gitformat-commit-graph.html

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 443 <h1>gitformat-commit-graph(5) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>gitformat-commit-graph - Git commit-graph format</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content">$GIT_DIR/objects/info/commit-graph
 455 $GIT_DIR/objects/info/commit-graphs/*</pre>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 </div>
 459 <div class="sect1">
 460 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 461 <div class="sectionbody">
 462 <div class="paragraph">
 463 <p>The Git commit-graph stores a list of commit OIDs and some associated
 464 metadata, including:</p>
 465 </div>
 466 <div class="ulist">
 467 <ul>
 468 <li>
 469 <p>The generation number of the commit.</p>
 470 </li>
 471 <li>
 472 <p>The root tree OID.</p>
 473 </li>
 474 <li>
 475 <p>The commit date.</p>
 476 </li>
 477 <li>
 478 <p>The parents of the commit, stored using positional references within
 479 the graph file.</p>
 480 </li>
 481 <li>
 482 <p>The Bloom filter of the commit carrying the paths that were changed between
 483 the commit and its first parent, if requested.</p>
 484 </li>
 485 </ul>
 486 </div>
 487 <div class="paragraph">
 488 <p>These positional references are stored as unsigned 32-bit integers
 489 corresponding to the array position within the list of commit OIDs. Due
 490 to some special constants we use to track parents, we can store at most
 491 (1 &lt;&lt; 30) + (1 &lt;&lt; 29) + (1 &lt;&lt; 28) - 1 (around 1.8 billion) commits.</p>
 492 </div>
 493 </div>
 494 </div>
 495 <div class="sect1">
 496 <h2 id="_commit_graph_files_have_the_following_format">Commit-graph files have the following format:</h2>
 497 <div class="sectionbody">
 498 <div class="paragraph">
 499 <p>In order to allow extensions that add extra data to the graph, we organize
 500 the body into "chunks" and provide a binary lookup table at the beginning
 501 of the body. The header includes certain values, such as number of chunks
 502 and hash type.</p>
 503 </div>
 504 <div class="paragraph">
 505 <p>All multi-byte numbers are in network byte order.</p>
 506 </div>
 507 <div class="sect2">
 508 <h3 id="_header">HEADER:</h3>
 509 <div class="literalblock">
 510 <div class="content">
 511 <pre>4-byte signature:
 512     The signature is: {'C', 'G', 'P', 'H'}</pre>
 513 </div>
 514 </div>
 515 <div class="literalblock">
 516 <div class="content">
 517 <pre>1-byte version number:
 518     Currently, the only valid version is 1.</pre>
 519 </div>
 520 </div>
 521 <div class="literalblock">
 522 <div class="content">
 523 <pre> 1-byte Hash Version
 524      We infer the hash length (H) from this value:
 525 1 =&gt; SHA-1
 526 2 =&gt; SHA-256
 527      If the hash type does not match the repository's hash algorithm, the
 528      commit-graph file should be ignored with a warning presented to the
 529      user.</pre>
 530 </div>
 531 </div>
 532 <div class="literalblock">
 533 <div class="content">
 534 <pre>1-byte number (C) of "chunks"</pre>
 535 </div>
 536 </div>
 537 <div class="literalblock">
 538 <div class="content">
 539 <pre>1-byte number (B) of base commit-graphs
 540     We infer the length (H*B) of the Base Graphs chunk
 541     from this value.</pre>
 542 </div>
 543 </div>
 544 </div>
 545 <div class="sect2">
 546 <h3 id="_chunk_lookup">CHUNK LOOKUP:</h3>
 547 <div class="literalblock">
 548 <div class="content">
 549 <pre>(C + 1) * 12 bytes listing the table of contents for the chunks:
 550     First 4 bytes describe the chunk id. Value 0 is a terminating label.
 551     Other 8 bytes provide the byte-offset in current file for chunk to
 552     start. (Chunks are ordered contiguously in the file, so you can infer
 553     the length using the next chunk position if necessary.) Each chunk
 554     ID appears at most once.</pre>
 555 </div>
 556 </div>
 557 <div class="literalblock">
 558 <div class="content">
 559 <pre>The CHUNK LOOKUP matches the table of contents from
 560 the chunk-based file format, see linkgit:gitformat-chunk[5]</pre>
 561 </div>
 562 </div>
 563 <div class="literalblock">
 564 <div class="content">
 565 <pre>The remaining data in the body is described one chunk at a time, and
 566 these chunks may be given in any order. Chunks are required unless
 567 otherwise specified.</pre>
 568 </div>
 569 </div>
 570 </div>
 571 <div class="sect2">
 572 <h3 id="_chunk_data">CHUNK DATA:</h3>
 573 <div class="sect3">
 574 <h4 id="_oid_fanout_id_o_i_d_f_256_4_bytes">OID Fanout (ID: {<em>O</em>, <em>I</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>F</em>}) (256 * 4 bytes)</h4>
 575 <div class="literalblock">
 576 <div class="content">
 577 <pre>The ith entry, F[i], stores the number of OIDs with first
 578 byte at most i. Thus F[255] stores the total
 579 number of commits (N).</pre>
 580 </div>
 581 </div>
 582 </div>
 583 <div class="sect3">
 584 <h4 id="_oid_lookup_id_o_i_d_l_n_h_bytes">OID Lookup (ID: {<em>O</em>, <em>I</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>L</em>}) (N * H bytes)</h4>
 585 <div class="literalblock">
 586 <div class="content">
 587 <pre>The OIDs for all commits in the graph, sorted in ascending order.</pre>
 588 </div>
 589 </div>
 590 </div>
 591 <div class="sect3">
 592 <h4 id="_commit_data_id_c_d_a_t_n_h_16_bytes">Commit Data (ID: {<em>C</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>A</em>, <em>T</em> }) (N * (H + 16) bytes)</h4>
 593 <div class="ulist">
 594 <ul>
 595 <li>
 596 <p>The first H bytes are for the OID of the root tree.</p>
 597 </li>
 598 <li>
 599 <p>The next 8 bytes are for the positions of the first two parents
 600 of the ith commit. Stores value 0x70000000 if no parent in that
 601 position. If there are more than two parents, the second value
 602 has its most-significant bit on and the other bits store an array
 603 position into the Extra Edge List chunk.</p>
 604 </li>
 605 <li>
 606 <p>The next 8 bytes store the topological level (generation number v1)
 607 of the commit and
 608 the commit time in seconds since EPOCH. The generation number
 609 uses the higher 30 bits of the first 4 bytes, while the commit
 610 time uses the 32 bits of the second 4 bytes, along with the lowest
 611 2 bits of the lowest byte, storing the 33rd and 34th bit of the
 612 commit time.</p>
 613 </li>
 614 </ul>
 615 </div>
 616 </div>
 617 <div class="sect3">
 618 <h4 id="_generation_data_id_g_d_a_2_n_4_bytes_optional">Generation Data (ID: {<em>G</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>A</em>, <em>2</em> }) (N * 4 bytes) [Optional]</h4>
 619 <div class="ulist">
 620 <ul>
 621 <li>
 622 <p>This list of 4-byte values store corrected commit date offsets for the
 623 commits, arranged in the same order as commit data chunk.</p>
 624 </li>
 625 <li>
 626 <p>If the corrected commit date offset cannot be stored within 31 bits,
 627 the value has its most-significant bit on and the other bits store
 628 the position of corrected commit date into the Generation Data Overflow
 629 chunk.</p>
 630 </li>
 631 <li>
 632 <p>Generation Data chunk is present only when commit-graph file is written
 633 by compatible versions of Git and in case of split commit-graph chains,
 634 the topmost layer also has Generation Data chunk.</p>
 635 </li>
 636 </ul>
 637 </div>
 638 </div>
 639 <div class="sect3">
 640 <h4 id="_generation_data_overflow_id_g_d_o_2_optional">Generation Data Overflow (ID: {<em>G</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>O</em>, <em>2</em> }) [Optional]</h4>
 641 <div class="ulist">
 642 <ul>
 643 <li>
 644 <p>This list of 8-byte values stores the corrected commit date offsets
 645 for commits with corrected commit date offsets that cannot be
 646 stored within 31 bits.</p>
 647 </li>
 648 <li>
 649 <p>Generation Data Overflow chunk is present only when Generation Data
 650 chunk is present and atleast one corrected commit date offset cannot
 651 be stored within 31 bits.</p>
 652 </li>
 653 </ul>
 654 </div>
 655 </div>
 656 <div class="sect3">
 657 <h4 id="_extra_edge_list_id_e_d_g_e_optional">Extra Edge List (ID: {<em>E</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>G</em>, <em>E</em>}) [Optional]</h4>
 658 <div class="literalblock">
 659 <div class="content">
 660 <pre>This list of 4-byte values store the second through nth parents for
 661 all octopus merges. The second parent value in the commit data stores
 662 an array position within this list along with the most-significant bit
 663 on. Starting at that array position, iterate through this list of commit
 664 positions for the parents until reaching a value with the most-significant
 665 bit on. The other bits correspond to the position of the last parent.</pre>
 666 </div>
 667 </div>
 668 </div>
 669 <div class="sect3">
 670 <h4 id="_bloom_filter_index_id_b_i_d_x_n_4_bytes_optional">Bloom Filter Index (ID: {<em>B</em>, <em>I</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>X</em>}) (N * 4 bytes) [Optional]</h4>
 671 <div class="ulist">
 672 <ul>
 673 <li>
 674 <p>The ith entry, BIDX[i], stores the number of bytes in all Bloom filters
 675 from commit 0 to commit i (inclusive) in lexicographic order. The Bloom
 676 filter for the i-th commit spans from BIDX[i-1] to BIDX[i] (plus header
 677 length), where BIDX[-1] is 0.</p>
 678 </li>
 679 <li>
 680 <p>The BIDX chunk is ignored if the BDAT chunk is not present.</p>
 681 </li>
 682 </ul>
 683 </div>
 684 </div>
 685 <div class="sect3">
 686 <h4 id="_bloom_filter_data_id_b_d_a_t_optional">Bloom Filter Data (ID: {<em>B</em>, <em>D</em>, <em>A</em>, <em>T</em>}) [Optional]</h4>
 687 <div class="ulist">
 688 <ul>
 689 <li>
 690 <p>It starts with header consisting of three unsigned 32-bit integers:</p>
 691 <div class="ulist">
 692 <ul>
 693 <li>
 694 <p>Version of the hash algorithm being used. We currently support
 695 value 2 which corresponds to the 32-bit version of the murmur3 hash
 696 implemented exactly as described in
 697 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MurmurHash#Algorithm" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MurmurHash#Algorithm</a> and the double
 698 hashing technique using seed values 0x293ae76f and 0x7e646e2 as
 699 described in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30494-4_26" class="bare">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30494-4_26</a> "Bloom Filters
 700 in Probabilistic Verification". Version 1 Bloom filters have a bug that appears
 701 when char is signed and the repository has path names that have characters &gt;=
 702 0x80; Git supports reading and writing them, but this ability will be removed
 703 in a future version of Git.</p>
 704 </li>
 705 <li>
 706 <p>The number of times a path is hashed and hence the number of bit positions
 707 that cumulatively determine whether a file is present in the commit.</p>
 708 </li>
 709 <li>
 710 <p>The minimum number of bits <em>b</em> per entry in the Bloom filter. If the filter
 711 contains <em>n</em> entries, then the filter size is the minimum number of 64-bit
 712 words that contain n*b bits.</p>
 713 </li>
 714 </ul>
 715 </div>
 716 </li>
 717 <li>
 718 <p>The rest of the chunk is the concatenation of all the computed Bloom
 719 filters for the commits in lexicographic order.</p>
 720 </li>
 721 <li>
 722 <p>Note: Commits with no changes or more than 512 changes have Bloom filters
 723 of length one, with either all bits set to zero or one respectively.</p>
 724 </li>
 725 <li>
 726 <p>The BDAT chunk is present if and only if BIDX is present.</p>
 727 </li>
 728 </ul>
 729 </div>
 730 </div>
 731 <div class="sect3">
 732 <h4 id="_base_graphs_list_id_b_a_s_e_optional">Base Graphs List (ID: {<em>B</em>, <em>A</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>E</em>}) [Optional]</h4>
 733 <div class="literalblock">
 734 <div class="content">
 735 <pre>This list of H-byte hashes describe a set of B commit-graph files that
 736 form a commit-graph chain. The graph position for the ith commit in this
 737 file's OID Lookup chunk is equal to i plus the number of commits in all
 738 base graphs.  If B is non-zero, this chunk must exist.</pre>
 739 </div>
 740 </div>
 741 </div>
 742 </div>
 743 <div class="sect2">
 744 <h3 id="_trailer">TRAILER:</h3>
 745 <div class="literalblock">
 746 <div class="content">
 747 <pre>H-byte HASH-checksum of all of the above.</pre>
 748 </div>
 749 </div>
 750 </div>
 751 </div>
 752 </div>
 753 <div class="sect1">
 754 <h2 id="_historical_notes">Historical Notes:</h2>
 755 <div class="sectionbody">
 756 <div class="paragraph">
 757 <p>The Generation Data (GDA2) and Generation Data Overflow (GDO2) chunks have
 758 the number <em>2</em> in their chunk IDs because a previous version of Git wrote
 759 possibly erroneous data in these chunks with the IDs "GDAT" and "GDOV". By
 760 changing the IDs, newer versions of Git will silently ignore those older
 761 chunks and write the new information without trusting the incorrect data.</p>
 762 </div>
 763 </div>
 764 </div>
 765 <div class="sect1">
 766 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 767 <div class="sectionbody">
 768 <div class="paragraph">
 769 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 770 </div>
 771 </div>
 772 </div>
 773 </div>
 774 <div id="footer">
 775 <div id="footer-text">
 776 Last updated 2024-07-08 15:33:45 -0700
 777 </div>
 778 </div>
 779 </body>
 780 </html>