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 735 <body class="article">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>Concerning Git&#8217;s Packing Heuristics</h1>
 738 <span id="revdate">2024-04-22</span>
 739 </div>
 740 <div id="content">
 741 <div id="preamble">
 742 <div class="sectionbody">
 743 <div class="literalblock">
 744 <div class="content">
 745 <pre><code>Oh, here's a really stupid question:</code></pre>
 746 </div></div>
 747 <div class="literalblock">
 748 <div class="content">
 749 <pre><code>      Where do I go
 750    to learn the details
 751 of Git's packing heuristics?</code></pre>
 752 </div></div>
 753 <div class="paragraph"><p>Be careful what you ask!</p></div>
 754 <div class="paragraph"><p>Followers of the Git, please open the Git IRC Log and turn to
 755 February 10, 2006.</p></div>
 756 <div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s a rare occasion, and we are joined by the King Git Himself,
 757 Linus Torvalds (linus).  Nathaniel Smith, (njs`), has the floor
 758 and seeks enlightenment.  Others are present, but silent.</p></div>
 759 <div class="paragraph"><p>Let&#8217;s listen in!</p></div>
 760 <div class="literalblock">
 761 <div class="content">
 762 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Oh, here's a really stupid question -- where do I go to
 763     learn the details of Git's packing heuristics?  google avails
 764     me not, reading the source didn't help a lot, and wading
 765     through the whole mailing list seems less efficient than any
 766     of that.</code></pre>
 767 </div></div>
 768 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is a bold start!  A plea for help combined with a simultaneous
 769 tri-part attack on some of the tried and true mainstays in the quest
 770 for enlightenment.  Brash accusations of google being useless. Hubris!
 771 Maligning the source.  Heresy!  Disdain for the mailing list archives.
 772 Woe.</p></div>
 773 <div class="literalblock">
 774 <div class="content">
 775 <pre><code>&lt;pasky&gt; yes, the packing-related delta stuff is somewhat
 776     mysterious even for me ;)</code></pre>
 777 </div></div>
 778 <div class="paragraph"><p>Ah!  Modesty after all.</p></div>
 779 <div class="literalblock">
 780 <div class="content">
 781 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; njs, I don't think the docs exist. That's something where
 782      I don't think anybody else than me even really got involved.
 783      Most of the rest of Git others have been busy with (especially
 784      Junio), but packing nobody touched after I did it.</code></pre>
 785 </div></div>
 786 <div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s cryptic, yet vague.  Linus in style for sure.  Wise men
 787 interpret this as an apology.  A few argue it is merely a
 788 statement of fact.</p></div>
 789 <div class="literalblock">
 790 <div class="content">
 791 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; I guess the next step is "read the source again", but I
 792     have to build up a certain level of gumption first :-)</code></pre>
 793 </div></div>
 794 <div class="paragraph"><p>Indeed!  On both points.</p></div>
 795 <div class="literalblock">
 796 <div class="content">
 797 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; The packing heuristic is actually really really simple.</code></pre>
 798 </div></div>
 799 <div class="paragraph"><p>Bait&#8230;</p></div>
 800 <div class="literalblock">
 801 <div class="content">
 802 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; But strange.</code></pre>
 803 </div></div>
 804 <div class="paragraph"><p>And switch.  That ought to do it!</p></div>
 805 <div class="literalblock">
 806 <div class="content">
 807 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Remember: Git really doesn't follow files. So what it does is
 808     - generate a list of all objects
 809     - sort the list according to magic heuristics
 810     - walk the list, using a sliding window, seeing if an object
 811       can be diffed against another object in the window
 812     - write out the list in recency order</code></pre>
 813 </div></div>
 814 <div class="paragraph"><p>The traditional understatement:</p></div>
 815 <div class="literalblock">
 816 <div class="content">
 817 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; I suspect that what I'm missing is the precise definition of
 818     the word "magic"</code></pre>
 819 </div></div>
 820 <div class="paragraph"><p>The traditional insight:</p></div>
 821 <div class="literalblock">
 822 <div class="content">
 823 <pre><code>&lt;pasky&gt; yes</code></pre>
 824 </div></div>
 825 <div class="paragraph"><p>And Babel-like confusion flowed.</p></div>
 826 <div class="literalblock">
 827 <div class="content">
 828 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; oh, hmm, and I'm not sure what this sliding window means either</code></pre>
 829 </div></div>
 830 <div class="literalblock">
 831 <div class="content">
 832 <pre><code>&lt;pasky&gt; iirc, it appeared to me to be just the sha1 of the object
 833     when reading the code casually ...</code></pre>
 834 </div></div>
 835 <div class="olist lowerroman"><ol class="lowerroman">
 836 <li>
 837 <p>
 838 which simply doesn&#8217;t sound as a very good heuristics, though ;)
 839 </p>
 840 <div class="literalblock">
 841 <div class="content">
 842 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; .....and recency order.  okay, I think it's clear I didn't
 843    even realize how much I wasn't realizing :-)</code></pre>
 844 </div></div>
 845 </li>
 846 </ol></div>
 847 <div class="paragraph"><p>Ah, grasshopper!  And thus the enlightenment begins anew.</p></div>
 848 <div class="literalblock">
 849 <div class="content">
 850 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; The "magic" is actually in theory totally arbitrary.
 851     ANY order will give you a working pack, but no, it's not
 852     ordered by SHA-1.</code></pre>
 853 </div></div>
 854 <div class="literalblock">
 855 <div class="content">
 856 <pre><code>Before talking about the ordering for the sliding delta
 857 window, let's talk about the recency order. That's more
 858 important in one way.</code></pre>
 859 </div></div>
 860 <div class="literalblock">
 861 <div class="content">
 862 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Right, but if all you want is a working way to pack things
 863     together, you could just use cat and save yourself some
 864     trouble...</code></pre>
 865 </div></div>
 866 <div class="paragraph"><p>Waaait for it&#8230;.</p></div>
 867 <div class="literalblock">
 868 <div class="content">
 869 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; The recency ordering (which is basically: put objects
 870     _physically_ into the pack in the order that they are
 871     "reachable" from the head) is important.</code></pre>
 872 </div></div>
 873 <div class="literalblock">
 874 <div class="content">
 875 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; okay</code></pre>
 876 </div></div>
 877 <div class="literalblock">
 878 <div class="content">
 879 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; It's important because that's the thing that gives packs
 880     good locality. It keeps the objects close to the head (whether
 881     they are old or new, but they are _reachable_ from the head)
 882     at the head of the pack. So packs actually have absolutely
 883     _wonderful_ IO patterns.</code></pre>
 884 </div></div>
 885 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read that again, because it is important.</p></div>
 886 <div class="literalblock">
 887 <div class="content">
 888 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; But recency ordering is totally useless for deciding how
 889     to actually generate the deltas, so the delta ordering is
 890     something else.</code></pre>
 891 </div></div>
 892 <div class="literalblock">
 893 <div class="content">
 894 <pre><code>The delta ordering is (wait for it):
 895 - first sort by the "basename" of the object, as defined by
 896   the name the object was _first_ reached through when
 897   generating the object list
 898 - within the same basename, sort by size of the object
 899 - but always sort different types separately (commits first).</code></pre>
 900 </div></div>
 901 <div class="literalblock">
 902 <div class="content">
 903 <pre><code>That's not exactly it, but it's very close.</code></pre>
 904 </div></div>
 905 <div class="literalblock">
 906 <div class="content">
 907 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; The "_first_ reached" thing is not too important, just you
 908     need some way to break ties since the same objects may be
 909     reachable many ways, yes?</code></pre>
 910 </div></div>
 911 <div class="paragraph"><p>And as if to clarify:</p></div>
 912 <div class="literalblock">
 913 <div class="content">
 914 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; The point is that it's all really just any random
 915     heuristic, and the ordering is totally unimportant for
 916     correctness, but it helps a lot if the heuristic gives
 917     "clumping" for things that are likely to delta well against
 918     each other.</code></pre>
 919 </div></div>
 920 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is an important point, so secretly, I did my own research and have
 921 included my results below.  To be fair, it has changed some over time.
 922 And through the magic of Revisionistic History, I draw upon this entry
 923 from The Git IRC Logs on my father&#8217;s birthday, March 1:</p></div>
 924 <div class="literalblock">
 925 <div class="content">
 926 <pre><code>&lt;gitster&gt; The quote from the above linus should be rewritten a
 927     bit (wait for it):
 928     - first sort by type.  Different objects never delta with
 929       each other.
 930     - then sort by filename/dirname.  hash of the basename
 931       occupies the top BITS_PER_INT-DIR_BITS bits, and bottom
 932       DIR_BITS are for the hash of leading path elements.
 933     - then if we are doing "thin" pack, the objects we are _not_
 934       going to pack but we know about are sorted earlier than
 935       other objects.
 936     - and finally sort by size, larger to smaller.</code></pre>
 937 </div></div>
 938 <div class="paragraph"><p>In one swell-foop, clarification and obscurification!  Nonetheless,
 939 authoritative.  Cryptic, yet concise.  It even solicits notions of
 940 quotes from The Source Code.  Clearly, more study is needed.</p></div>
 941 <div class="literalblock">
 942 <div class="content">
 943 <pre><code>&lt;gitster&gt; That's the sort order.  What this means is:
 944     - we do not delta different object types.
 945     - we prefer to delta the objects with the same full path, but
 946       allow files with the same name from different directories.
 947     - we always prefer to delta against objects we are not going
 948       to send, if there are some.
 949     - we prefer to delta against larger objects, so that we have
 950       lots of removals.</code></pre>
 951 </div></div>
 952 <div class="literalblock">
 953 <div class="content">
 954 <pre><code>The penultimate rule is for "thin" packs.  It is used when
 955 the other side is known to have such objects.</code></pre>
 956 </div></div>
 957 <div class="paragraph"><p>There it is again. "Thin" packs.  I&#8217;m thinking to myself, "What
 958 is a <em>thin</em> pack?"  So I ask:</p></div>
 959 <div class="literalblock">
 960 <div class="content">
 961 <pre><code>&lt;jdl&gt; What is a "thin" pack?</code></pre>
 962 </div></div>
 963 <div class="literalblock">
 964 <div class="content">
 965 <pre><code>&lt;gitster&gt; Use of --objects-edge to rev-list as the upstream of
 966     pack-objects.  The pack transfer protocol negotiates that.</code></pre>
 967 </div></div>
 968 <div class="paragraph"><p>Woo hoo!  Cleared that <em>right</em> up!</p></div>
 969 <div class="literalblock">
 970 <div class="content">
 971 <pre><code>&lt;gitster&gt; There are two directions - push and fetch.</code></pre>
 972 </div></div>
 973 <div class="paragraph"><p>There!  Did you see it?  It is not <em>"push" and "pull"</em>!  How often the
 974 confusion has started here.  So casually mentioned, too!</p></div>
 975 <div class="literalblock">
 976 <div class="content">
 977 <pre><code>&lt;gitster&gt; For push, git-send-pack invokes git-receive-pack on the
 978     other end.  The receive-pack says "I have up to these commits".
 979     send-pack looks at them, and computes what are missing from
 980     the other end.  So "thin" could be the default there.</code></pre>
 981 </div></div>
 982 <div class="literalblock">
 983 <div class="content">
 984 <pre><code>In the other direction, fetch, git-fetch-pack and
 985 git-clone-pack invokes git-upload-pack on the other end
 986 (via ssh or by talking to the daemon).</code></pre>
 987 </div></div>
 988 <div class="literalblock">
 989 <div class="content">
 990 <pre><code>There are two cases: fetch-pack with -k and clone-pack is one,
 991 fetch-pack without -k is the other.  clone-pack and fetch-pack
 992 with -k will keep the downloaded packfile without expanded, so
 993 we do not use thin pack transfer.  Otherwise, the generated
 994 pack will have delta without base object in the same pack.</code></pre>
 995 </div></div>
 996 <div class="literalblock">
 997 <div class="content">
 998 <pre><code>But fetch-pack without -k will explode the received pack into
 999 individual objects, so we automatically ask upload-pack to
1000 give us a thin pack if upload-pack supports it.</code></pre>
1001 </div></div>
1002 <div class="paragraph"><p>OK then.</p></div>
1003 <div class="paragraph"><p>Uh.</p></div>
1004 <div class="paragraph"><p>Let&#8217;s return to the previous conversation still in progress.</p></div>
1005 <div class="literalblock">
1006 <div class="content">
1007 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; and "basename" means something like "the tail of end of
1008     path of file objects and dir objects, as per basename(3), and
1009     we just declare all commit and tag objects to have the same
1010     basename" or something?</code></pre>
1011 </div></div>
1012 <div class="paragraph"><p>Luckily, that too is a point that gitster clarified for us!</p></div>
1013 <div class="paragraph"><p>If I might add, the trick is to make files that <em>might</em> be similar be
1014 located close to each other in the hash buckets based on their file
1015 names.  It used to be that "foo/Makefile", "bar/baz/quux/Makefile" and
1016 "Makefile" all landed in the same bucket due to their common basename,
1017 "Makefile". However, now they land in "close" buckets.</p></div>
1018 <div class="paragraph"><p>The algorithm allows not just for the <em>same</em> bucket, but for <em>close</em>
1019 buckets to be considered delta candidates.  The rationale is
1020 essentially that files, like Makefiles, often have very similar
1021 content no matter what directory they live in.</p></div>
1022 <div class="literalblock">
1023 <div class="content">
1024 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; I played around with different delta algorithms, and with
1025     making the "delta window" bigger, but having too big of a
1026     sliding window makes it very expensive to generate the pack:
1027     you need to compare every object with a _ton_ of other objects.</code></pre>
1028 </div></div>
1029 <div class="literalblock">
1030 <div class="content">
1031 <pre><code>There are a number of other trivial heuristics too, which
1032 basically boil down to "don't bother even trying to delta this
1033 pair" if we can tell before-hand that the delta isn't worth it
1034 (due to size differences, where we can take a previous delta
1035 result into account to decide that "ok, no point in trying
1036 that one, it will be worse").</code></pre>
1037 </div></div>
1038 <div class="literalblock">
1039 <div class="content">
1040 <pre><code>End result: packing is actually very size efficient. It's
1041 somewhat CPU-wasteful, but on the other hand, since you're
1042 really only supposed to do it maybe once a month (and you can
1043 do it during the night), nobody really seems to care.</code></pre>
1044 </div></div>
1045 <div class="paragraph"><p>Nice Engineering Touch, there.  Find when it doesn&#8217;t matter, and
1046 proclaim it a non-issue.  Good style too!</p></div>
1047 <div class="literalblock">
1048 <div class="content">
1049 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; So, just to repeat to see if I'm following, we start by
1050     getting a list of the objects we want to pack, we sort it by
1051     this heuristic (basically lexicographically on the tuple
1052     (type, basename, size)).</code></pre>
1053 </div></div>
1054 <div class="literalblock">
1055 <div class="content">
1056 <pre><code>Then we walk through this list, and calculate a delta of
1057 each object against the last n (tunable parameter) objects,
1058 and pick the smallest of these deltas.</code></pre>
1059 </div></div>
1060 <div class="paragraph"><p>Vastly simplified, but the essence is there!</p></div>
1061 <div class="literalblock">
1062 <div class="content">
1063 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Correct.</code></pre>
1064 </div></div>
1065 <div class="literalblock">
1066 <div class="content">
1067 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; And then once we have picked a delta or fulltext to
1068     represent each object, we re-sort by recency, and write them
1069     out in that order.</code></pre>
1070 </div></div>
1071 <div class="literalblock">
1072 <div class="content">
1073 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Yup. Some other small details:</code></pre>
1074 </div></div>
1075 <div class="paragraph"><p>And of course there is the "Other Shoe" Factor too.</p></div>
1076 <div class="literalblock">
1077 <div class="content">
1078 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; - We limit the delta depth to another magic value (right
1079     now both the window and delta depth magic values are just "10")</code></pre>
1080 </div></div>
1081 <div class="literalblock">
1082 <div class="content">
1083 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Hrm, my intuition is that you'd end up with really _bad_ IO
1084     patterns, because the things you want are near by, but to
1085     actually reconstruct them you may have to jump all over in
1086     random ways.</code></pre>
1087 </div></div>
1088 <div class="literalblock">
1089 <div class="content">
1090 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; - When we write out a delta, and we haven't yet written
1091     out the object it is a delta against, we write out the base
1092     object first.  And no, when we reconstruct them, we actually
1093     get nice IO patterns, because:
1094     - larger objects tend to be "more recent" (Linus' law: files grow)
1095     - we actively try to generate deltas from a larger object to a
1096       smaller one
1097     - this means that the top-of-tree very seldom has deltas
1098       (i.e. deltas in _practice_ are "backwards deltas")</code></pre>
1099 </div></div>
1100 <div class="paragraph"><p>Again, we should reread that whole paragraph.  Not just because
1101 Linus has slipped Linus&#8217;s Law in there on us, but because it is
1102 important.  Let&#8217;s make sure we clarify some of the points here:</p></div>
1103 <div class="literalblock">
1104 <div class="content">
1105 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; So the point is just that in practice, delta order and
1106     recency order match each other quite well.</code></pre>
1107 </div></div>
1108 <div class="literalblock">
1109 <div class="content">
1110 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Yes. There's another nice side to this (and yes, it was
1111     designed that way ;):
1112     - the reason we generate deltas against the larger object is
1113       actually a big space saver too!</code></pre>
1114 </div></div>
1115 <div class="literalblock">
1116 <div class="content">
1117 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Hmm, but your last comment (if "we haven't yet written out
1118     the object it is a delta against, we write out the base object
1119     first"), seems like it would make these facts mostly
1120     irrelevant because even if in practice you would not have to
1121     wander around much, in fact you just brute-force say that in
1122     the cases where you might have to wander, don't do that :-)</code></pre>
1123 </div></div>
1124 <div class="literalblock">
1125 <div class="content">
1126 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Yes and no. Notice the rule: we only write out the base
1127     object first if the delta against it was more recent.  That
1128     means that you can actually have deltas that refer to a base
1129     object that is _not_ close to the delta object, but that only
1130     happens when the delta is needed to generate an _old_ object.</code></pre>
1131 </div></div>
1132 <div class="literalblock">
1133 <div class="content">
1134 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; See?</code></pre>
1135 </div></div>
1136 <div class="paragraph"><p>Yeah, no.  I missed that on the first two or three readings myself.</p></div>
1137 <div class="literalblock">
1138 <div class="content">
1139 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; This keeps the front of the pack dense. The front of the
1140     pack never contains data that isn't relevant to a "recent"
1141     object.  The size optimization comes from our use of xdelta
1142     (but is true for many other delta algorithms): removing data
1143     is cheaper (in size) than adding data.</code></pre>
1144 </div></div>
1145 <div class="literalblock">
1146 <div class="content">
1147 <pre><code>When you remove data, you only need to say "copy bytes n--m".
1148 In contrast, in a delta that _adds_ data, you have to say "add
1149 these bytes: 'actual data goes here'"</code></pre>
1150 </div></div>
1151 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1152 <li>
1153 <p>
1154 njs` has quit: Read error: 104 (Connection reset by peer)
1155 </p>
1156 <div class="literalblock">
1157 <div class="content">
1158 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Uhhuh. I hope I didn't blow njs` mind.</code></pre>
1159 </div></div>
1160 </li>
1161 <li>
1162 <p>
1163 njs` has joined channel #git
1164 </p>
1165 <div class="literalblock">
1166 <div class="content">
1167 <pre><code>&lt;pasky&gt; :)</code></pre>
1168 </div></div>
1169 </li>
1170 </ul></div>
1171 <div class="paragraph"><p>The silent observers are amused.  Of course.</p></div>
1172 <div class="paragraph"><p>And as if njs` was expected to be omniscient:</p></div>
1173 <div class="literalblock">
1174 <div class="content">
1175 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; njs - did you miss anything?</code></pre>
1176 </div></div>
1177 <div class="paragraph"><p>OK, I&#8217;ll spell it out.  That&#8217;s Geek Humor.  If njs` was not actually
1178 connected for a little bit there, how would he know if missed anything
1179 while he was disconnected?  He&#8217;s a benevolent dictator with a sense of
1180 humor!  Well noted!</p></div>
1181 <div class="literalblock">
1182 <div class="content">
1183 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Stupid router.  Or gremlins, or whatever.</code></pre>
1184 </div></div>
1185 <div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s a cheap shot at Cisco.  Take 'em when you can.</p></div>
1186 <div class="literalblock">
1187 <div class="content">
1188 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Yes and no. Notice the rule: we only write out the base
1189     object first if the delta against it was more recent.</code></pre>
1190 </div></div>
1191 <div class="literalblock">
1192 <div class="content">
1193 <pre><code>I'm getting lost in all these orders, let me re-read :-)
1194 So the write-out order is from most recent to least recent?
1195 (Conceivably it could be the opposite way too, I'm not sure if
1196 we've said) though my connection back at home is logging, so I
1197 can just read what you said there :-)</code></pre>
1198 </div></div>
1199 <div class="paragraph"><p>And for those of you paying attention, the Omniscient Trick has just
1200 been detailed!</p></div>
1201 <div class="literalblock">
1202 <div class="content">
1203 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Yes, we always write out most recent first</code></pre>
1204 </div></div>
1205 <div class="literalblock">
1206 <div class="content">
1207 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; And, yeah, I got the part about deeper-in-history stuff
1208     having worse IO characteristics, one sort of doesn't care.</code></pre>
1209 </div></div>
1210 <div class="literalblock">
1211 <div class="content">
1212 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; With the caveat that if the "most recent" needs an older
1213     object to delta against (hey, shrinking sometimes does
1214     happen), we write out the old object with the delta.</code></pre>
1215 </div></div>
1216 <div class="literalblock">
1217 <div class="content">
1218 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; (if only it happened more...)</code></pre>
1219 </div></div>
1220 <div class="literalblock">
1221 <div class="content">
1222 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Anyway, the pack-file could easily be denser still, but
1223     because it's used both for streaming (the Git protocol) and
1224     for on-disk, it has a few pessimizations.</code></pre>
1225 </div></div>
1226 <div class="paragraph"><p>Actually, it is a made-up word. But it is a made-up word being
1227 used as setup for a later optimization, which is a real word:</p></div>
1228 <div class="literalblock">
1229 <div class="content">
1230 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; In particular, while the pack-file is then compressed,
1231     it's compressed just one object at a time, so the actual
1232     compression factor is less than it could be in theory. But it
1233     means that it's all nice random-access with a simple index to
1234     do "object name-&gt;location in packfile" translation.</code></pre>
1235 </div></div>
1236 <div class="literalblock">
1237 <div class="content">
1238 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; I'm assuming the real win for delta-ing large-&gt;small is
1239     more homogeneous statistics for gzip to run over?</code></pre>
1240 </div></div>
1241 <div class="literalblock">
1242 <div class="content">
1243 <pre><code>(You have to put the bytes in one place or another, but
1244 putting them in a larger blob wins on compression)</code></pre>
1245 </div></div>
1246 <div class="literalblock">
1247 <div class="content">
1248 <pre><code>Actually, what is the compression strategy -- each delta
1249 individually gzipped, the whole file gzipped, somewhere in
1250 between, no compression at all, ....?</code></pre>
1251 </div></div>
1252 <div class="literalblock">
1253 <div class="content">
1254 <pre><code>Right.</code></pre>
1255 </div></div>
1256 <div class="paragraph"><p>Reality IRC sets in.  For example:</p></div>
1257 <div class="literalblock">
1258 <div class="content">
1259 <pre><code>&lt;pasky&gt; I'll read the rest in the morning, I really have to go
1260     sleep or there's no hope whatsoever for me at the today's
1261     exam... g'nite all.</code></pre>
1262 </div></div>
1263 <div class="paragraph"><p>Heh.</p></div>
1264 <div class="literalblock">
1265 <div class="content">
1266 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; pasky: g'nite</code></pre>
1267 </div></div>
1268 <div class="literalblock">
1269 <div class="content">
1270 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; pasky: 'luck</code></pre>
1271 </div></div>
1272 <div class="literalblock">
1273 <div class="content">
1274 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Right: large-&gt;small matters exactly because of compression
1275     behaviour. If it was non-compressed, it probably wouldn't make
1276     any difference.</code></pre>
1277 </div></div>
1278 <div class="literalblock">
1279 <div class="content">
1280 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; yeah</code></pre>
1281 </div></div>
1282 <div class="literalblock">
1283 <div class="content">
1284 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Anyway: I'm not even trying to claim that the pack-files
1285     are perfect, but they do tend to have a nice balance of
1286     density vs ease-of use.</code></pre>
1287 </div></div>
1288 <div class="paragraph"><p>Gasp!  OK, saved.  That&#8217;s a fair Engineering trade off.  Close call!
1289 In fact, Linus reflects on some Basic Engineering Fundamentals,
1290 design options, etc.</p></div>
1291 <div class="literalblock">
1292 <div class="content">
1293 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; More importantly, they allow Git to still _conceptually_
1294     never deal with deltas at all, and be a "whole object" store.</code></pre>
1295 </div></div>
1296 <div class="literalblock">
1297 <div class="content">
1298 <pre><code>Which has some problems (we discussed bad huge-file
1299 behaviour on the Git lists the other day), but it does mean
1300 that the basic Git concepts are really really simple and
1301 straightforward.</code></pre>
1302 </div></div>
1303 <div class="literalblock">
1304 <div class="content">
1305 <pre><code>It's all been quite stable.</code></pre>
1306 </div></div>
1307 <div class="literalblock">
1308 <div class="content">
1309 <pre><code>Which I think is very much a result of having very simple
1310 basic ideas, so that there's never any confusion about what's
1311 going on.</code></pre>
1312 </div></div>
1313 <div class="literalblock">
1314 <div class="content">
1315 <pre><code>Bugs happen, but they are "simple" bugs. And bugs that
1316 actually get some object store detail wrong are almost always
1317 so obvious that they never go anywhere.</code></pre>
1318 </div></div>
1319 <div class="literalblock">
1320 <div class="content">
1321 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; Yeah.</code></pre>
1322 </div></div>
1323 <div class="paragraph"><p>Nuff said.</p></div>
1324 <div class="literalblock">
1325 <div class="content">
1326 <pre><code>&lt;linus&gt; Anyway.  I'm off for bed. It's not 6AM here, but I've got
1327      three kids, and have to get up early in the morning to send
1328      them off. I need my beauty sleep.</code></pre>
1329 </div></div>
1330 <div class="literalblock">
1331 <div class="content">
1332 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; :-)</code></pre>
1333 </div></div>
1334 <div class="literalblock">
1335 <div class="content">
1336 <pre><code>&lt;njs`&gt; appreciate the infodump, I really was failing to find the
1337     details on Git packs :-)</code></pre>
1338 </div></div>
1339 <div class="paragraph"><p>And now you know the rest of the story.</p></div>
1340 </div>
1341 </div>
1342 </div>
1343 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1344 <div id="footer">
1345 <div id="footer-text">
1346 Last updated
1347  2020-03-10 15:02:33 PDT
1348 </div>
1349 </div>
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