="paragraph">
2840 <p>There are (number of parents + 1) <code>@</code> characters in the chunk
2841 header for combined diff format.</p>
2842 </div>
2843 </li>
2844 </ol>
2845 </div>
2846 <div class="paragraph">
2847 <p>Unlike the traditional <em>unified</em> diff format, which shows two
2848 files A and B with a single column that has <code>-</code> (minus&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;appears in A but removed in B), <code>+</code> (plus&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;missing in A but
2849 added to B), or <code>" "</code> (space&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;unchanged) prefix, this format
2850 compares two or more files file1, file2,&#8230;&#8203; with one file X, and
2851 shows how X differs from each of fileN.  One column for each of
2852 fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X&#8217;s line is
2853 different from it.</p>
2854 </div>
2855 <div class="paragraph">
2856 <p>A <code>-</code> character in the column N means that the line appears in
2857 fileN but it does not appear in the result.  A <code>+</code> character
2858 in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
2859 and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
2860 added, from the point of view of that parent).</p>
2861 </div>
2862 <div class="paragraph">
2863 <p>In the above example output, the function signature was changed
2864 from both files (hence two <code>-</code> removals from both file1 and
2865 file2, plus <code>++</code> to mean one line that was added does not appear
2866 in either file1 or file2).  Also, eight other lines are the same
2867 from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with <code>+</code>).</p>
2868 </div>
2869 <div class="paragraph">
2870 <p>When shown by <code>git diff-tree -c</code>, it compares the parents of a
2871 merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
2872 parents).  When shown by <code>git diff-files -c</code>, it compares the
2873 two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
2874 (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
2875 "their version").</p>
2876 </div>
2877 </div>
2878 </div>
2879 <div class="sect1">
2880 <h2 id="_other_diff_formats">other diff formats</h2>
2881 <div class="sectionbody">
2882 <div class="paragraph">
2883 <p>The <code>--summary</code> option describes newly added, deleted, renamed and
2884 copied files.  The <code>--stat</code> option adds diffstat(1) graph to the
2885 output.  These options can be combined with other options, such as
2886 <code>-p</code>, and are meant for human consumption.</p>
2887 </div>
2888 <div class="paragraph">
2889 <p>When showing a change that involves a rename or a copy, <code>--stat</code> output
2890 formats the pathnames compactly by combining common prefix and suffix of
2891 the pathnames.  For example, a change that moves <code>arch/i386/Makefile</code> to
2892 <code>arch/x86/Makefile</code> while modifying 4 lines will be shown like this:</p>
2893 </div>
2894 <div class="listingblock">
2895 <div class="content">
2896 <pre>arch/{i386 =&gt; x86}/Makefile    |   4 +--</pre>
2897 </div>
2898 </div>
2899 <div class="paragraph">
2900 <p>The <code>--numstat</code> option gives the diffstat(1) information but is designed
2901 for easier machine consumption.  An entry in <code>--numstat</code> output looks
2902 like this:</p>
2903 </div>
2904 <div class="listingblock">
2905 <div class="content">
2906 <pre>1       2       README
2907 3       1       arch/{i386 =&gt; x86}/Makefile</pre>
2908 </div>
2909 </div>
2910 <div class="paragraph">
2911 <p>That is, from left to right:</p>
2912 </div>
2913 <div class="olist arabic">
2914 <ol class="arabic">
2915 <li>
2916 <p>the number of added lines;</p>
2917 </li>
2918 <li>
2919 <p>a tab;</p>
2920 </li>
2921 <li>
2922 <p>the number of deleted lines;</p>
2923 </li>
2924 <li>
2925 <p>a tab;</p>
2926 </li>
2927 <li>
2928 <p>pathname (possibly with rename/copy information);</p>
2929 </li>
2930 <li>
2931 <p>a newline.</p>
2932 </li>
2933 </ol>
2934 </div>
2935 <div class="paragraph">
2936 <p>When <code>-z</code> output option is in effect, the output is formatted this way:</p>
2937 </div>
2938 <div class="listingblock">
2939 <div class="content">
2940 <pre>1       2       README NUL
2941 3       1       NUL arch/i386/Makefile NUL arch/x86/Makefile NUL</pre>
2942 </div>
2943 </div>
2944 <div class="paragraph">
2945 <p>That is:</p>
2946 </div>
2947 <div class="olist arabic">
2948 <ol class="arabic">
2949 <li>
2950 <p>the number of added lines;</p>
2951 </li>
2952 <li>
2953 <p>a tab;</p>
2954 </li>
2955 <li>
2956 <p>the number of deleted lines;</p>
2957 </li>
2958 <li>
2959 <p>a tab;</p>
2960 </li>
2961 <li>
2962 <p>a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);</p>
2963 </li>
2964 <li>
2965 <p>pathname in preimage;</p>
2966 </li>
2967 <li>
2968 <p>a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);</p>
2969 </li>
2970 <li>
2971 <p>pathname in postimage (only exists if renamed/copied);</p>
2972 </li>
2973 <li>
2974 <p>a NUL.</p>
2975 </li>
2976 </ol>
2977 </div>
2978 <div class="paragraph">
2979 <p>The extra <code>NUL</code> before the preimage path in renamed case is to allow
2980 scripts that read the output to tell if the current record being read is
2981 a single-path record or a rename/copy record without reading ahead.
2982 After reading added and deleted lines, reading up to <code>NUL</code> would yield
2983 the pathname, but if that is <code>NUL</code>, the record will show two paths.</p>
2984 </div>
2985 </div>
2986 </div>
2987 <div class="sect1">
2988 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2989 <div class="sectionbody">
2990 <div class="paragraph">
2991 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
2992 </div>
2993 </div>
2994 </div>
2995 </div>
2996 <div id="footer">
2997 <div id="footer-text">
2998 Last updated 2024-08-21 14:01:26 -0700
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