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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-merge-tree(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-merge-tree -
 743    Perform merge without touching index or working tree
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git merge-tree</em> [--write-tree] [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;branch1&gt; &lt;branch2&gt;
 753 <em>git merge-tree</em> [--trivial-merge] &lt;base-tree&gt; &lt;branch1&gt; &lt;branch2&gt; (deprecated)</pre>
 754 <div class="attribution">
 755 </div></div>
 756 </div>
 757 </div>
 758 <div class="sect1">
 759 <h2 id="NEWMERGE">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 760 <div class="sectionbody">
 761 <div class="paragraph"><p>This command has a modern <code>--write-tree</code> mode and a deprecated
 762 <code>--trivial-merge</code> mode.  With the exception of the
 763 <a href="#DEPMERGE">DEPRECATED DESCRIPTION</a> section at the end, the rest of
 764 this documentation describes the modern <code>--write-tree</code> mode.</p></div>
 765 <div class="paragraph"><p>Performs a merge, but does not make any new commits and does not read
 766 from or write to either the working tree or index.</p></div>
 767 <div class="paragraph"><p>The performed merge will use the same features as the "real"
 768 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>, including:</p></div>
 769 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 770 <li>
 771 <p>
 772 three way content merges of individual files
 773 </p>
 774 </li>
 775 <li>
 776 <p>
 777 rename detection
 778 </p>
 779 </li>
 780 <li>
 781 <p>
 782 proper directory/file conflict handling
 783 </p>
 784 </li>
 785 <li>
 786 <p>
 787 recursive ancestor consolidation (i.e. when there is more than one
 788     merge base, creating a virtual merge base by merging the merge bases)
 789 </p>
 790 </li>
 791 <li>
 792 <p>
 793 etc.
 794 </p>
 795 </li>
 796 </ul></div>
 797 <div class="paragraph"><p>After the merge completes, a new toplevel tree object is created.  See
 798 <code>OUTPUT</code> below for details.</p></div>
 799 </div>
 800 </div>
 801 <div class="sect1">
 802 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 803 <div class="sectionbody">
 804 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 805 <dt class="hdlist1">
 806 -z
 807 </dt>
 808 <dd>
 809 <p>
 810         Do not quote filenames in the &lt;Conflicted file info&gt; section,
 811         and end each filename with a NUL character rather than
 812         newline.  Also begin the messages section with a NUL character
 813         instead of a newline.  See <a href="#OUTPUT">[OUTPUT]</a> below for more information.
 814 </p>
 815 </dd>
 816 <dt class="hdlist1">
 817 --name-only
 818 </dt>
 819 <dd>
 820 <p>
 821         In the Conflicted file info section, instead of writing a list
 822         of (mode, oid, stage, path) tuples to output for conflicted
 823         files, just provide a list of filenames with conflicts (and
 824         do not list filenames multiple times if they have multiple
 825         conflicting stages).
 826 </p>
 827 </dd>
 828 <dt class="hdlist1">
 829 --[no-]messages
 830 </dt>
 831 <dd>
 832 <p>
 833         Write any informational messages such as "Auto-merging &lt;path&gt;"
 834         or CONFLICT notices to the end of stdout.  If unspecified, the
 835         default is to include these messages if there are merge
 836         conflicts, and to omit them otherwise.
 837 </p>
 838 </dd>
 839 <dt class="hdlist1">
 840 --allow-unrelated-histories
 841 </dt>
 842 <dd>
 843 <p>
 844         merge-tree will by default error out if the two branches specified
 845         share no common history.  This flag can be given to override that
 846         check and make the merge proceed anyway.
 847 </p>
 848 </dd>
 849 <dt class="hdlist1">
 850 --merge-base=&lt;commit&gt;
 851 </dt>
 852 <dd>
 853 <p>
 854         Instead of finding the merge-bases for &lt;branch1&gt; and &lt;branch2&gt;,
 855         specify a merge-base for the merge, and specifying multiple bases is
 856         currently not supported. This option is incompatible with <code>--stdin</code>.
 857 </p>
 858 </dd>
 859 </dl></div>
 860 </div>
 861 </div>
 862 <div class="sect1">
 863 <h2 id="OUTPUT">OUTPUT</h2>
 864 <div class="sectionbody">
 865 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a successful merge, the output from git-merge-tree is simply one
 866 line:</p></div>
 867 <div class="literalblock">
 868 <div class="content">
 869 <pre><code>&lt;OID of toplevel tree&gt;</code></pre>
 870 </div></div>
 871 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whereas for a conflicted merge, the output is by default of the form:</p></div>
 872 <div class="literalblock">
 873 <div class="content">
 874 <pre><code>&lt;OID of toplevel tree&gt;
 875 &lt;Conflicted file info&gt;
 876 &lt;Informational messages&gt;</code></pre>
 877 </div></div>
 878 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are discussed individually below.</p></div>
 879 <div class="paragraph"><p>However, there is an exception.  If <code>--stdin</code> is passed, then there is
 880 an extra section at the beginning, a NUL character at the end, and then
 881 all the sections repeat for each line of input.  Thus, if the first merge
 882 is conflicted and the second is clean, the output would be of the form:</p></div>
 883 <div class="literalblock">
 884 <div class="content">
 885 <pre><code>&lt;Merge status&gt;
 886 &lt;OID of toplevel tree&gt;
 887 &lt;Conflicted file info&gt;
 888 &lt;Informational messages&gt;
 889 NUL
 890 &lt;Merge status&gt;
 891 &lt;OID of toplevel tree&gt;
 892 NUL</code></pre>
 893 </div></div>
 894 <div class="sect2">
 895 <h3 id="MS">Merge status</h3>
 896 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is an integer status followed by a NUL character.  The integer status is:</p></div>
 897 <div class="literalblock">
 898 <div class="content">
 899 <pre><code>0: merge had conflicts
 900 1: merge was clean
 901 &lt;0: something prevented the merge from running (e.g. access to repository
 902     objects denied by filesystem)</code></pre>
 903 </div></div>
 904 </div>
 905 <div class="sect2">
 906 <h3 id="OIDTLT">OID of toplevel tree</h3>
 907 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is a tree object that represents what would be checked out in the
 908 working tree at the end of <code>git merge</code>.  If there were conflicts, then
 909 files within this tree may have embedded conflict markers.  This section
 910 is always followed by a newline (or NUL if <code>-z</code> is passed).</p></div>
 911 </div>
 912 <div class="sect2">
 913 <h3 id="CFI">Conflicted file info</h3>
 914 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is a sequence of lines with the format</p></div>
 915 <div class="literalblock">
 916 <div class="content">
 917 <pre><code>&lt;mode&gt; &lt;object&gt; &lt;stage&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code></pre>
 918 </div></div>
 919 <div class="paragraph"><p>The filename will be quoted as explained for the configuration
 920 variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).  However, if
 921 the <code>--name-only</code> option is passed, the mode, object, and stage will
 922 be omitted.  If <code>-z</code> is passed, the "lines" are terminated by a NUL
 923 character instead of a newline character.</p></div>
 924 </div>
 925 <div class="sect2">
 926 <h3 id="IM">Informational messages</h3>
 927 <div class="paragraph"><p>This section provides informational messages, typically about
 928 conflicts.  The format of the section varies significantly depending
 929 on whether <code>-z</code> is passed.</p></div>
 930 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-z</code> is passed:</p></div>
 931 <div class="paragraph"><p>The output format is zero or more conflict informational records, each
 932 of the form:</p></div>
 933 <div class="literalblock">
 934 <div class="content">
 935 <pre><code>&lt;list-of-paths&gt;&lt;conflict-type&gt;NUL&lt;conflict-message&gt;NUL</code></pre>
 936 </div></div>
 937 <div class="paragraph"><p>where &lt;list-of-paths&gt; is of the form</p></div>
 938 <div class="literalblock">
 939 <div class="content">
 940 <pre><code>&lt;number-of-paths&gt;NUL&lt;path1&gt;NUL&lt;path2&gt;NUL...&lt;pathN&gt;NUL</code></pre>
 941 </div></div>
 942 <div class="paragraph"><p>and includes paths (or branch names) affected by the conflict or
 943 informational message in &lt;conflict-message&gt;.  Also, &lt;conflict-type&gt; is a
 944 stable string explaining the type of conflict, such as</p></div>
 945 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 946 <li>
 947 <p>
 948 "Auto-merging"
 949 </p>
 950 </li>
 951 <li>
 952 <p>
 953 "CONFLICT (rename/delete)"
 954 </p>
 955 </li>
 956 <li>
 957 <p>
 958 "CONFLICT (submodule lacks merge base)"
 959 </p>
 960 </li>
 961 <li>
 962 <p>
 963 "CONFLICT (binary)"
 964 </p>
 965 </li>
 966 </ul></div>
 967 <div class="paragraph"><p>and &lt;conflict-message&gt; is a more detailed message about the conflict which often
 968 (but not always) embeds the &lt;stable-short-type-description&gt; within it.  These
 969 strings may change in future Git versions.  Some examples:</p></div>
 970 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 971 <li>
 972 <p>
 973 "Auto-merging &lt;file&gt;"
 974 </p>
 975 </li>
 976 <li>
 977 <p>
 978 "CONFLICT (rename/delete): &lt;oldfile&gt; renamed&#8230;but deleted in&#8230;"
 979 </p>
 980 </li>
 981 <li>
 982 <p>
 983 "Failed to merge submodule &lt;submodule&gt; (no merge base)"
 984 </p>
 985 </li>
 986 <li>
 987 <p>
 988 "Warning: cannot merge binary files: &lt;filename&gt;"
 989 </p>
 990 </li>
 991 </ul></div>
 992 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-z</code> is NOT passed:</p></div>
 993 <div class="paragraph"><p>This section starts with a blank line to separate it from the previous
 994 sections, and then only contains the &lt;conflict-message&gt; information
 995 from the previous section (separated by newlines).  These are
 996 non-stable strings that should not be parsed by scripts, and are just
 997 meant for human consumption.  Also, note that while &lt;conflict-message&gt;
 998 strings usually do not contain embedded newlines, they sometimes do.
 999 (However, the free-form messages will never have an embedded NUL
1000 character).  So, the entire block of information is meant for human
1001 readers as an agglomeration of all conflict messages.</p></div>
1002 </div>
1003 </div>
1004 </div>
1005 <div class="sect1">
1006 <h2 id="_exit_status">EXIT STATUS</h2>
1007 <div class="sectionbody">
1008 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a successful, non-conflicted merge, the exit status is 0.  When the
1009 merge has conflicts, the exit status is 1.  If the merge is not able to
1010 complete (or start) due to some kind of error, the exit status is
1011 something other than 0 or 1 (and the output is unspecified).  When
1012 --stdin is passed, the return status is 0 for both successful and
1013 conflicted merges, and something other than 0 or 1 if it cannot complete
1014 all the requested merges.</p></div>
1015 </div>
1016 </div>
1017 <div class="sect1">
1018 <h2 id="_usage_notes">USAGE NOTES</h2>
1019 <div class="sectionbody">
1020 <div class="paragraph"><p>This command is intended as low-level plumbing, similar to
1021 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>, <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>,
1022 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>, <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>,
1023 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>, and <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>.  Thus, it can be
1024 used as a part of a series of steps such as:</p></div>
1025 <div class="literalblock">
1026 <div class="content">
1027 <pre><code>NEWTREE=$(git merge-tree --write-tree $BRANCH1 $BRANCH2)
1028 test $? -eq 0 || die "There were conflicts..."
1029 NEWCOMMIT=$(git commit-tree $NEWTREE -p $BRANCH1 -p $BRANCH2)
1030 git update-ref $BRANCH1 $NEWCOMMIT</code></pre>
1031 </div></div>
1032 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that when the exit status is non-zero, <code>NEWTREE</code> in this sequence
1033 will contain a lot more output than just a tree.</p></div>
1034 <div class="paragraph"><p>For conflicts, the output includes the same information that you&#8217;d get
1035 with <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>:</p></div>
1036 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1037 <li>
1038 <p>
1039 what would be written to the working tree (the
1040     <a href="#OIDTLT">OID of toplevel tree</a>)
1041 </p>
1042 </li>
1043 <li>
1044 <p>
1045 the higher order stages that would be written to the index (the
1046     <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a>)
1047 </p>
1048 </li>
1049 <li>
1050 <p>
1051 any messages that would have been printed to stdout (the
1052     <a href="#IM">Informational messages</a>)
1053 </p>
1054 </li>
1055 </ul></div>
1056 </div>
1057 </div>
1058 <div class="sect1">
1059 <h2 id="_input_format">INPUT FORMAT</h2>
1060 <div class="sectionbody">
1061 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>git merge-tree --stdin</em> input format is fully text based. Each line
1062 has this format:</p></div>
1063 <div class="literalblock">
1064 <div class="content">
1065 <pre><code>[&lt;base-commit&gt; -- ]&lt;branch1&gt; &lt;branch2&gt;</code></pre>
1066 </div></div>
1067 <div class="paragraph"><p>If one line is separated by <code>--</code>, the string before the separator is
1068 used for specifying a merge-base for the merge and the string after
1069 the separator describes the branches to be merged.</p></div>
1070 </div>
1071 </div>
1072 <div class="sect1">
1073 <h2 id="_mistakes_to_avoid">MISTAKES TO AVOID</h2>
1074 <div class="sectionbody">
1075 <div class="paragraph"><p>Do NOT look through the resulting toplevel tree to try to find which
1076 files conflict; parse the <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a> section instead.
1077 Not only would parsing an entire tree be horrendously slow in large
1078 repositories, there are numerous types of conflicts not representable by
1079 conflict markers (modify/delete, mode conflict, binary file changed on
1080 both sides, file/directory conflicts, various rename conflict
1081 permutations, etc.)</p></div>
1082 <div class="paragraph"><p>Do NOT interpret an empty <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a> list as a clean
1083 merge; check the exit status.  A merge can have conflicts without having
1084 individual files conflict (there are a few types of directory rename
1085 conflicts that fall into this category, and others might also be added
1086 in the future).</p></div>
1087 <div class="paragraph"><p>Do NOT attempt to guess or make the user guess the conflict types from
1088 the <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a> list.  The information there is
1089 insufficient to do so.  For example: Rename/rename(1to2) conflicts (both
1090 sides renamed the same file differently) will result in three different
1091 files having higher order stages (but each only has one higher order
1092 stage), with no way (short of the <a href="#IM">Informational messages</a> section)
1093 to determine which three files are related.  File/directory conflicts
1094 also result in a file with exactly one higher order stage.
1095 Possibly-involved-in-directory-rename conflicts (when
1096 "merge.directoryRenames" is unset or set to "conflicts") also result in
1097 a file with exactly one higher order stage.  In all cases, the
1098 <a href="#IM">Informational messages</a> section has the necessary info, though it
1099 is not designed to be machine parseable.</p></div>
1100 <div class="paragraph"><p>Do NOT assume that each path from <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a>, and
1101 the logical conflicts in the <a href="#IM">Informational messages</a> have a
1102 one-to-one mapping, nor that there is a one-to-many mapping, nor a
1103 many-to-one mapping.  Many-to-many mappings exist, meaning that each
1104 path can have many logical conflict types in a single merge, and each
1105 logical conflict type can affect many paths.</p></div>
1106 <div class="paragraph"><p>Do NOT assume all filenames listed in the <a href="#IM">Informational messages</a>
1107 section had conflicts.  Messages can be included for files that have no
1108 conflicts, such as "Auto-merging &lt;file&gt;".</p></div>
1109 <div class="paragraph"><p>AVOID taking the OIDS from the <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a> and
1110 re-merging them to present the conflicts to the user.  This will lose
1111 information.  Instead, look up the version of the file found within the
1112 <a href="#OIDTLT">OID of toplevel tree</a> and show that instead.  In particular,
1113 the latter will have conflict markers annotated with the original
1114 branch/commit being merged and, if renames were involved, the original
1115 filename.  While you could include the original branch/commit in the
1116 conflict marker annotations when re-merging, the original filename is
1117 not available from the <a href="#CFI">Conflicted file info</a> and thus you would
1118 be losing information that might help the user resolve the conflict.</p></div>
1119 </div>
1120 </div>
1121 <div class="sect1">
1122 <h2 id="DEPMERGE">DEPRECATED DESCRIPTION</h2>
1123 <div class="sectionbody">
1124 <div class="paragraph"><p>Per the <a href="#NEWMERGE">DESCRIPTION</a> and unlike the rest of this
1125 documentation, this section describes the deprecated <code>--trivial-merge</code>
1126 mode.</p></div>
1127 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other than the optional <code>--trivial-merge</code>, this mode accepts no
1128 options.</p></div>
1129 <div class="paragraph"><p>This mode reads three tree-ish, and outputs trivial merge results and
1130 conflicting stages to the standard output in a semi-diff format.
1131 Since this was designed for higher level scripts to consume and merge
1132 the results back into the index, it omits entries that match
1133 &lt;branch1&gt;.  The result of this second form is similar to what
1134 three-way <em>git read-tree -m</em> does, but instead of storing the results
1135 in the index, the command outputs the entries to the standard output.</p></div>
1136 <div class="paragraph"><p>This form not only has limited applicability (a trivial merge cannot
1137 handle content merges of individual files, rename detection, proper
1138 directory/file conflict handling, etc.), the output format is also
1139 difficult to work with, and it will generally be less performant than
1140 the first form even on successful merges (especially if working in
1141 large repositories).</p></div>
1142 </div>
1143 </div>
1144 <div class="sect1">
1145 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1146 <div class="sectionbody">
1147 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
1148 </div>
1149 </div>
1150 </div>
1151 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1152 <div id="footer">
1153 <div id="footer-text">
1154 Last updated
1155  2023-10-23 14:43:46 PDT
1156 </div>
1157 </div>
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