git.html

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 540 <script type="text/javascript">
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 542 var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.
 543
 544 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 545 // Table Of Contents generator
 546 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 547
 548 /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
 549  * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
 550  *
 551  * Table Of Content generator
 552  * Version: 0.4
 553  *
 554  * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
 555  * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
 556  */
 557
 558  /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
 559  /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */
 560
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 637 },
 638
 639
 640 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 641 // Footnotes generator
 642 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 643
 644 /* Based on footnote generation code from:
 645  * http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
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 648 footnotes: function () {
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 706 },
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 708 install: function(toclevels) {
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 711   function reinstall() {
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 718   function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
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 729
 730 }
 731 asciidoc.install();
 732 /*]]>*/
 733 </script>
 734 </head>
 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git -
 743    the stupid content tracker
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git</em> [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C &lt;path&gt;] [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
 753     [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
 754     [-p | --paginate | -P | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--no-lazy-fetch]
 755     [--no-optional-locks] [--no-advice] [--bare] [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;]
 756     [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;] [--config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;]
 757     &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</pre>
 758 <div class="attribution">
 759 </div></div>
 760 </div>
 761 </div>
 762 <div class="sect1">
 763 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 764 <div class="sectionbody">
 765 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
 766 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
 767 and full access to internals.</p></div>
 768 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
 769 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a> for a useful minimum set of
 770 commands.  The <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> has a more
 771 in-depth introduction.</p></div>
 772 <div class="paragraph"><p>After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
 773 page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
 774 individual Git commands with "git help command".  <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
 775 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.</p></div>
 776 <div class="paragraph"><p>A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
 777 can be viewed at <a href="https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html">https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html</a>
 778 or <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs">https://git-scm.com/docs</a>.</p></div>
 779 </div>
 780 </div>
 781 <div class="sect1">
 782 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 783 <div class="sectionbody">
 784 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 785 <dt class="hdlist1">
 786 -v
 787 </dt>
 788 <dt class="hdlist1">
 789 --version
 790 </dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>
 793         Prints the Git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
 794 </p>
 795 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option is internally converted to <code>git version ...</code> and accepts
 796 the same options as the <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a> command. If <code>--help</code> is
 797 also given, it takes precedence over <code>--version</code>.</p></div>
 798 </dd>
 799 <dt class="hdlist1">
 800 -h
 801 </dt>
 802 <dt class="hdlist1">
 803 --help
 804 </dt>
 805 <dd>
 806 <p>
 807         Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 808         commands. If the option <code>--all</code> or <code>-a</code> is given then all
 809         available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 810         option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 811 </p>
 812 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 813 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
 814 because <code>git --help ...</code> is converted internally into <code>git
 815 help ...</code>.</p></div>
 816 </dd>
 817 <dt class="hdlist1">
 818 -C &lt;path&gt;
 819 </dt>
 820 <dd>
 821 <p>
 822         Run as if git was started in <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> instead of the current working
 823         directory.  When multiple <code>-C</code> options are given, each subsequent
 824         non-absolute <code>-C &lt;path&gt;</code> is interpreted relative to the preceding <code>-C
 825         &lt;path&gt;</code>.  If <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> is present but empty, e.g. <code>-C ""</code>, then the
 826         current working directory is left unchanged.
 827 </p>
 828 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option affects options that expect path name like <code>--git-dir</code> and
 829 <code>--work-tree</code> in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 830 made relative to the working directory caused by the <code>-C</code> option. For
 831 example the following invocations are equivalent:</p></div>
 832 <div class="literalblock">
 833 <div class="content">
 834 <pre><code>git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 835 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status</code></pre>
 836 </div></div>
 837 </dd>
 838 <dt class="hdlist1">
 839 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
 840 </dt>
 841 <dd>
 842 <p>
 843         Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 844         given will override values from configuration files.
 845         The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
 846         <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
 847 </p>
 848 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that omitting the <code>=</code> in <code>git -c foo.bar ...</code> is allowed and sets
 849 <code>foo.bar</code> to the boolean true value (just like <code>[foo]bar</code> would in a
 850 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like <code>git -c
 851 foo.bar= ...</code>) sets <code>foo.bar</code> to the empty string which <code>git config
 852 --type=bool</code> will convert to <code>false</code>.</p></div>
 853 </dd>
 854 <dt class="hdlist1">
 855 --config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;
 856 </dt>
 857 <dd>
 858 <p>
 859         Like <code>-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;</code>, give configuration variable
 860         <em>&lt;name&gt;</em> a value, where &lt;envvar&gt; is the name of an
 861         environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike
 862         <code>-c</code> there is no shortcut for directly setting the value to an
 863         empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be
 864         set to the empty string.  It is an error if the <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> does not exist
 865         in the environment. <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> may not contain an equals sign
 866         to avoid ambiguity with <code>&lt;name&gt;</code> containing one.
 867 </p>
 868 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
 869 configuration options to git, but are doing so on operating systems
 870 where other processes might be able to read your command line
 871 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/cmdline</code>), but not your environment
 872 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/environ</code>). That behavior is the default on
 873 Linux, but may not be on your system.</p></div>
 874 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this might add security for variables such as
 875 <code>http.extraHeader</code> where the sensitive information is part of
 876 the value, but not e.g. <code>url.&lt;base&gt;.insteadOf</code> where the
 877 sensitive information can be part of the key.</p></div>
 878 </dd>
 879 <dt class="hdlist1">
 880 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
 881 </dt>
 882 <dd>
 883 <p>
 884         Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 885         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 886         environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
 887         the current setting and then exit.
 888 </p>
 889 </dd>
 890 <dt class="hdlist1">
 891 --html-path
 892 </dt>
 893 <dd>
 894 <p>
 895         Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git&#8217;s HTML
 896         documentation is installed and exit.
 897 </p>
 898 </dd>
 899 <dt class="hdlist1">
 900 --man-path
 901 </dt>
 902 <dd>
 903 <p>
 904         Print the manpath (see <code>man(1)</code>) for the man pages for
 905         this version of Git and exit.
 906 </p>
 907 </dd>
 908 <dt class="hdlist1">
 909 --info-path
 910 </dt>
 911 <dd>
 912 <p>
 913         Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 914         version of Git are installed and exit.
 915 </p>
 916 </dd>
 917 <dt class="hdlist1">
 918 -p
 919 </dt>
 920 <dt class="hdlist1">
 921 --paginate
 922 </dt>
 923 <dd>
 924 <p>
 925         Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 926         output is a terminal.  This overrides the <code>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</code>
 927         configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 928         below).
 929 </p>
 930 </dd>
 931 <dt class="hdlist1">
 932 -P
 933 </dt>
 934 <dt class="hdlist1">
 935 --no-pager
 936 </dt>
 937 <dd>
 938 <p>
 939         Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 940 </p>
 941 </dd>
 942 <dt class="hdlist1">
 943 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
 944 </dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>
 947         Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be
 948         controlled by setting the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable. It can be
 949         an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.
 950 </p>
 951 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
 952 option (or <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable) turns off the
 953 repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
 954 ".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
 955 top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
 956 that you are at the top level of the working tree.  If you
 957 are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you
 958 should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is,
 959 with the <code>--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;</code> option (or <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
 960 environment variable)</p></div>
 961 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you just want to run git as if it was started in <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> then use
 962 <code>git -C &lt;path&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 963 </dd>
 964 <dt class="hdlist1">
 965 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
 966 </dt>
 967 <dd>
 968 <p>
 969         Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 970         or a path relative to the current working directory.
 971         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 972         environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 973         variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
 974         more detailed discussion).
 975 </p>
 976 </dd>
 977 <dt class="hdlist1">
 978 --namespace=&lt;path&gt;
 979 </dt>
 980 <dd>
 981 <p>
 982         Set the Git namespace.  See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
 983         details.  Equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> environment
 984         variable.
 985 </p>
 986 </dd>
 987 <dt class="hdlist1">
 988 --bare
 989 </dt>
 990 <dd>
 991 <p>
 992         Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 993         environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 994         directory.
 995 </p>
 996 </dd>
 997 <dt class="hdlist1">
 998 --no-replace-objects
 999 </dt>
1000 <dd>
1001 <p>
1002         Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects.
1003         This is equivalent to exporting the <code>GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS</code>
1004         environment variable with any value.
1005         See <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
1006 </p>
1007 </dd>
1008 <dt class="hdlist1">
1009 --no-lazy-fetch
1010 </dt>
1011 <dd>
1012 <p>
1013         Do not fetch missing objects from the promisor remote on
1014         demand.  Useful together with <code>git cat-file -e &lt;object&gt;</code> to
1015         see if the object is locally available.
1016         This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH</code>
1017         environment variable to <code>1</code>.
1018 </p>
1019 </dd>
1020 <dt class="hdlist1">
1021 --no-optional-locks
1022 </dt>
1023 <dd>
1024 <p>
1025         Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
1026         equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code> to <code>0</code>.
1027 </p>
1028 </dd>
1029 <dt class="hdlist1">
1030 --no-advice
1031 </dt>
1032 <dd>
1033 <p>
1034         Disable all advice hints from being printed.
1035 </p>
1036 </dd>
1037 <dt class="hdlist1">
1038 --literal-pathspecs
1039 </dt>
1040 <dd>
1041 <p>
1042         Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
1043         This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code> environment
1044         variable to <code>1</code>.
1045 </p>
1046 </dd>
1047 <dt class="hdlist1">
1048 --glob-pathspecs
1049 </dt>
1050 <dd>
1051 <p>
1052         Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1053         the <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Disabling
1054         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1055         magic ":(literal)"
1056 </p>
1057 </dd>
1058 <dt class="hdlist1">
1059 --noglob-pathspecs
1060 </dt>
1061 <dd>
1062 <p>
1063         Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1064         the <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Enabling
1065         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1066         magic ":(glob)"
1067 </p>
1068 </dd>
1069 <dt class="hdlist1">
1070 --icase-pathspecs
1071 </dt>
1072 <dd>
1073 <p>
1074         Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1075         the <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>.
1076 </p>
1077 </dd>
1078 <dt class="hdlist1">
1079 --list-cmds=&lt;group&gt;[,&lt;group&gt;&#8230;]
1080 </dt>
1081 <dd>
1082 <p>
1083         List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
1084         option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
1085         groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
1086         parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
1087         others (all other commands in <code>$PATH</code> that have git- prefix),
1088         list-&lt;category&gt; (see categories in command-list.txt),
1089         nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
1090         (retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands)
1091 </p>
1092 </dd>
1093 <dt class="hdlist1">
1094 --attr-source=&lt;tree-ish&gt;
1095 </dt>
1096 <dd>
1097 <p>
1098         Read gitattributes from &lt;tree-ish&gt; instead of the worktree. See
1099         <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>. This is equivalent to setting the
1100         <code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code> environment variable.
1101 </p>
1102 </dd>
1103 </dl></div>
1104 </div>
1105 </div>
1106 <div class="sect1">
1107 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
1108 <div class="sectionbody">
1109 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
1110 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
1111 </div>
1112 </div>
1113 <div class="sect1">
1114 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
1115 <div class="sectionbody">
1116 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
1117 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
1118 <div class="sect2">
1119 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3>
1120 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1121 <dt class="hdlist1">
1122 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
1123 </dt>
1124 <dd>
1125 <p>
1126         Add file contents to the index.
1127 </p>
1128 </dd>
1129 <dt class="hdlist1">
1130 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
1131 </dt>
1132 <dd>
1133 <p>
1134         Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
1135 </p>
1136 </dd>
1137 <dt class="hdlist1">
1138 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
1139 </dt>
1140 <dd>
1141 <p>
1142         Create an archive of files from a named tree.
1143 </p>
1144 </dd>
1145 <dt class="hdlist1">
1146 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
1147 </dt>
1148 <dd>
1149 <p>
1150         Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.
1151 </p>
1152 </dd>
1153 <dt class="hdlist1">
1154 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
1155 </dt>
1156 <dd>
1157 <p>
1158         List, create, or delete branches.
1159 </p>
1160 </dd>
1161 <dt class="hdlist1">
1162 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
1163 </dt>
1164 <dd>
1165 <p>
1166         Move objects and refs by archive.
1167 </p>
1168 </dd>
1169 <dt class="hdlist1">
1170 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
1171 </dt>
1172 <dd>
1173 <p>
1174         Switch branches or restore working tree files.
1175 </p>
1176 </dd>
1177 <dt class="hdlist1">
1178 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
1179 </dt>
1180 <dd>
1181 <p>
1182         Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
1183 </p>
1184 </dd>
1185 <dt class="hdlist1">
1186 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
1187 </dt>
1188 <dd>
1189 <p>
1190         Graphical alternative to git-commit.
1191 </p>
1192 </dd>
1193 <dt class="hdlist1">
1194 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
1195 </dt>
1196 <dd>
1197 <p>
1198         Remove untracked files from the working tree.
1199 </p>
1200 </dd>
1201 <dt class="hdlist1">
1202 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
1203 </dt>
1204 <dd>
1205 <p>
1206         Clone a repository into a new directory.
1207 </p>
1208 </dd>
1209 <dt class="hdlist1">
1210 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
1211 </dt>
1212 <dd>
1213 <p>
1214         Record changes to the repository.
1215 </p>
1216 </dd>
1217 <dt class="hdlist1">
1218 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
1219 </dt>
1220 <dd>
1221 <p>
1222         Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.
1223 </p>
1224 </dd>
1225 <dt class="hdlist1">
1226 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
1227 </dt>
1228 <dd>
1229 <p>
1230         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
1231 </p>
1232 </dd>
1233 <dt class="hdlist1">
1234 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
1235 </dt>
1236 <dd>
1237 <p>
1238         Download objects and refs from another repository.
1239 </p>
1240 </dd>
1241 <dt class="hdlist1">
1242 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
1243 </dt>
1244 <dd>
1245 <p>
1246         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
1247 </p>
1248 </dd>
1249 <dt class="hdlist1">
1250 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
1251 </dt>
1252 <dd>
1253 <p>
1254         Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
1255 </p>
1256 </dd>
1257 <dt class="hdlist1">
1258 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
1259 </dt>
1260 <dd>
1261 <p>
1262         Print lines matching a pattern.
1263 </p>
1264 </dd>
1265 <dt class="hdlist1">
1266 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
1267 </dt>
1268 <dd>
1269 <p>
1270         A portable graphical interface to Git.
1271 </p>
1272 </dd>
1273 <dt class="hdlist1">
1274 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
1275 </dt>
1276 <dd>
1277 <p>
1278         Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
1279 </p>
1280 </dd>
1281 <dt class="hdlist1">
1282 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
1283 </dt>
1284 <dd>
1285 <p>
1286         Show commit logs.
1287 </p>
1288 </dd>
1289 <dt class="hdlist1">
1290 <a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a>
1291 </dt>
1292 <dd>
1293 <p>
1294         Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.
1295 </p>
1296 </dd>
1297 <dt class="hdlist1">
1298 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
1299 </dt>
1300 <dd>
1301 <p>
1302         Join two or more development histories together.
1303 </p>
1304 </dd>
1305 <dt class="hdlist1">
1306 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
1307 </dt>
1308 <dd>
1309 <p>
1310         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
1311 </p>
1312 </dd>
1313 <dt class="hdlist1">
1314 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
1315 </dt>
1316 <dd>
1317 <p>
1318         Add or inspect object notes.
1319 </p>
1320 </dd>
1321 <dt class="hdlist1">
1322 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
1323 </dt>
1324 <dd>
1325 <p>
1326         Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.
1327 </p>
1328 </dd>
1329 <dt class="hdlist1">
1330 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
1331 </dt>
1332 <dd>
1333 <p>
1334         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
1335 </p>
1336 </dd>
1337 <dt class="hdlist1">
1338 <a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a>
1339 </dt>
1340 <dd>
1341 <p>
1342         Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).
1343 </p>
1344 </dd>
1345 <dt class="hdlist1">
1346 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
1347 </dt>
1348 <dd>
1349 <p>
1350         Reapply commits on top of another base tip.
1351 </p>
1352 </dd>
1353 <dt class="hdlist1">
1354 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
1355 </dt>
1356 <dd>
1357 <p>
1358         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
1359 </p>
1360 </dd>
1361 <dt class="hdlist1">
1362 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a>
1363 </dt>
1364 <dd>
1365 <p>
1366         Restore working tree files.
1367 </p>
1368 </dd>
1369 <dt class="hdlist1">
1370 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
1371 </dt>
1372 <dd>
1373 <p>
1374         Revert some existing commits.
1375 </p>
1376 </dd>
1377 <dt class="hdlist1">
1378 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
1379 </dt>
1380 <dd>
1381 <p>
1382         Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
1383 </p>
1384 </dd>
1385 <dt class="hdlist1">
1386 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1387 </dt>
1388 <dd>
1389 <p>
1390         Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
1391 </p>
1392 </dd>
1393 <dt class="hdlist1">
1394 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
1395 </dt>
1396 <dd>
1397 <p>
1398         Show various types of objects.
1399 </p>
1400 </dd>
1401 <dt class="hdlist1">
1402 <a href="git-sparse-checkout.html">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a>
1403 </dt>
1404 <dd>
1405 <p>
1406         Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.
1407 </p>
1408 </dd>
1409 <dt class="hdlist1">
1410 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
1411 </dt>
1412 <dd>
1413 <p>
1414         Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
1415 </p>
1416 </dd>
1417 <dt class="hdlist1">
1418 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
1419 </dt>
1420 <dd>
1421 <p>
1422         Show the working tree status.
1423 </p>
1424 </dd>
1425 <dt class="hdlist1">
1426 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
1427 </dt>
1428 <dd>
1429 <p>
1430         Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
1431 </p>
1432 </dd>
1433 <dt class="hdlist1">
1434 <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a>
1435 </dt>
1436 <dd>
1437 <p>
1438         Switch branches.
1439 </p>
1440 </dd>
1441 <dt class="hdlist1">
1442 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
1443 </dt>
1444 <dd>
1445 <p>
1446         Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
1447 </p>
1448 </dd>
1449 <dt class="hdlist1">
1450 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>
1451 </dt>
1452 <dd>
1453 <p>
1454         Manage multiple working trees.
1455 </p>
1456 </dd>
1457 <dt class="hdlist1">
1458 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
1459 </dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>
1462         The Git repository browser.
1463 </p>
1464 </dd>
1465 <dt class="hdlist1">
1466 <a href="scalar.html">scalar(1)</a>
1467 </dt>
1468 <dd>
1469 <p>
1470         A tool for managing large Git repositories.
1471 </p>
1472 </dd>
1473 </dl></div>
1474 </div>
1475 <div class="sect2">
1476 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3>
1477 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
1478 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1479 <dt class="hdlist1">
1480 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1481 </dt>
1482 <dd>
1483 <p>
1484         Get and set repository or global options.
1485 </p>
1486 </dd>
1487 <dt class="hdlist1">
1488 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
1489 </dt>
1490 <dd>
1491 <p>
1492         Git data exporter.
1493 </p>
1494 </dd>
1495 <dt class="hdlist1">
1496 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
1497 </dt>
1498 <dd>
1499 <p>
1500         Backend for fast Git data importers.
1501 </p>
1502 </dd>
1503 <dt class="hdlist1">
1504 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
1505 </dt>
1506 <dd>
1507 <p>
1508         Rewrite branches.
1509 </p>
1510 </dd>
1511 <dt class="hdlist1">
1512 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
1513 </dt>
1514 <dd>
1515 <p>
1516         Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
1517 </p>
1518 </dd>
1519 <dt class="hdlist1">
1520 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
1521 </dt>
1522 <dd>
1523 <p>
1524         Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
1525 </p>
1526 </dd>
1527 <dt class="hdlist1">
1528 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
1529 </dt>
1530 <dd>
1531 <p>
1532         Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
1533 </p>
1534 </dd>
1535 <dt class="hdlist1">
1536 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
1537 </dt>
1538 <dd>
1539 <p>
1540         Manage reflog information.
1541 </p>
1542 </dd>
1543 <dt class="hdlist1">
1544 <a href="git-refs.html">git-refs(1)</a>
1545 </dt>
1546 <dd>
1547 <p>
1548         Low-level access to refs.
1549 </p>
1550 </dd>
1551 <dt class="hdlist1">
1552 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
1553 </dt>
1554 <dd>
1555 <p>
1556         Manage set of tracked repositories.
1557 </p>
1558 </dd>
1559 <dt class="hdlist1">
1560 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
1561 </dt>
1562 <dd>
1563 <p>
1564         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1565 </p>
1566 </dd>
1567 <dt class="hdlist1">
1568 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1569 </dt>
1570 <dd>
1571 <p>
1572         Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1573 </p>
1574 </dd>
1575 </dl></div>
1576 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1577 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1578 <dt class="hdlist1">
1579 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1580 </dt>
1581 <dd>
1582 <p>
1583         Annotate file lines with commit information.
1584 </p>
1585 </dd>
1586 <dt class="hdlist1">
1587 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1588 </dt>
1589 <dd>
1590 <p>
1591         Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1592 </p>
1593 </dd>
1594 <dt class="hdlist1">
1595 <a href="git-bugreport.html">git-bugreport(1)</a>
1596 </dt>
1597 <dd>
1598 <p>
1599         Collect information for user to file a bug report.
1600 </p>
1601 </dd>
1602 <dt class="hdlist1">
1603 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1604 </dt>
1605 <dd>
1606 <p>
1607         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1608 </p>
1609 </dd>
1610 <dt class="hdlist1">
1611 <a href="git-diagnose.html">git-diagnose(1)</a>
1612 </dt>
1613 <dd>
1614 <p>
1615         Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.
1616 </p>
1617 </dd>
1618 <dt class="hdlist1">
1619 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1620 </dt>
1621 <dd>
1622 <p>
1623         Show changes using common diff tools.
1624 </p>
1625 </dd>
1626 <dt class="hdlist1">
1627 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1628 </dt>
1629 <dd>
1630 <p>
1631         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1632 </p>
1633 </dd>
1634 <dt class="hdlist1">
1635 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1636 </dt>
1637 <dd>
1638 <p>
1639         Display help information about Git.
1640 </p>
1641 </dd>
1642 <dt class="hdlist1">
1643 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1644 </dt>
1645 <dd>
1646 <p>
1647         Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1648 </p>
1649 </dd>
1650 <dt class="hdlist1">
1651 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1652 </dt>
1653 <dd>
1654 <p>
1655         Perform merge without touching index or working tree.
1656 </p>
1657 </dd>
1658 <dt class="hdlist1">
1659 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1660 </dt>
1661 <dd>
1662 <p>
1663         Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1664 </p>
1665 </dd>
1666 <dt class="hdlist1">
1667 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1668 </dt>
1669 <dd>
1670 <p>
1671         Show branches and their commits.
1672 </p>
1673 </dd>
1674 <dt class="hdlist1">
1675 <a href="git-verify-commit.html">git-verify-commit(1)</a>
1676 </dt>
1677 <dd>
1678 <p>
1679         Check the GPG signature of commits.
1680 </p>
1681 </dd>
1682 <dt class="hdlist1">
1683 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1684 </dt>
1685 <dd>
1686 <p>
1687         Check the GPG signature of tags.
1688 </p>
1689 </dd>
1690 <dt class="hdlist1">
1691 <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a>
1692 </dt>
1693 <dd>
1694 <p>
1695         Display version information about Git.
1696 </p>
1697 </dd>
1698 <dt class="hdlist1">
1699 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1700 </dt>
1701 <dd>
1702 <p>
1703         Show logs with differences each commit introduces.
1704 </p>
1705 </dd>
1706 <dt class="hdlist1">
1707 <a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a>
1708 </dt>
1709 <dd>
1710 <p>
1711         Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
1712 </p>
1713 </dd>
1714 </dl></div>
1715 </div>
1716 <div class="sect2">
1717 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3>
1718 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1719 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1720 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1721 <dt class="hdlist1">
1722 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1723 </dt>
1724 <dd>
1725 <p>
1726         Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.
1727 </p>
1728 </dd>
1729 <dt class="hdlist1">
1730 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1731 </dt>
1732 <dd>
1733 <p>
1734         Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1735 </p>
1736 </dd>
1737 <dt class="hdlist1">
1738 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1739 </dt>
1740 <dd>
1741 <p>
1742         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1743 </p>
1744 </dd>
1745 <dt class="hdlist1">
1746 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1747 </dt>
1748 <dd>
1749 <p>
1750         A CVS server emulator for Git.
1751 </p>
1752 </dd>
1753 <dt class="hdlist1">
1754 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1755 </dt>
1756 <dd>
1757 <p>
1758         Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1759 </p>
1760 </dd>
1761 <dt class="hdlist1">
1762 <a href="git-p4.html">git-p4(1)</a>
1763 </dt>
1764 <dd>
1765 <p>
1766         Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.
1767 </p>
1768 </dd>
1769 <dt class="hdlist1">
1770 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1771 </dt>
1772 <dd>
1773 <p>
1774         Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1775 </p>
1776 </dd>
1777 <dt class="hdlist1">
1778 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1779 </dt>
1780 <dd>
1781 <p>
1782         Generates a summary of pending changes.
1783 </p>
1784 </dd>
1785 <dt class="hdlist1">
1786 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1787 </dt>
1788 <dd>
1789 <p>
1790         Send a collection of patches as emails.
1791 </p>
1792 </dd>
1793 <dt class="hdlist1">
1794 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1795 </dt>
1796 <dd>
1797 <p>
1798         Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.
1799 </p>
1800 </dd>
1801 </dl></div>
1802 </div>
1803 <div class="sect2">
1804 <h3 id="_reset_restore_and_revert">Reset, restore and revert</h3>
1805 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are three commands with similar names: <code>git reset</code>,
1806 <code>git restore</code> and <code>git revert</code>.</p></div>
1807 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1808 <li>
1809 <p>
1810 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> is about making a new commit that reverts the
1811   changes made by other commits.
1812 </p>
1813 </li>
1814 <li>
1815 <p>
1816 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> is about restoring files in the working tree
1817   from either the index or another commit. This command does not
1818   update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in
1819   the index from another commit.
1820 </p>
1821 </li>
1822 <li>
1823 <p>
1824 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a> is about updating your branch, moving the tip
1825   in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation
1826   changes the commit history.
1827 </p>
1828 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>git reset</code> can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with
1829 <code>git restore</code>.</p></div>
1830 </li>
1831 </ul></div>
1832 </div>
1833 </div>
1834 </div>
1835 <div class="sect1">
1836 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1837 <div class="sectionbody">
1838 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although Git includes its
1839 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1840 development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
1841 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1842 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1843 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1844 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1845 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1846 primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
1847 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1848 end user experience.</p></div>
1849 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1850 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1851 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1852 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1853 repositories.</p></div>
1854 <div class="sect2">
1855 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3>
1856 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1857 <dt class="hdlist1">
1858 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1859 </dt>
1860 <dd>
1861 <p>
1862         Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1863 </p>
1864 </dd>
1865 <dt class="hdlist1">
1866 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1867 </dt>
1868 <dd>
1869 <p>
1870         Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1871 </p>
1872 </dd>
1873 <dt class="hdlist1">
1874 <a href="git-commit-graph.html">git-commit-graph(1)</a>
1875 </dt>
1876 <dd>
1877 <p>
1878         Write and verify Git commit-graph files.
1879 </p>
1880 </dd>
1881 <dt class="hdlist1">
1882 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1883 </dt>
1884 <dd>
1885 <p>
1886         Create a new commit object.
1887 </p>
1888 </dd>
1889 <dt class="hdlist1">
1890 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1891 </dt>
1892 <dd>
1893 <p>
1894         Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file.
1895 </p>
1896 </dd>
1897 <dt class="hdlist1">
1898 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1899 </dt>
1900 <dd>
1901 <p>
1902         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1903 </p>
1904 </dd>
1905 <dt class="hdlist1">
1906 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1907 </dt>
1908 <dd>
1909 <p>
1910         Run a three-way file merge.
1911 </p>
1912 </dd>
1913 <dt class="hdlist1">
1914 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1915 </dt>
1916 <dd>
1917 <p>
1918         Run a merge for files needing merging.
1919 </p>
1920 </dd>
1921 <dt class="hdlist1">
1922 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1923 </dt>
1924 <dd>
1925 <p>
1926         Creates a tag object with extra validation.
1927 </p>
1928 </dd>
1929 <dt class="hdlist1">
1930 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1931 </dt>
1932 <dd>
1933 <p>
1934         Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1935 </p>
1936 </dd>
1937 <dt class="hdlist1">
1938 <a href="git-multi-pack-index.html">git-multi-pack-index(1)</a>
1939 </dt>
1940 <dd>
1941 <p>
1942         Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.
1943 </p>
1944 </dd>
1945 <dt class="hdlist1">
1946 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1947 </dt>
1948 <dd>
1949 <p>
1950         Create a packed archive of objects.
1951 </p>
1952 </dd>
1953 <dt class="hdlist1">
1954 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1955 </dt>
1956 <dd>
1957 <p>
1958         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1959 </p>
1960 </dd>
1961 <dt class="hdlist1">
1962 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1963 </dt>
1964 <dd>
1965 <p>
1966         Reads tree information into the index.
1967 </p>
1968 </dd>
1969 <dt class="hdlist1">
1970 <a href="git-replay.html">git-replay(1)</a>
1971 </dt>
1972 <dd>
1973 <p>
1974         EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too.
1975 </p>
1976 </dd>
1977 <dt class="hdlist1">
1978 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1979 </dt>
1980 <dd>
1981 <p>
1982         Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.
1983 </p>
1984 </dd>
1985 <dt class="hdlist1">
1986 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1987 </dt>
1988 <dd>
1989 <p>
1990         Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1991 </p>
1992 </dd>
1993 <dt class="hdlist1">
1994 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1995 </dt>
1996 <dd>
1997 <p>
1998         Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1999 </p>
2000 </dd>
2001 <dt class="hdlist1">
2002 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
2003 </dt>
2004 <dd>
2005 <p>
2006         Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
2007 </p>
2008 </dd>
2009 <dt class="hdlist1">
2010 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
2011 </dt>
2012 <dd>
2013 <p>
2014         Create a tree object from the current index.
2015 </p>
2016 </dd>
2017 </dl></div>
2018 </div>
2019 <div class="sect2">
2020 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3>
2021 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2022 <dt class="hdlist1">
2023 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
2024 </dt>
2025 <dd>
2026 <p>
2027         Provide contents or details of repository objects.
2028 </p>
2029 </dd>
2030 <dt class="hdlist1">
2031 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
2032 </dt>
2033 <dd>
2034 <p>
2035         Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.
2036 </p>
2037 </dd>
2038 <dt class="hdlist1">
2039 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
2040 </dt>
2041 <dd>
2042 <p>
2043         Compares files in the working tree and the index.
2044 </p>
2045 </dd>
2046 <dt class="hdlist1">
2047 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
2048 </dt>
2049 <dd>
2050 <p>
2051         Compare a tree to the working tree or index.
2052 </p>
2053 </dd>
2054 <dt class="hdlist1">
2055 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
2056 </dt>
2057 <dd>
2058 <p>
2059         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
2060 </p>
2061 </dd>
2062 <dt class="hdlist1">
2063 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
2064 </dt>
2065 <dd>
2066 <p>
2067         Output information on each ref.
2068 </p>
2069 </dd>
2070 <dt class="hdlist1">
2071 <a href="git-for-each-repo.html">git-for-each-repo(1)</a>
2072 </dt>
2073 <dd>
2074 <p>
2075         Run a Git command on a list of repositories.
2076 </p>
2077 </dd>
2078 <dt class="hdlist1">
2079 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
2080 </dt>
2081 <dd>
2082 <p>
2083         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
2084 </p>
2085 </dd>
2086 <dt class="hdlist1">
2087 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
2088 </dt>
2089 <dd>
2090 <p>
2091         Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
2092 </p>
2093 </dd>
2094 <dt class="hdlist1">
2095 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
2096 </dt>
2097 <dd>
2098 <p>
2099         List references in a remote repository.
2100 </p>
2101 </dd>
2102 <dt class="hdlist1">
2103 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
2104 </dt>
2105 <dd>
2106 <p>
2107         List the contents of a tree object.
2108 </p>
2109 </dd>
2110 <dt class="hdlist1">
2111 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
2112 </dt>
2113 <dd>
2114 <p>
2115         Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
2116 </p>
2117 </dd>
2118 <dt class="hdlist1">
2119 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
2120 </dt>
2121 <dd>
2122 <p>
2123         Find symbolic names for given revs.
2124 </p>
2125 </dd>
2126 <dt class="hdlist1">
2127 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
2128 </dt>
2129 <dd>
2130 <p>
2131         Find redundant pack files.
2132 </p>
2133 </dd>
2134 <dt class="hdlist1">
2135 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
2136 </dt>
2137 <dd>
2138 <p>
2139         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
2140 </p>
2141 </dd>
2142 <dt class="hdlist1">
2143 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
2144 </dt>
2145 <dd>
2146 <p>
2147         Pick out and massage parameters.
2148 </p>
2149 </dd>
2150 <dt class="hdlist1">
2151 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
2152 </dt>
2153 <dd>
2154 <p>
2155         Show packed archive index.
2156 </p>
2157 </dd>
2158 <dt class="hdlist1">
2159 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
2160 </dt>
2161 <dd>
2162 <p>
2163         List references in a local repository.
2164 </p>
2165 </dd>
2166 <dt class="hdlist1">
2167 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
2168 </dt>
2169 <dd>
2170 <p>
2171         Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
2172 </p>
2173 </dd>
2174 <dt class="hdlist1">
2175 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
2176 </dt>
2177 <dd>
2178 <p>
2179         Show a Git logical variable.
2180 </p>
2181 </dd>
2182 <dt class="hdlist1">
2183 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
2184 </dt>
2185 <dd>
2186 <p>
2187         Validate packed Git archive files.
2188 </p>
2189 </dd>
2190 </dl></div>
2191 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
2192 the working tree.</p></div>
2193 </div>
2194 <div class="sect2">
2195 <h3 id="_syncing_repositories">Syncing repositories</h3>
2196 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2197 <dt class="hdlist1">
2198 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
2199 </dt>
2200 <dd>
2201 <p>
2202         A really simple server for Git repositories.
2203 </p>
2204 </dd>
2205 <dt class="hdlist1">
2206 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
2207 </dt>
2208 <dd>
2209 <p>
2210         Receive missing objects from another repository.
2211 </p>
2212 </dd>
2213 <dt class="hdlist1">
2214 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
2215 </dt>
2216 <dd>
2217 <p>
2218         Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
2219 </p>
2220 </dd>
2221 <dt class="hdlist1">
2222 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
2223 </dt>
2224 <dd>
2225 <p>
2226         Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.
2227 </p>
2228 </dd>
2229 <dt class="hdlist1">
2230 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
2231 </dt>
2232 <dd>
2233 <p>
2234         Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
2235 </p>
2236 </dd>
2237 </dl></div>
2238 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
2239 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2240 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2241 <dt class="hdlist1">
2242 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
2243 </dt>
2244 <dd>
2245 <p>
2246         Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.
2247 </p>
2248 </dd>
2249 <dt class="hdlist1">
2250 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
2251 </dt>
2252 <dd>
2253 <p>
2254         Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
2255 </p>
2256 </dd>
2257 <dt class="hdlist1">
2258 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
2259 </dt>
2260 <dd>
2261 <p>
2262         Receive what is pushed into the repository.
2263 </p>
2264 </dd>
2265 <dt class="hdlist1">
2266 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
2267 </dt>
2268 <dd>
2269 <p>
2270         Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
2271 </p>
2272 </dd>
2273 <dt class="hdlist1">
2274 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
2275 </dt>
2276 <dd>
2277 <p>
2278         Send archive back to git-archive.
2279 </p>
2280 </dd>
2281 <dt class="hdlist1">
2282 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
2283 </dt>
2284 <dd>
2285 <p>
2286         Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
2287 </p>
2288 </dd>
2289 </dl></div>
2290 </div>
2291 <div class="sect2">
2292 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3>
2293 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
2294 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2295 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2296 <dt class="hdlist1">
2297 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
2298 </dt>
2299 <dd>
2300 <p>
2301         Display gitattributes information.
2302 </p>
2303 </dd>
2304 <dt class="hdlist1">
2305 <a href="git-check-ignore.html">git-check-ignore(1)</a>
2306 </dt>
2307 <dd>
2308 <p>
2309         Debug gitignore / exclude files.
2310 </p>
2311 </dd>
2312 <dt class="hdlist1">
2313 <a href="git-check-mailmap.html">git-check-mailmap(1)</a>
2314 </dt>
2315 <dd>
2316 <p>
2317         Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.
2318 </p>
2319 </dd>
2320 <dt class="hdlist1">
2321 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
2322 </dt>
2323 <dd>
2324 <p>
2325         Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
2326 </p>
2327 </dd>
2328 <dt class="hdlist1">
2329 <a href="git-column.html">git-column(1)</a>
2330 </dt>
2331 <dd>
2332 <p>
2333         Display data in columns.
2334 </p>
2335 </dd>
2336 <dt class="hdlist1">
2337 <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a>
2338 </dt>
2339 <dd>
2340 <p>
2341         Retrieve and store user credentials.
2342 </p>
2343 </dd>
2344 <dt class="hdlist1">
2345 <a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a>
2346 </dt>
2347 <dd>
2348 <p>
2349         Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.
2350 </p>
2351 </dd>
2352 <dt class="hdlist1">
2353 <a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a>
2354 </dt>
2355 <dd>
2356 <p>
2357         Helper to store credentials on disk.
2358 </p>
2359 </dd>
2360 <dt class="hdlist1">
2361 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
2362 </dt>
2363 <dd>
2364 <p>
2365         Produce a merge commit message.
2366 </p>
2367 </dd>
2368 <dt class="hdlist1">
2369 <a href="git-hook.html">git-hook(1)</a>
2370 </dt>
2371 <dd>
2372 <p>
2373         Run git hooks.
2374 </p>
2375 </dd>
2376 <dt class="hdlist1">
2377 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>
2378 </dt>
2379 <dd>
2380 <p>
2381         Add or parse structured information in commit messages.
2382 </p>
2383 </dd>
2384 <dt class="hdlist1">
2385 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
2386 </dt>
2387 <dd>
2388 <p>
2389         Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
2390 </p>
2391 </dd>
2392 <dt class="hdlist1">
2393 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
2394 </dt>
2395 <dd>
2396 <p>
2397         Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
2398 </p>
2399 </dd>
2400 <dt class="hdlist1">
2401 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
2402 </dt>
2403 <dd>
2404 <p>
2405         The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
2406 </p>
2407 </dd>
2408 <dt class="hdlist1">
2409 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
2410 </dt>
2411 <dd>
2412 <p>
2413         Compute unique ID for a patch.
2414 </p>
2415 </dd>
2416 <dt class="hdlist1">
2417 <a href="git-sh-i18n.html">git-sh-i18n(1)</a>
2418 </dt>
2419 <dd>
2420 <p>
2421         Git&#8217;s i18n setup code for shell scripts.
2422 </p>
2423 </dd>
2424 <dt class="hdlist1">
2425 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
2426 </dt>
2427 <dd>
2428 <p>
2429         Common Git shell script setup code.
2430 </p>
2431 </dd>
2432 <dt class="hdlist1">
2433 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
2434 </dt>
2435 <dd>
2436 <p>
2437         Remove unnecessary whitespace.
2438 </p>
2439 </dd>
2440 </dl></div>
2441 </div>
2442 </div>
2443 </div>
2444 <div class="sect1">
2445 <h2 id="_guides">Guides</h2>
2446 <div class="sectionbody">
2447 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.</p></div>
2448 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2449 <dt class="hdlist1">
2450 <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>
2451 </dt>
2452 <dd>
2453 <p>
2454         A Git core tutorial for developers.
2455 </p>
2456 </dd>
2457 <dt class="hdlist1">
2458 <a href="gitcredentials.html">gitcredentials(7)</a>
2459 </dt>
2460 <dd>
2461 <p>
2462         Providing usernames and passwords to Git.
2463 </p>
2464 </dd>
2465 <dt class="hdlist1">
2466 <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>
2467 </dt>
2468 <dd>
2469 <p>
2470         Git for CVS users.
2471 </p>
2472 </dd>
2473 <dt class="hdlist1">
2474 <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>
2475 </dt>
2476 <dd>
2477 <p>
2478         Tweaking diff output.
2479 </p>
2480 </dd>
2481 <dt class="hdlist1">
2482 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>
2483 </dt>
2484 <dd>
2485 <p>
2486         A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.
2487 </p>
2488 </dd>
2489 <dt class="hdlist1">
2490 <a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a>
2491 </dt>
2492 <dd>
2493 <p>
2494         Frequently asked questions about using Git.
2495 </p>
2496 </dd>
2497 <dt class="hdlist1">
2498 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>
2499 </dt>
2500 <dd>
2501 <p>
2502         A Git Glossary.
2503 </p>
2504 </dd>
2505 <dt class="hdlist1">
2506 <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a>
2507 </dt>
2508 <dd>
2509 <p>
2510         Git namespaces.
2511 </p>
2512 </dd>
2513 <dt class="hdlist1">
2514 <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a>
2515 </dt>
2516 <dd>
2517 <p>
2518         Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.
2519 </p>
2520 </dd>
2521 <dt class="hdlist1">
2522 <a href="gitsubmodules.html">gitsubmodules(7)</a>
2523 </dt>
2524 <dd>
2525 <p>
2526         Mounting one repository inside another.
2527 </p>
2528 </dd>
2529 <dt class="hdlist1">
2530 <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>
2531 </dt>
2532 <dd>
2533 <p>
2534         A tutorial introduction to Git.
2535 </p>
2536 </dd>
2537 <dt class="hdlist1">
2538 <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>
2539 </dt>
2540 <dd>
2541 <p>
2542         A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.
2543 </p>
2544 </dd>
2545 <dt class="hdlist1">
2546 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>
2547 </dt>
2548 <dd>
2549 <p>
2550         An overview of recommended workflows with Git.
2551 </p>
2552 </dd>
2553 </dl></div>
2554 </div>
2555 </div>
2556 <div class="sect1">
2557 <h2 id="_repository_command_and_file_interfaces">Repository, command and file interfaces</h2>
2558 <div class="sectionbody">
2559 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which
2560 users are expected to interact with directly. See <code>--user-formats</code> in
2561 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more details on the criteria.</p></div>
2562 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2563 <dt class="hdlist1">
2564 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>
2565 </dt>
2566 <dd>
2567 <p>
2568         Defining attributes per path.
2569 </p>
2570 </dd>
2571 <dt class="hdlist1">
2572 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
2573 </dt>
2574 <dd>
2575 <p>
2576         Git command-line interface and conventions.
2577 </p>
2578 </dd>
2579 <dt class="hdlist1">
2580 <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>
2581 </dt>
2582 <dd>
2583 <p>
2584         Hooks used by Git.
2585 </p>
2586 </dd>
2587 <dt class="hdlist1">
2588 <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>
2589 </dt>
2590 <dd>
2591 <p>
2592         Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.
2593 </p>
2594 </dd>
2595 <dt class="hdlist1">
2596 <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>
2597 </dt>
2598 <dd>
2599 <p>
2600         Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.
2601 </p>
2602 </dd>
2603 <dt class="hdlist1">
2604 <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>
2605 </dt>
2606 <dd>
2607 <p>
2608         Defining submodule properties.
2609 </p>
2610 </dd>
2611 <dt class="hdlist1">
2612 <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a>
2613 </dt>
2614 <dd>
2615 <p>
2616         Git Repository Layout.
2617 </p>
2618 </dd>
2619 <dt class="hdlist1">
2620 <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>
2621 </dt>
2622 <dd>
2623 <p>
2624         Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.
2625 </p>
2626 </dd>
2627 </dl></div>
2628 </div>
2629 </div>
2630 <div class="sect1">
2631 <h2 id="_file_formats_protocols_and_other_developer_interfaces">File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces</h2>
2632 <div class="sectionbody">
2633 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and
2634 other git developer interfaces. See <code>--developer-interfaces</code> in
2635 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>.</p></div>
2636 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2637 <dt class="hdlist1">
2638 <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>
2639 </dt>
2640 <dd>
2641 <p>
2642         The bundle file format.
2643 </p>
2644 </dd>
2645 <dt class="hdlist1">
2646 <a href="gitformat-chunk.html">gitformat-chunk(5)</a>
2647 </dt>
2648 <dd>
2649 <p>
2650         Chunk-based file formats.
2651 </p>
2652 </dd>
2653 <dt class="hdlist1">
2654 <a href="gitformat-commit-graph.html">gitformat-commit-graph(5)</a>
2655 </dt>
2656 <dd>
2657 <p>
2658         Git commit-graph format.
2659 </p>
2660 </dd>
2661 <dt class="hdlist1">
2662 <a href="gitformat-index.html">gitformat-index(5)</a>
2663 </dt>
2664 <dd>
2665 <p>
2666         Git index format.
2667 </p>
2668 </dd>
2669 <dt class="hdlist1">
2670 <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a>
2671 </dt>
2672 <dd>
2673 <p>
2674         Git pack format.
2675 </p>
2676 </dd>
2677 <dt class="hdlist1">
2678 <a href="gitformat-signature.html">gitformat-signature(5)</a>
2679 </dt>
2680 <dd>
2681 <p>
2682         Git cryptographic signature formats.
2683 </p>
2684 </dd>
2685 <dt class="hdlist1">
2686 <a href="gitprotocol-capabilities.html">gitprotocol-capabilities(5)</a>
2687 </dt>
2688 <dd>
2689 <p>
2690         Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.
2691 </p>
2692 </dd>
2693 <dt class="hdlist1">
2694 <a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>
2695 </dt>
2696 <dd>
2697 <p>
2698         Things common to various protocols.
2699 </p>
2700 </dd>
2701 <dt class="hdlist1">
2702 <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>
2703 </dt>
2704 <dd>
2705 <p>
2706         Git HTTP-based protocols.
2707 </p>
2708 </dd>
2709 <dt class="hdlist1">
2710 <a href="gitprotocol-pack.html">gitprotocol-pack(5)</a>
2711 </dt>
2712 <dd>
2713 <p>
2714         How packs are transferred over-the-wire.
2715 </p>
2716 </dd>
2717 <dt class="hdlist1">
2718 <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a>
2719 </dt>
2720 <dd>
2721 <p>
2722         Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.
2723 </p>
2724 </dd>
2725 </dl></div>
2726 </div>
2727 </div>
2728 <div class="sect1">
2729 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
2730 <div class="sectionbody">
2731 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
2732 repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
2733 like this:</p></div>
2734 <div class="listingblock">
2735 <div class="content">
2736 <pre><code>#
2737 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
2738 #
2739
2740 ; core variables
2741 [core]
2742         ; Don't trust file modes
2743         filemode = false
2744
2745 ; user identity
2746 [user]
2747         name = "Junio C Hamano"
2748         email = "gitster@pobox.com"</code></pre>
2749 </div></div>
2750 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
2751 their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
2752 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.</p></div>
2753 </div>
2754 </div>
2755 <div class="sect1">
2756 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
2757 <div class="sectionbody">
2758 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2759 <dt class="hdlist1">
2760 &lt;object&gt;
2761 </dt>
2762 <dd>
2763 <p>
2764         Indicates the object name for any type of object.
2765 </p>
2766 </dd>
2767 <dt class="hdlist1">
2768 &lt;blob&gt;
2769 </dt>
2770 <dd>
2771 <p>
2772         Indicates a blob object name.
2773 </p>
2774 </dd>
2775 <dt class="hdlist1">
2776 &lt;tree&gt;
2777 </dt>
2778 <dd>
2779 <p>
2780         Indicates a tree object name.
2781 </p>
2782 </dd>
2783 <dt class="hdlist1">
2784 &lt;commit&gt;
2785 </dt>
2786 <dd>
2787 <p>
2788         Indicates a commit object name.
2789 </p>
2790 </dd>
2791 <dt class="hdlist1">
2792 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
2793 </dt>
2794 <dd>
2795 <p>
2796         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
2797         command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2798         operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2799         &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
2800 </p>
2801 </dd>
2802 <dt class="hdlist1">
2803 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
2804 </dt>
2805 <dd>
2806 <p>
2807         Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
2808         command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2809         operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2810         &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
2811 </p>
2812 </dd>
2813 <dt class="hdlist1">
2814 &lt;type&gt;
2815 </dt>
2816 <dd>
2817 <p>
2818         Indicates that an object type is required.
2819         Currently one of: <code>blob</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>commit</code>, or <code>tag</code>.
2820 </p>
2821 </dd>
2822 <dt class="hdlist1">
2823 &lt;file&gt;
2824 </dt>
2825 <dd>
2826 <p>
2827         Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
2828         root of the tree structure <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code> describes.
2829 </p>
2830 </dd>
2831 </dl></div>
2832 </div>
2833 </div>
2834 <div class="sect1">
2835 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
2836 <div class="sectionbody">
2837 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any Git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
2838 symbolic notation:</p></div>
2839 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2840 <dt class="hdlist1">
2841 HEAD
2842 </dt>
2843 <dd>
2844 <p>
2845         indicates the head of the current branch.
2846 </p>
2847 </dd>
2848 <dt class="hdlist1">
2849 &lt;tag&gt;
2850 </dt>
2851 <dd>
2852 <p>
2853         a valid tag <em>name</em>
2854         (i.e. a <code>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</code> reference).
2855 </p>
2856 </dd>
2857 <dt class="hdlist1">
2858 &lt;head&gt;
2859 </dt>
2860 <dd>
2861 <p>
2862         a valid head <em>name</em>
2863         (i.e. a <code>refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</code> reference).
2864 </p>
2865 </dd>
2866 </dl></div>
2867 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
2868 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
2869 </div>
2870 </div>
2871 <div class="sect1">
2872 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
2873 <div class="sectionbody">
2874 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
2875 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
2876 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
2877 <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.</p></div>
2878 </div>
2879 </div>
2880 <div class="sect1">
2881 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
2882 <div class="sectionbody">
2883 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
2884 </div>
2885 </div>
2886 <div class="sect1">
2887 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
2888 <div class="sectionbody">
2889 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change
2890 their behavior.  The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take
2891 their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables, e.g.
2892 "true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes".</p></div>
2893 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here are the variables:</p></div>
2894 <div class="sect2">
2895 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The Git Repository</h3>
2896 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core Git commands. Nb: it
2897 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
2898 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.</p></div>
2899 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2900 <dt class="hdlist1">
2901 <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code>
2902 </dt>
2903 <dd>
2904 <p>
2905         This environment variable specifies an alternate
2906         index file. If not specified, the default of <code>$GIT_DIR/index</code>
2907         is used.
2908 </p>
2909 </dd>
2910 <dt class="hdlist1">
2911 <code>GIT_INDEX_VERSION</code>
2912 </dt>
2913 <dd>
2914 <p>
2915         This environment variable specifies what index version is used
2916         when writing the index file out.  It won&#8217;t affect existing index
2917         files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
2918         <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> for more information.
2919 </p>
2920 </dd>
2921 <dt class="hdlist1">
2922 <code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code>
2923 </dt>
2924 <dd>
2925 <p>
2926         If the object storage directory is specified via this
2927         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
2928         underneath - otherwise the default <code>$GIT_DIR/objects</code>
2929         directory is used.
2930 </p>
2931 </dd>
2932 <dt class="hdlist1">
2933 <code>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code>
2934 </dt>
2935 <dd>
2936 <p>
2937         Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
2938         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
2939         specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
2940         of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
2941         objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
2942 </p>
2943 <div class="paragraph"><p>Entries that begin with <code>"</code> (double-quote) will be interpreted
2944 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
2945 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
2946 <code>"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path</code> has two paths:
2947 <code>path-with-"-and-:-in-it</code> and <code>vanilla-path</code>.</p></div>
2948 </dd>
2949 <dt class="hdlist1">
2950 <code>GIT_DIR</code>
2951 </dt>
2952 <dd>
2953 <p>
2954         If the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable is set then it
2955         specifies a path to use instead of the default <code>.git</code>
2956         for the base of the repository.
2957         The <code>--git-dir</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2958 </p>
2959 </dd>
2960 <dt class="hdlist1">
2961 <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
2962 </dt>
2963 <dd>
2964 <p>
2965         Set the path to the root of the working tree.
2966         This can also be controlled by the <code>--work-tree</code> command-line
2967         option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
2968 </p>
2969 </dd>
2970 <dt class="hdlist1">
2971 <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code>
2972 </dt>
2973 <dd>
2974 <p>
2975         Set the Git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
2976         The <code>--namespace</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2977 </p>
2978 </dd>
2979 <dt class="hdlist1">
2980 <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>
2981 </dt>
2982 <dd>
2983 <p>
2984         This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
2985         set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
2986         into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
2987         excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
2988         exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
2989         command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
2990         the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
2991         might be present in order to compare them with the current
2992         directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
2993         can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
2994         subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn&#8217;t be resolved;
2995         e.g.,
2996         <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink</code>.
2997 </p>
2998 </dd>
2999 <dt class="hdlist1">
3000 <code>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</code>
3001 </dt>
3002 <dd>
3003 <p>
3004         When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
3005         directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
3006         directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
3007         does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This Boolean environment variable
3008         can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
3009         boundaries.  Like <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>, this will not affect
3010         an explicit repository directory set via <code>GIT_DIR</code> or on the
3011         command line.
3012 </p>
3013 </dd>
3014 <dt class="hdlist1">
3015 <code>GIT_COMMON_DIR</code>
3016 </dt>
3017 <dd>
3018 <p>
3019         If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
3020         normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
3021         instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
3022         taken from $GIT_DIR. See <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> and
3023         <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> for
3024         details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
3025         variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY&#8230;
3026 </p>
3027 </dd>
3028 <dt class="hdlist1">
3029 <code>GIT_DEFAULT_HASH</code>
3030 </dt>
3031 <dd>
3032 <p>
3033         If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
3034         repositories will be set to this value. This value is
3035         ignored when cloning and the setting of the remote repository
3036         is always used. The default is "sha1".
3037         See <code>--object-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.
3038 </p>
3039 </dd>
3040 <dt class="hdlist1">
3041 <code>GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT</code>
3042 </dt>
3043 <dd>
3044 <p>
3045         If this variable is set, the default reference backend format for new
3046         repositories will be set to this value. The default is "files".
3047         See <code>--ref-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.
3048 </p>
3049 </dd>
3050 </dl></div>
3051 </div>
3052 <div class="sect2">
3053 <h3 id="_git_commits">Git Commits</h3>
3054 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3055 <dt class="hdlist1">
3056 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code>
3057 </dt>
3058 <dd>
3059 <p>
3060         The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or
3061         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3062         <code>author.name</code> configuration settings.
3063 </p>
3064 </dd>
3065 <dt class="hdlist1">
3066 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</code>
3067 </dt>
3068 <dd>
3069 <p>
3070         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3071         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3072         <code>author.email</code> configuration settings.
3073 </p>
3074 </dd>
3075 <dt class="hdlist1">
3076 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code>
3077 </dt>
3078 <dd>
3079 <p>
3080         The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3081         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3082 </p>
3083 </dd>
3084 <dt class="hdlist1">
3085 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</code>
3086 </dt>
3087 <dd>
3088 <p>
3089         The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or
3090         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3091         <code>committer.name</code> configuration settings.
3092 </p>
3093 </dd>
3094 <dt class="hdlist1">
3095 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</code>
3096 </dt>
3097 <dd>
3098 <p>
3099         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3100         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3101         <code>committer.email</code> configuration settings.
3102 </p>
3103 </dd>
3104 <dt class="hdlist1">
3105 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code>
3106 </dt>
3107 <dd>
3108 <p>
3109         The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3110         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3111 </p>
3112 </dd>
3113 <dt class="hdlist1">
3114 <code>EMAIL</code>
3115 </dt>
3116 <dd>
3117 <p>
3118         The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other
3119         relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set.
3120 </p>
3121 </dd>
3122 </dl></div>
3123 </div>
3124 <div class="sect2">
3125 <h3 id="_git_diffs">Git Diffs</h3>
3126 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3127 <dt class="hdlist1">
3128 <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code>
3129 </dt>
3130 <dd>
3131 <p>
3132         Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
3133         number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
3134         This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
3135         value passed on the Git diff command line.
3136 </p>
3137 </dd>
3138 <dt class="hdlist1">
3139 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code>
3140 </dt>
3141 <dd>
3142 <p>
3143         When the environment variable <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is set, the
3144         program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git
3145         does not use its builtin diff machinery.
3146         For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
3147         <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 7 parameters:
3148 </p>
3149 <div class="literalblock">
3150 <div class="content">
3151 <pre><code>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</code></pre>
3152 </div></div>
3153 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
3154 </dd>
3155 <dt class="hdlist1">
3156 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
3157 </dt>
3158 <dd>
3159 <p>
3160 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
3161                          contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
3162 </p>
3163 </dd>
3164 <dt class="hdlist1">
3165 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
3166 </dt>
3167 <dd>
3168 <p>
3169 are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
3170 </p>
3171 </dd>
3172 <dt class="hdlist1">
3173 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
3174 </dt>
3175 <dd>
3176 <p>
3177 are the octal representation of the file modes.
3178 </p>
3179 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
3180 (e.g. <code>new-file</code> in "git-diff-files"), <code>/dev/null</code> (e.g. <code>old-file</code>
3181 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <code>old-file</code> in the
3182 index).  <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> should not worry about unlinking the
3183 temporary file&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;it is removed when <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> exits.</p></div>
3184 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 1
3185 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
3186 <div class="paragraph"><p>For each path <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called, two environment variables,
3187 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code> and <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code> are set.</p></div>
3188 </dd>
3189 <dt class="hdlist1">
3190 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF_TRUST_EXIT_CODE</code>
3191 </dt>
3192 <dd>
3193 <p>
3194         If this Boolean environment variable is set to true then the
3195         <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> command is expected to return exit code
3196         0 if it considers the input files to be equal or 1 if it
3197         considers them to be different, like <code>diff(1)</code>.
3198         If it is set to false, which is the default, then the command
3199         is expected to return exit code 0 regardless of equality.
3200         Any other exit code causes Git to report a fatal error.
3201 </p>
3202 </dd>
3203 <dt class="hdlist1">
3204 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code>
3205 </dt>
3206 <dd>
3207 <p>
3208         A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
3209 </p>
3210 </dd>
3211 <dt class="hdlist1">
3212 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code>
3213 </dt>
3214 <dd>
3215 <p>
3216         The total number of paths.
3217 </p>
3218 </dd>
3219 </dl></div>
3220 </div>
3221 <div class="sect2">
3222 <h3 id="_other">other</h3>
3223 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3224 <dt class="hdlist1">
3225 <code>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</code>
3226 </dt>
3227 <dd>
3228 <p>
3229         A number controlling the amount of output shown by
3230         the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
3231         See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
3232 </p>
3233 </dd>
3234 <dt class="hdlist1">
3235 <code>GIT_PAGER</code>
3236 </dt>
3237 <dd>
3238 <p>
3239         This environment variable overrides <code>$PAGER</code>. If it is set
3240         to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
3241         a pager.  See also the <code>core.pager</code> option in
3242         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3243 </p>
3244 </dd>
3245 <dt class="hdlist1">
3246 <code>GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY</code>
3247 </dt>
3248 <dd>
3249 <p>
3250         A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
3251         optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.
3252 </p>
3253 </dd>
3254 <dt class="hdlist1">
3255 <code>GIT_EDITOR</code>
3256 </dt>
3257 <dd>
3258 <p>
3259         This environment variable overrides <code>$EDITOR</code> and <code>$VISUAL</code>.
3260         It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
3261         an editor is to be launched. See also <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
3262         and the <code>core.editor</code> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3263 </p>
3264 </dd>
3265 <dt class="hdlist1">
3266 <code>GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR</code>
3267 </dt>
3268 <dd>
3269 <p>
3270         This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
3271         when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
3272         <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> and the <code>sequence.editor</code> option in
3273         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3274 </p>
3275 </dd>
3276 <dt class="hdlist1">
3277 <code>GIT_SSH</code>
3278 </dt>
3279 <dt class="hdlist1">
3280 <code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>
3281 </dt>
3282 <dd>
3283 <p>
3284         If either of these environment variables is set then <em>git fetch</em>
3285         and <em>git push</em> will use the specified command instead of <em>ssh</em>
3286         when they need to connect to a remote system.
3287         The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
3288         determined by the ssh variant.  See <code>ssh.variant</code> option in
3289         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.
3290 </p>
3291 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>$GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code> takes precedence over <code>$GIT_SSH</code>, and is interpreted
3292 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
3293 <code>$GIT_SSH</code> on the other hand must be just the path to a program
3294 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
3295 needed).</p></div>
3296 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
3297 personal <code>.ssh/config</code> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
3298 for further details.</p></div>
3299 </dd>
3300 <dt class="hdlist1">
3301 <code>GIT_SSH_VARIANT</code>
3302 </dt>
3303 <dd>
3304 <p>
3305         If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git&#8217;s autodetection
3306         whether <code>GIT_SSH</code>/<code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>/<code>core.sshCommand</code> refer to OpenSSH,
3307         plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
3308         <code>ssh.variant</code> that serves the same purpose.
3309 </p>
3310 </dd>
3311 <dt class="hdlist1">
3312 <code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code>
3313 </dt>
3314 <dd>
3315 <p>
3316         Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
3317         tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
3318         pushing over HTTPS.
3319 </p>
3320 </dd>
3321 <dt class="hdlist1">
3322 <code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code>
3323 </dt>
3324 <dd>
3325 <p>
3326         Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.
3327 </p>
3328 </dd>
3329 <dt class="hdlist1">
3330 <code>GIT_ASKPASS</code>
3331 </dt>
3332 <dd>
3333 <p>
3334         If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
3335         acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
3336         will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
3337         and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <code>core.askPass</code>
3338         option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3339 </p>
3340 </dd>
3341 <dt class="hdlist1">
3342 <code>GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT</code>
3343 </dt>
3344 <dd>
3345 <p>
3346         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not prompt
3347         on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
3348 </p>
3349 </dd>
3350 <dt class="hdlist1">
3351 <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code>
3352 </dt>
3353 <dt class="hdlist1">
3354 <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code>
3355 </dt>
3356 <dd>
3357 <p>
3358         Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or
3359         system-level configuration files. If <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code> is set, the
3360         system config file defined at build time (usually <code>/etc/gitconfig</code>)
3361         will not be read. Likewise, if <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code> is set, neither
3362         <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> nor <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> will be read. Can
3363         be set to <code>/dev/null</code> to skip reading configuration files of the
3364         respective level.
3365 </p>
3366 </dd>
3367 <dt class="hdlist1">
3368 <code>GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM</code>
3369 </dt>
3370 <dd>
3371 <p>
3372         Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
3373         <code>$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig</code> file.  This Boolean environment variable can
3374         be used along with <code>$HOME</code> and <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> to create a
3375         predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
3376         to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy <code>/etc/gitconfig</code> file while
3377         waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
3378 </p>
3379 </dd>
3380 <dt class="hdlist1">
3381 <code>GIT_FLUSH</code>
3382 </dt>
3383 <dd>
3384 <p>
3385         If this Boolean environment variable is set to true, then commands such
3386         as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
3387         <em>git check-attr</em> and <em>git check-ignore</em> will
3388         force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
3389         flushed. If this
3390         variable is set to false, the output of these commands will be done
3391         using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
3392         not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
3393         based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
3394 </p>
3395 </dd>
3396 <dt class="hdlist1">
3397 <code>GIT_TRACE</code>
3398 </dt>
3399 <dd>
3400 <p>
3401         Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
3402         command execution and external command execution.
3403 </p>
3404 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3405 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3406 stderr.</p></div>
3407 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3408 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3409 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3410 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3411 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3412 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3413 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3414 to it.</p></div>
3415 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3416 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3417 </dd>
3418 <dt class="hdlist1">
3419 <code>GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR</code>
3420 </dt>
3421 <dd>
3422 <p>
3423         Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
3424         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3425 </p>
3426 </dd>
3427 <dt class="hdlist1">
3428 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS</code>
3429 </dt>
3430 <dd>
3431 <p>
3432         Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
3433         access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
3434         recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
3435         pack-related performance problems.
3436         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3437 </p>
3438 </dd>
3439 <dt class="hdlist1">
3440 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKET</code>
3441 </dt>
3442 <dd>
3443 <p>
3444         Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
3445         given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
3446         or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
3447         starting with "PACK" (but see <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code> below).
3448         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3449 </p>
3450 </dd>
3451 <dt class="hdlist1">
3452 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code>
3453 </dt>
3454 <dd>
3455 <p>
3456         Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
3457         given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
3458         verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
3459         certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
3460         <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack</code>) rather than displaying it on
3461         the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
3462 </p>
3463 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
3464 of clones and fetches.</p></div>
3465 </dd>
3466 <dt class="hdlist1">
3467 <code>GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE</code>
3468 </dt>
3469 <dd>
3470 <p>
3471         Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
3472         time of each Git command.
3473         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3474 </p>
3475 </dd>
3476 <dt class="hdlist1">
3477 <code>GIT_TRACE_REFS</code>
3478 </dt>
3479 <dd>
3480 <p>
3481         Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database.
3482         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3483 </p>
3484 </dd>
3485 <dt class="hdlist1">
3486 <code>GIT_TRACE_SETUP</code>
3487 </dt>
3488 <dd>
3489 <p>
3490         Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
3491         working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
3492         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3493 </p>
3494 </dd>
3495 <dt class="hdlist1">
3496 <code>GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW</code>
3497 </dt>
3498 <dd>
3499 <p>
3500         Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
3501         cloning of shallow repositories.
3502         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3503 </p>
3504 </dd>
3505 <dt class="hdlist1">
3506 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code>
3507 </dt>
3508 <dd>
3509 <p>
3510         Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
3511         including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
3512         This is similar to doing curl <code>--trace-ascii</code> on the command line.
3513         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3514 </p>
3515 </dd>
3516 <dt class="hdlist1">
3517 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA</code>
3518 </dt>
3519 <dd>
3520 <p>
3521         When a curl trace is enabled (see <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code> above), do not dump
3522         data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
3523 </p>
3524 </dd>
3525 <dt class="hdlist1">
3526 <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>
3527 </dt>
3528 <dd>
3529 <p>
3530         Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
3531         Output from <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> is a simple text-based format for human
3532         readability.
3533 </p>
3534 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3535 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3536 stderr.</p></div>
3537 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3538 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3539 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3540 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3541 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3542 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3543 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3544 to it.  If the path already exists and is a directory, the
3545 trace messages will be written to files (one per process)
3546 in that directory, named according to the last component
3547 of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename
3548 collisions).</p></div>
3549 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, if the variable is set to
3550 <code>af_unix:[&lt;socket-type&gt;:]&lt;absolute-pathname&gt;</code>, Git will try
3551 to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket.  The socket type
3552 can be either <code>stream</code> or <code>dgram</code>.</p></div>
3553 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3554 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3555 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a>
3556 for full details.</p></div>
3557 </dd>
3558 <dt class="hdlist1">
3559 <code>GIT_TRACE2_EVENT</code>
3560 </dt>
3561 <dd>
3562 <p>
3563         This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
3564         interpretation.
3565         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3566         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3567 </p>
3568 </dd>
3569 <dt class="hdlist1">
3570 <code>GIT_TRACE2_PERF</code>
3571 </dt>
3572 <dd>
3573 <p>
3574         In addition to the text-based messages available in <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>, this
3575         setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
3576         regions.
3577         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3578         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3579 </p>
3580 </dd>
3581 <dt class="hdlist1">
3582 <code>GIT_TRACE_REDACT</code>
3583 </dt>
3584 <dd>
3585 <p>
3586         By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
3587         cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
3588         header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
3589         redaction.
3590 </p>
3591 </dd>
3592 <dt class="hdlist1">
3593 <code>GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS</code>
3594 </dt>
3595 <dd>
3596 <p>
3597         Setting and exporting this environment variable tells Git to
3598         ignore replacement refs and do not replace Git objects.
3599 </p>
3600 </dd>
3601 <dt class="hdlist1">
3602 <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code>
3603 </dt>
3604 <dd>
3605 <p>
3606         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3607         pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
3608         running <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'</code> will search
3609         for commits that touch the path <code>*.c</code>, not any paths that the
3610         glob <code>*.c</code> matches. You might want this if you are feeding
3611         literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
3612         <code>git ls-tree</code>, <code>--raw</code> diff output, etc).
3613 </p>
3614 </dd>
3615 <dt class="hdlist1">
3616 <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3617 </dt>
3618 <dd>
3619 <p>
3620         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3621         pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
3622 </p>
3623 </dd>
3624 <dt class="hdlist1">
3625 <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3626 </dt>
3627 <dd>
3628 <p>
3629         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3630         pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
3631 </p>
3632 </dd>
3633 <dt class="hdlist1">
3634 <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code>
3635 </dt>
3636 <dd>
3637 <p>
3638         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3639         pathspecs as case-insensitive.
3640 </p>
3641 </dd>
3642 <dt class="hdlist1">
3643 <code>GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH</code>
3644 </dt>
3645 <dd>
3646 <p>
3647         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true tells Git
3648         not to lazily fetch missing objects from the promisor remote
3649         on demand.
3650 </p>
3651 </dd>
3652 <dt class="hdlist1">
3653 <code>GIT_REFLOG_ACTION</code>
3654 </dt>
3655 <dd>
3656 <p>
3657         When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
3658         track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
3659         typically the name of the high-level command that updated
3660         the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
3661         A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
3662         helper function in <code>git-sh-setup</code> to set its name to this
3663         variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
3664         end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
3665 </p>
3666 </dd>
3667 <dt class="hdlist1">
3668 <code>GIT_REF_PARANOIA</code>
3669 </dt>
3670 <dd>
3671 <p>
3672         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating
3673         over lists of refs. Normally Git will try to include any such
3674         refs, which may cause some operations to fail. This is usually
3675         preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g.,
3676         <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>) are better off aborting rather than
3677         ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they
3678         point to as not worth saving). The default value is <code>1</code> (i.e.,
3679         be paranoid about detecting and aborting all operations). You
3680         should not normally need to set this to <code>0</code>, but it may be
3681         useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.
3682 </p>
3683 </dd>
3684 <dt class="hdlist1">
3685 <code>GIT_COMMIT_GRAPH_PARANOIA</code>
3686 </dt>
3687 <dd>
3688 <p>
3689         When loading a commit object from the commit-graph, Git performs an
3690         existence check on the object in the object database. This is done to
3691         avoid issues with stale commit-graphs that contain references to
3692         already-deleted commits, but comes with a performance penalty.
3693 </p>
3694 <div class="paragraph"><p>The default is "false", which disables the aforementioned behavior.
3695 Setting this to "true" enables the existence check so that stale commits
3696 will never be returned from the commit-graph at the cost of performance.</p></div>
3697 </dd>
3698 <dt class="hdlist1">
3699 <code>GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL</code>
3700 </dt>
3701 <dd>
3702 <p>
3703         If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
3704         <code>protocol.allow</code> is set to <code>never</code>, and each of the listed
3705         protocols has <code>protocol.&lt;name&gt;.allow</code> set to <code>always</code>
3706         (overriding any existing configuration). See the description of
3707         <code>protocol.allow</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3708 </p>
3709 </dd>
3710 <dt class="hdlist1">
3711 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER</code>
3712 </dt>
3713 <dd>
3714 <p>
3715         Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
3716         configured to the <code>user</code> state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
3717         submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
3718         which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
3719         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3720 </p>
3721 </dd>
3722 <dt class="hdlist1">
3723 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL</code>
3724 </dt>
3725 <dd>
3726 <p>
3727         For internal use only.  Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
3728         Contains a colon <em>:</em> separated list of keys with optional values
3729         <em>&lt;key&gt;[=&lt;value&gt;]</em>.  Presence of unknown keys and values must be
3730         ignored.
3731 </p>
3732 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to
3733 pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically when
3734 accessing local repositories (i.e., <code>file://</code> or a filesystem path), as
3735 well as over the <code>git://</code> protocol. For git-over-http, it should work
3736 automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in
3737 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>. For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need
3738 to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using
3739 <code>AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL</code> with OpenSSH).</p></div>
3740 <div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then
3741 clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out
3742 on some performance improvements or features). This variable currently
3743 only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may
3744 be in the future).</p></div>
3745 </dd>
3746 <dt class="hdlist1">
3747 <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code>
3748 </dt>
3749 <dd>
3750 <p>
3751         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will complete any requested operation without
3752         performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock.
3753         For example, this will prevent <code>git status</code> from refreshing the
3754         index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in
3755         the background which do not want to cause lock contention with
3756         other operations on the repository.  Defaults to <code>1</code>.
3757 </p>
3758 </dd>
3759 <dt class="hdlist1">
3760 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN</code>
3761 </dt>
3762 <dt class="hdlist1">
3763 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT</code>
3764 </dt>
3765 <dt class="hdlist1">
3766 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code>
3767 </dt>
3768 <dd>
3769 <p>
3770         Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error
3771         handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is
3772         particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the
3773         canonical way to pass standard handles via <code>CreateProcess()</code> is
3774         not an option because it would require the handles to be marked
3775         inheritable (and consequently <strong>every</strong> spawned process would
3776         inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The
3777         primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
3778         (e.g. <code>\\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123</code>).
3779 </p>
3780 <div class="paragraph"><p>Two special values are supported: <code>off</code> will simply close the
3781 corresponding standard handle, and if <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code> is
3782 <code>2&gt;&amp;1</code>, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
3783 standard output.</p></div>
3784 </dd>
3785 <dt class="hdlist1">
3786 <code>GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS</code> (deprecated)
3787 </dt>
3788 <dd>
3789 <p>
3790         If set to <code>yes</code>, print an ellipsis following an
3791         (abbreviated) SHA-1 value.  This affects indications of
3792         detached HEADs (<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>) and the raw
3793         diff output (<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>).  Printing an
3794         ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered
3795         adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the
3796         foreseeable future (along with the variable).
3797 </p>
3798 </dd>
3799 </dl></div>
3800 </div>
3801 </div>
3802 </div>
3803 <div class="sect1">
3804 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
3805 <div class="sectionbody">
3806 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
3807 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3808 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
3809 <div class="paragraph"><p>A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
3810 subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
3811 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
3812 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
3813 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
3814 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
3815 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
3816 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
3817 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
3818 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
3819 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
3820 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
3821 represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
3822 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
3823 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
3824 written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
3825 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
3826 just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
3827 purpose.</p></div>
3828 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
3829 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
3830 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
3831 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref (the
3832 latter is called a "symbolic ref").
3833 Refs with names beginning <code>refs/head/</code> contain the SHA-1 name of the most
3834 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
3835 tags of interest are stored under <code>refs/tags/</code>.  A symbolic ref named
3836 <code>HEAD</code> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
3837 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
3838 path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
3839 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
3840 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
3841 corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
3842 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
3843 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
3844 content stored in the index.</p></div>
3845 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
3846 for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
3847 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
3848 </div>
3849 </div>
3850 <div class="sect1">
3851 <h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
3852 <div class="sectionbody">
3853 <div class="paragraph"><p>Some configuration options and hook files may cause Git to run arbitrary
3854 shell commands. Because configuration and hooks are not copied using
3855 <code>git clone</code>, it is generally safe to clone remote repositories with
3856 untrusted content, inspect them with <code>git log</code>, and so on.</p></div>
3857 <div class="paragraph"><p>However, it is not safe to run Git commands in a <code>.git</code> directory (or
3858 the working tree that surrounds it) when that <code>.git</code> directory itself
3859 comes from an untrusted source. The commands in its config and hooks
3860 are executed in the usual way.</p></div>
3861 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Git will refuse to run when the repository is owned by
3862 someone other than the user running the command. See the entry for
3863 <code>safe.directory</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. While this can help protect
3864 you in a multi-user environment, note that you can also acquire
3865 untrusted repositories that are owned by you (for example, if you
3866 extract a zip file or tarball from an untrusted source). In such cases,
3867 you&#8217;d need to "sanitize" the untrusted repository first.</p></div>
3868 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you have an untrusted <code>.git</code> directory, you should first clone it
3869 with <code>git clone --no-local</code> to obtain a clean copy. Git does restrict
3870 the set of options and hooks that will be run by <code>upload-pack</code>, which
3871 handles the server side of a clone or fetch, but beware that the
3872 surface area for attack against <code>upload-pack</code> is large, so this does
3873 carry some risk. The safest thing is to serve the repository as an
3874 unprivileged user (either via <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>, ssh, or using
3875 other tools to change user ids). See the discussion in the <code>SECURITY</code>
3876 section of <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>.</p></div>
3877 </div>
3878 </div>
3879 <div class="sect1">
3880 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
3881 <div class="sectionbody">
3882 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references in the "description" section to get started
3883 using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
3884 for a first-time user.</p></div>
3885 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3886 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
3887 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.</p></div>
3888 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
3889 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
3890 examples.</p></div>
3891 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
3892 <a href="technical/api-index.html">Git API documentation</a>.</p></div>
3893 <div class="paragraph"><p>Users migrating from CVS may also want to
3894 read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p></div>
3895 </div>
3896 </div>
3897 <div class="sect1">
3898 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
3899 <div class="sectionbody">
3900 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
3901 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
3902 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;.  <a href="https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary">https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary</a>
3903 gives you a more complete list of contributors.</p></div>
3904 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
3905 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
3906 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
3907 </div>
3908 </div>
3909 <div class="sect1">
3910 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
3911 <div class="sectionbody">
3912 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
3913 development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
3914 subscribed to the list to send a message there.  See the list archive
3915 at <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">https://lore.kernel.org/git</a> for previous bug reports and other
3916 discussions.</p></div>
3917 <div class="paragraph"><p>Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to
3918 the Git Security mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com">git-security@googlegroups.com</a>&gt;.</p></div>
3919 </div>
3920 </div>
3921 <div class="sect1">
3922 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
3923 <div class="sectionbody">
3924 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
3925 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
3926 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
3927 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
3928 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
3929 </div>
3930 </div>
3931 <div class="sect1">
3932 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
3933 <div class="sectionbody">
3934 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
3935 </div>
3936 </div>
3937 </div>
3938 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
3939 <div id="footer">
3940 <div id="footer-text">
3941 Last updated
3942  2024-06-20 16:27:24 PDT
3943 </div>
3944 </div>
3945 </body>
3946 </html>