git.html

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 544 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 545 // Table Of Contents generator
 546 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 547
 548 /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
 549  * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
 550  *
 551  * Table Of Content generator
 552  * Version: 0.4
 553  *
 554  * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
 555  * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
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 557
 558  /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
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 640 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 641 // Footnotes generator
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 644 /* Based on footnote generation code from:
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 731 asciidoc.install();
 732 /*]]>*/
 733 </script>
 734 </head>
 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git -
 743    the stupid content tracker
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git</em> [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C &lt;path&gt;] [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
 753     [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
 754     [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
 755     [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;]
 756     [--config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</pre>
 757 <div class="attribution">
 758 </div></div>
 759 </div>
 760 </div>
 761 <div class="sect1">
 762 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 763 <div class="sectionbody">
 764 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
 765 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
 766 and full access to internals.</p></div>
 767 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
 768 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a> for a useful minimum set of
 769 commands.  The <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> has a more
 770 in-depth introduction.</p></div>
 771 <div class="paragraph"><p>After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
 772 page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
 773 individual Git commands with "git help command".  <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
 774 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.</p></div>
 775 <div class="paragraph"><p>A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
 776 can be viewed at <a href="https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html">https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html</a>
 777 or <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs">https://git-scm.com/docs</a>.</p></div>
 778 </div>
 779 </div>
 780 <div class="sect1">
 781 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 782 <div class="sectionbody">
 783 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 784 <dt class="hdlist1">
 785 -v
 786 </dt>
 787 <dt class="hdlist1">
 788 --version
 789 </dt>
 790 <dd>
 791 <p>
 792         Prints the Git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
 793 </p>
 794 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option is internally converted to <code>git version ...</code> and accepts
 795 the same options as the <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a> command. If <code>--help</code> is
 796 also given, it takes precedence over <code>--version</code>.</p></div>
 797 </dd>
 798 <dt class="hdlist1">
 799 -h
 800 </dt>
 801 <dt class="hdlist1">
 802 --help
 803 </dt>
 804 <dd>
 805 <p>
 806         Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 807         commands. If the option <code>--all</code> or <code>-a</code> is given then all
 808         available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 809         option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 810 </p>
 811 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 812 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
 813 because <code>git --help ...</code> is converted internally into <code>git
 814 help ...</code>.</p></div>
 815 </dd>
 816 <dt class="hdlist1">
 817 -C &lt;path&gt;
 818 </dt>
 819 <dd>
 820 <p>
 821         Run as if git was started in <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> instead of the current working
 822         directory.  When multiple <code>-C</code> options are given, each subsequent
 823         non-absolute <code>-C &lt;path&gt;</code> is interpreted relative to the preceding <code>-C
 824         &lt;path&gt;</code>.  If <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> is present but empty, e.g. <code>-C ""</code>, then the
 825         current working directory is left unchanged.
 826 </p>
 827 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option affects options that expect path name like <code>--git-dir</code> and
 828 <code>--work-tree</code> in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 829 made relative to the working directory caused by the <code>-C</code> option. For
 830 example the following invocations are equivalent:</p></div>
 831 <div class="literalblock">
 832 <div class="content">
 833 <pre><code>git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 834 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status</code></pre>
 835 </div></div>
 836 </dd>
 837 <dt class="hdlist1">
 838 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
 839 </dt>
 840 <dd>
 841 <p>
 842         Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 843         given will override values from configuration files.
 844         The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
 845         <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
 846 </p>
 847 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that omitting the <code>=</code> in <code>git -c foo.bar ...</code> is allowed and sets
 848 <code>foo.bar</code> to the boolean true value (just like <code>[foo]bar</code> would in a
 849 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like <code>git -c
 850 foo.bar= ...</code>) sets <code>foo.bar</code> to the empty string which <code>git config
 851 --type=bool</code> will convert to <code>false</code>.</p></div>
 852 </dd>
 853 <dt class="hdlist1">
 854 --config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;
 855 </dt>
 856 <dd>
 857 <p>
 858         Like <code>-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;</code>, give configuration variable
 859         <em>&lt;name&gt;</em> a value, where &lt;envvar&gt; is the name of an
 860         environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike
 861         <code>-c</code> there is no shortcut for directly setting the value to an
 862         empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be
 863         set to the empty string.  It is an error if the <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> does not exist
 864         in the environment. <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> may not contain an equals sign
 865         to avoid ambiguity with <code>&lt;name&gt;</code> containing one.
 866 </p>
 867 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
 868 configuration options to git, but are doing so on operating systems
 869 where other processes might be able to read your command line
 870 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/cmdline</code>), but not your environment
 871 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/environ</code>). That behavior is the default on
 872 Linux, but may not be on your system.</p></div>
 873 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this might add security for variables such as
 874 <code>http.extraHeader</code> where the sensitive information is part of
 875 the value, but not e.g. <code>url.&lt;base&gt;.insteadOf</code> where the
 876 sensitive information can be part of the key.</p></div>
 877 </dd>
 878 <dt class="hdlist1">
 879 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
 880 </dt>
 881 <dd>
 882 <p>
 883         Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 884         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 885         environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
 886         the current setting and then exit.
 887 </p>
 888 </dd>
 889 <dt class="hdlist1">
 890 --html-path
 891 </dt>
 892 <dd>
 893 <p>
 894         Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git&#8217;s HTML
 895         documentation is installed and exit.
 896 </p>
 897 </dd>
 898 <dt class="hdlist1">
 899 --man-path
 900 </dt>
 901 <dd>
 902 <p>
 903         Print the manpath (see <code>man(1)</code>) for the man pages for
 904         this version of Git and exit.
 905 </p>
 906 </dd>
 907 <dt class="hdlist1">
 908 --info-path
 909 </dt>
 910 <dd>
 911 <p>
 912         Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 913         version of Git are installed and exit.
 914 </p>
 915 </dd>
 916 <dt class="hdlist1">
 917 -p
 918 </dt>
 919 <dt class="hdlist1">
 920 --paginate
 921 </dt>
 922 <dd>
 923 <p>
 924         Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 925         output is a terminal.  This overrides the <code>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</code>
 926         configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 927         below).
 928 </p>
 929 </dd>
 930 <dt class="hdlist1">
 931 -P
 932 </dt>
 933 <dt class="hdlist1">
 934 --no-pager
 935 </dt>
 936 <dd>
 937 <p>
 938         Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 939 </p>
 940 </dd>
 941 <dt class="hdlist1">
 942 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
 943 </dt>
 944 <dd>
 945 <p>
 946         Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be
 947         controlled by setting the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable. It can be
 948         an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.
 949 </p>
 950 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
 951 option (or <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable) turns off the
 952 repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
 953 ".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
 954 top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
 955 that you are at the top level of the working tree.  If you
 956 are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you
 957 should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is,
 958 with the <code>--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;</code> option (or <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
 959 environment variable)</p></div>
 960 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you just want to run git as if it was started in <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> then use
 961 <code>git -C &lt;path&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 962 </dd>
 963 <dt class="hdlist1">
 964 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
 965 </dt>
 966 <dd>
 967 <p>
 968         Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 969         or a path relative to the current working directory.
 970         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 971         environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 972         variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
 973         more detailed discussion).
 974 </p>
 975 </dd>
 976 <dt class="hdlist1">
 977 --namespace=&lt;path&gt;
 978 </dt>
 979 <dd>
 980 <p>
 981         Set the Git namespace.  See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
 982         details.  Equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> environment
 983         variable.
 984 </p>
 985 </dd>
 986 <dt class="hdlist1">
 987 --bare
 988 </dt>
 989 <dd>
 990 <p>
 991         Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 992         environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 993         directory.
 994 </p>
 995 </dd>
 996 <dt class="hdlist1">
 997 --no-replace-objects
 998 </dt>
 999 <dd>
1000 <p>
1001         Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
1002         <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
1003 </p>
1004 </dd>
1005 <dt class="hdlist1">
1006 --literal-pathspecs
1007 </dt>
1008 <dd>
1009 <p>
1010         Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
1011         This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code> environment
1012         variable to <code>1</code>.
1013 </p>
1014 </dd>
1015 <dt class="hdlist1">
1016 --glob-pathspecs
1017 </dt>
1018 <dd>
1019 <p>
1020         Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1021         the <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Disabling
1022         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1023         magic ":(literal)"
1024 </p>
1025 </dd>
1026 <dt class="hdlist1">
1027 --noglob-pathspecs
1028 </dt>
1029 <dd>
1030 <p>
1031         Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1032         the <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Enabling
1033         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1034         magic ":(glob)"
1035 </p>
1036 </dd>
1037 <dt class="hdlist1">
1038 --icase-pathspecs
1039 </dt>
1040 <dd>
1041 <p>
1042         Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1043         the <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>.
1044 </p>
1045 </dd>
1046 <dt class="hdlist1">
1047 --no-optional-locks
1048 </dt>
1049 <dd>
1050 <p>
1051         Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
1052         equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code> to <code>0</code>.
1053 </p>
1054 </dd>
1055 <dt class="hdlist1">
1056 --list-cmds=group[,group&#8230;]
1057 </dt>
1058 <dd>
1059 <p>
1060         List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
1061         option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
1062         groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
1063         parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
1064         others (all other commands in <code>$PATH</code> that have git- prefix),
1065         list-&lt;category&gt; (see categories in command-list.txt),
1066         nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
1067         (retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands)
1068 </p>
1069 </dd>
1070 <dt class="hdlist1">
1071 --attr-source=&lt;tree-ish&gt;
1072 </dt>
1073 <dd>
1074 <p>
1075         Read gitattributes from &lt;tree-ish&gt; instead of the worktree. See
1076         <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>. This is equivalent to setting the
1077         <code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code> environment variable.
1078 </p>
1079 </dd>
1080 </dl></div>
1081 </div>
1082 </div>
1083 <div class="sect1">
1084 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
1085 <div class="sectionbody">
1086 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
1087 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
1088 </div>
1089 </div>
1090 <div class="sect1">
1091 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
1092 <div class="sectionbody">
1093 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
1094 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
1095 <div class="sect2">
1096 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3>
1097 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1098 <dt class="hdlist1">
1099 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
1100 </dt>
1101 <dd>
1102 <p>
1103         Add file contents to the index.
1104 </p>
1105 </dd>
1106 <dt class="hdlist1">
1107 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
1108 </dt>
1109 <dd>
1110 <p>
1111         Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
1112 </p>
1113 </dd>
1114 <dt class="hdlist1">
1115 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
1116 </dt>
1117 <dd>
1118 <p>
1119         Create an archive of files from a named tree.
1120 </p>
1121 </dd>
1122 <dt class="hdlist1">
1123 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
1124 </dt>
1125 <dd>
1126 <p>
1127         Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.
1128 </p>
1129 </dd>
1130 <dt class="hdlist1">
1131 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
1132 </dt>
1133 <dd>
1134 <p>
1135         List, create, or delete branches.
1136 </p>
1137 </dd>
1138 <dt class="hdlist1">
1139 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
1140 </dt>
1141 <dd>
1142 <p>
1143         Move objects and refs by archive.
1144 </p>
1145 </dd>
1146 <dt class="hdlist1">
1147 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
1148 </dt>
1149 <dd>
1150 <p>
1151         Switch branches or restore working tree files.
1152 </p>
1153 </dd>
1154 <dt class="hdlist1">
1155 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
1156 </dt>
1157 <dd>
1158 <p>
1159         Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
1160 </p>
1161 </dd>
1162 <dt class="hdlist1">
1163 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
1164 </dt>
1165 <dd>
1166 <p>
1167         Graphical alternative to git-commit.
1168 </p>
1169 </dd>
1170 <dt class="hdlist1">
1171 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
1172 </dt>
1173 <dd>
1174 <p>
1175         Remove untracked files from the working tree.
1176 </p>
1177 </dd>
1178 <dt class="hdlist1">
1179 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
1180 </dt>
1181 <dd>
1182 <p>
1183         Clone a repository into a new directory.
1184 </p>
1185 </dd>
1186 <dt class="hdlist1">
1187 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
1188 </dt>
1189 <dd>
1190 <p>
1191         Record changes to the repository.
1192 </p>
1193 </dd>
1194 <dt class="hdlist1">
1195 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
1196 </dt>
1197 <dd>
1198 <p>
1199         Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.
1200 </p>
1201 </dd>
1202 <dt class="hdlist1">
1203 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
1204 </dt>
1205 <dd>
1206 <p>
1207         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
1208 </p>
1209 </dd>
1210 <dt class="hdlist1">
1211 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
1212 </dt>
1213 <dd>
1214 <p>
1215         Download objects and refs from another repository.
1216 </p>
1217 </dd>
1218 <dt class="hdlist1">
1219 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
1220 </dt>
1221 <dd>
1222 <p>
1223         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
1224 </p>
1225 </dd>
1226 <dt class="hdlist1">
1227 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
1228 </dt>
1229 <dd>
1230 <p>
1231         Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
1232 </p>
1233 </dd>
1234 <dt class="hdlist1">
1235 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
1236 </dt>
1237 <dd>
1238 <p>
1239         Print lines matching a pattern.
1240 </p>
1241 </dd>
1242 <dt class="hdlist1">
1243 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247         A portable graphical interface to Git.
1248 </p>
1249 </dd>
1250 <dt class="hdlist1">
1251 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
1252 </dt>
1253 <dd>
1254 <p>
1255         Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
1256 </p>
1257 </dd>
1258 <dt class="hdlist1">
1259 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
1260 </dt>
1261 <dd>
1262 <p>
1263         Show commit logs.
1264 </p>
1265 </dd>
1266 <dt class="hdlist1">
1267 <a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a>
1268 </dt>
1269 <dd>
1270 <p>
1271         Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.
1272 </p>
1273 </dd>
1274 <dt class="hdlist1">
1275 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
1276 </dt>
1277 <dd>
1278 <p>
1279         Join two or more development histories together.
1280 </p>
1281 </dd>
1282 <dt class="hdlist1">
1283 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
1284 </dt>
1285 <dd>
1286 <p>
1287         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
1288 </p>
1289 </dd>
1290 <dt class="hdlist1">
1291 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
1292 </dt>
1293 <dd>
1294 <p>
1295         Add or inspect object notes.
1296 </p>
1297 </dd>
1298 <dt class="hdlist1">
1299 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
1300 </dt>
1301 <dd>
1302 <p>
1303         Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.
1304 </p>
1305 </dd>
1306 <dt class="hdlist1">
1307 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
1308 </dt>
1309 <dd>
1310 <p>
1311         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
1312 </p>
1313 </dd>
1314 <dt class="hdlist1">
1315 <a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a>
1316 </dt>
1317 <dd>
1318 <p>
1319         Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).
1320 </p>
1321 </dd>
1322 <dt class="hdlist1">
1323 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
1324 </dt>
1325 <dd>
1326 <p>
1327         Reapply commits on top of another base tip.
1328 </p>
1329 </dd>
1330 <dt class="hdlist1">
1331 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
1332 </dt>
1333 <dd>
1334 <p>
1335         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
1336 </p>
1337 </dd>
1338 <dt class="hdlist1">
1339 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a>
1340 </dt>
1341 <dd>
1342 <p>
1343         Restore working tree files.
1344 </p>
1345 </dd>
1346 <dt class="hdlist1">
1347 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
1348 </dt>
1349 <dd>
1350 <p>
1351         Revert some existing commits.
1352 </p>
1353 </dd>
1354 <dt class="hdlist1">
1355 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
1356 </dt>
1357 <dd>
1358 <p>
1359         Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
1360 </p>
1361 </dd>
1362 <dt class="hdlist1">
1363 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1364 </dt>
1365 <dd>
1366 <p>
1367         Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
1368 </p>
1369 </dd>
1370 <dt class="hdlist1">
1371 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
1372 </dt>
1373 <dd>
1374 <p>
1375         Show various types of objects.
1376 </p>
1377 </dd>
1378 <dt class="hdlist1">
1379 <a href="git-sparse-checkout.html">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a>
1380 </dt>
1381 <dd>
1382 <p>
1383         Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.
1384 </p>
1385 </dd>
1386 <dt class="hdlist1">
1387 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
1388 </dt>
1389 <dd>
1390 <p>
1391         Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
1392 </p>
1393 </dd>
1394 <dt class="hdlist1">
1395 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
1396 </dt>
1397 <dd>
1398 <p>
1399         Show the working tree status.
1400 </p>
1401 </dd>
1402 <dt class="hdlist1">
1403 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
1404 </dt>
1405 <dd>
1406 <p>
1407         Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
1408 </p>
1409 </dd>
1410 <dt class="hdlist1">
1411 <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a>
1412 </dt>
1413 <dd>
1414 <p>
1415         Switch branches.
1416 </p>
1417 </dd>
1418 <dt class="hdlist1">
1419 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
1420 </dt>
1421 <dd>
1422 <p>
1423         Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
1424 </p>
1425 </dd>
1426 <dt class="hdlist1">
1427 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>
1428 </dt>
1429 <dd>
1430 <p>
1431         Manage multiple working trees.
1432 </p>
1433 </dd>
1434 <dt class="hdlist1">
1435 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
1436 </dt>
1437 <dd>
1438 <p>
1439         The Git repository browser.
1440 </p>
1441 </dd>
1442 <dt class="hdlist1">
1443 <a href="scalar.html">scalar(1)</a>
1444 </dt>
1445 <dd>
1446 <p>
1447         A tool for managing large Git repositories.
1448 </p>
1449 </dd>
1450 </dl></div>
1451 </div>
1452 <div class="sect2">
1453 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3>
1454 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
1455 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1456 <dt class="hdlist1">
1457 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1458 </dt>
1459 <dd>
1460 <p>
1461         Get and set repository or global options.
1462 </p>
1463 </dd>
1464 <dt class="hdlist1">
1465 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
1466 </dt>
1467 <dd>
1468 <p>
1469         Git data exporter.
1470 </p>
1471 </dd>
1472 <dt class="hdlist1">
1473 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
1474 </dt>
1475 <dd>
1476 <p>
1477         Backend for fast Git data importers.
1478 </p>
1479 </dd>
1480 <dt class="hdlist1">
1481 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
1482 </dt>
1483 <dd>
1484 <p>
1485         Rewrite branches.
1486 </p>
1487 </dd>
1488 <dt class="hdlist1">
1489 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
1490 </dt>
1491 <dd>
1492 <p>
1493         Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
1494 </p>
1495 </dd>
1496 <dt class="hdlist1">
1497 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
1498 </dt>
1499 <dd>
1500 <p>
1501         Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
1502 </p>
1503 </dd>
1504 <dt class="hdlist1">
1505 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
1506 </dt>
1507 <dd>
1508 <p>
1509         Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
1510 </p>
1511 </dd>
1512 <dt class="hdlist1">
1513 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
1514 </dt>
1515 <dd>
1516 <p>
1517         Manage reflog information.
1518 </p>
1519 </dd>
1520 <dt class="hdlist1">
1521 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
1522 </dt>
1523 <dd>
1524 <p>
1525         Manage set of tracked repositories.
1526 </p>
1527 </dd>
1528 <dt class="hdlist1">
1529 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
1530 </dt>
1531 <dd>
1532 <p>
1533         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1534 </p>
1535 </dd>
1536 <dt class="hdlist1">
1537 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1538 </dt>
1539 <dd>
1540 <p>
1541         Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1542 </p>
1543 </dd>
1544 </dl></div>
1545 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1546 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1547 <dt class="hdlist1">
1548 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1549 </dt>
1550 <dd>
1551 <p>
1552         Annotate file lines with commit information.
1553 </p>
1554 </dd>
1555 <dt class="hdlist1">
1556 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1557 </dt>
1558 <dd>
1559 <p>
1560         Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1561 </p>
1562 </dd>
1563 <dt class="hdlist1">
1564 <a href="git-bugreport.html">git-bugreport(1)</a>
1565 </dt>
1566 <dd>
1567 <p>
1568         Collect information for user to file a bug report.
1569 </p>
1570 </dd>
1571 <dt class="hdlist1">
1572 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1573 </dt>
1574 <dd>
1575 <p>
1576         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1577 </p>
1578 </dd>
1579 <dt class="hdlist1">
1580 <a href="git-diagnose.html">git-diagnose(1)</a>
1581 </dt>
1582 <dd>
1583 <p>
1584         Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.
1585 </p>
1586 </dd>
1587 <dt class="hdlist1">
1588 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1589 </dt>
1590 <dd>
1591 <p>
1592         Show changes using common diff tools.
1593 </p>
1594 </dd>
1595 <dt class="hdlist1">
1596 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1597 </dt>
1598 <dd>
1599 <p>
1600         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1601 </p>
1602 </dd>
1603 <dt class="hdlist1">
1604 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1605 </dt>
1606 <dd>
1607 <p>
1608         Display help information about Git.
1609 </p>
1610 </dd>
1611 <dt class="hdlist1">
1612 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1613 </dt>
1614 <dd>
1615 <p>
1616         Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1617 </p>
1618 </dd>
1619 <dt class="hdlist1">
1620 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1621 </dt>
1622 <dd>
1623 <p>
1624         Perform merge without touching index or working tree.
1625 </p>
1626 </dd>
1627 <dt class="hdlist1">
1628 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1629 </dt>
1630 <dd>
1631 <p>
1632         Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1633 </p>
1634 </dd>
1635 <dt class="hdlist1">
1636 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1637 </dt>
1638 <dd>
1639 <p>
1640         Show branches and their commits.
1641 </p>
1642 </dd>
1643 <dt class="hdlist1">
1644 <a href="git-verify-commit.html">git-verify-commit(1)</a>
1645 </dt>
1646 <dd>
1647 <p>
1648         Check the GPG signature of commits.
1649 </p>
1650 </dd>
1651 <dt class="hdlist1">
1652 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1653 </dt>
1654 <dd>
1655 <p>
1656         Check the GPG signature of tags.
1657 </p>
1658 </dd>
1659 <dt class="hdlist1">
1660 <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a>
1661 </dt>
1662 <dd>
1663 <p>
1664         Display version information about Git.
1665 </p>
1666 </dd>
1667 <dt class="hdlist1">
1668 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1669 </dt>
1670 <dd>
1671 <p>
1672         Show logs with differences each commit introduces.
1673 </p>
1674 </dd>
1675 <dt class="hdlist1">
1676 <a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a>
1677 </dt>
1678 <dd>
1679 <p>
1680         Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
1681 </p>
1682 </dd>
1683 </dl></div>
1684 </div>
1685 <div class="sect2">
1686 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3>
1687 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1688 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1689 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1690 <dt class="hdlist1">
1691 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1692 </dt>
1693 <dd>
1694 <p>
1695         Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.
1696 </p>
1697 </dd>
1698 <dt class="hdlist1">
1699 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1700 </dt>
1701 <dd>
1702 <p>
1703         Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1704 </p>
1705 </dd>
1706 <dt class="hdlist1">
1707 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1708 </dt>
1709 <dd>
1710 <p>
1711         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1712 </p>
1713 </dd>
1714 <dt class="hdlist1">
1715 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1716 </dt>
1717 <dd>
1718 <p>
1719         A CVS server emulator for Git.
1720 </p>
1721 </dd>
1722 <dt class="hdlist1">
1723 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1724 </dt>
1725 <dd>
1726 <p>
1727         Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1728 </p>
1729 </dd>
1730 <dt class="hdlist1">
1731 <a href="git-p4.html">git-p4(1)</a>
1732 </dt>
1733 <dd>
1734 <p>
1735         Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.
1736 </p>
1737 </dd>
1738 <dt class="hdlist1">
1739 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1740 </dt>
1741 <dd>
1742 <p>
1743         Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1744 </p>
1745 </dd>
1746 <dt class="hdlist1">
1747 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1748 </dt>
1749 <dd>
1750 <p>
1751         Generates a summary of pending changes.
1752 </p>
1753 </dd>
1754 <dt class="hdlist1">
1755 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1756 </dt>
1757 <dd>
1758 <p>
1759         Send a collection of patches as emails.
1760 </p>
1761 </dd>
1762 <dt class="hdlist1">
1763 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1764 </dt>
1765 <dd>
1766 <p>
1767         Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.
1768 </p>
1769 </dd>
1770 </dl></div>
1771 </div>
1772 <div class="sect2">
1773 <h3 id="_reset_restore_and_revert">Reset, restore and revert</h3>
1774 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are three commands with similar names: <code>git reset</code>,
1775 <code>git restore</code> and <code>git revert</code>.</p></div>
1776 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1777 <li>
1778 <p>
1779 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> is about making a new commit that reverts the
1780   changes made by other commits.
1781 </p>
1782 </li>
1783 <li>
1784 <p>
1785 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> is about restoring files in the working tree
1786   from either the index or another commit. This command does not
1787   update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in
1788   the index from another commit.
1789 </p>
1790 </li>
1791 <li>
1792 <p>
1793 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a> is about updating your branch, moving the tip
1794   in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation
1795   changes the commit history.
1796 </p>
1797 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>git reset</code> can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with
1798 <code>git restore</code>.</p></div>
1799 </li>
1800 </ul></div>
1801 </div>
1802 </div>
1803 </div>
1804 <div class="sect1">
1805 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1806 <div class="sectionbody">
1807 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although Git includes its
1808 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1809 development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
1810 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1811 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1812 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1813 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1814 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1815 primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
1816 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1817 end user experience.</p></div>
1818 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1819 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1820 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1821 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1822 repositories.</p></div>
1823 <div class="sect2">
1824 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3>
1825 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1826 <dt class="hdlist1">
1827 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1828 </dt>
1829 <dd>
1830 <p>
1831         Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1832 </p>
1833 </dd>
1834 <dt class="hdlist1">
1835 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1836 </dt>
1837 <dd>
1838 <p>
1839         Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1840 </p>
1841 </dd>
1842 <dt class="hdlist1">
1843 <a href="git-commit-graph.html">git-commit-graph(1)</a>
1844 </dt>
1845 <dd>
1846 <p>
1847         Write and verify Git commit-graph files.
1848 </p>
1849 </dd>
1850 <dt class="hdlist1">
1851 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1852 </dt>
1853 <dd>
1854 <p>
1855         Create a new commit object.
1856 </p>
1857 </dd>
1858 <dt class="hdlist1">
1859 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1860 </dt>
1861 <dd>
1862 <p>
1863         Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file.
1864 </p>
1865 </dd>
1866 <dt class="hdlist1">
1867 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1868 </dt>
1869 <dd>
1870 <p>
1871         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1872 </p>
1873 </dd>
1874 <dt class="hdlist1">
1875 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1876 </dt>
1877 <dd>
1878 <p>
1879         Run a three-way file merge.
1880 </p>
1881 </dd>
1882 <dt class="hdlist1">
1883 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1884 </dt>
1885 <dd>
1886 <p>
1887         Run a merge for files needing merging.
1888 </p>
1889 </dd>
1890 <dt class="hdlist1">
1891 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1892 </dt>
1893 <dd>
1894 <p>
1895         Creates a tag object with extra validation.
1896 </p>
1897 </dd>
1898 <dt class="hdlist1">
1899 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1900 </dt>
1901 <dd>
1902 <p>
1903         Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1904 </p>
1905 </dd>
1906 <dt class="hdlist1">
1907 <a href="git-multi-pack-index.html">git-multi-pack-index(1)</a>
1908 </dt>
1909 <dd>
1910 <p>
1911         Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.
1912 </p>
1913 </dd>
1914 <dt class="hdlist1">
1915 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1916 </dt>
1917 <dd>
1918 <p>
1919         Create a packed archive of objects.
1920 </p>
1921 </dd>
1922 <dt class="hdlist1">
1923 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1924 </dt>
1925 <dd>
1926 <p>
1927         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1928 </p>
1929 </dd>
1930 <dt class="hdlist1">
1931 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1932 </dt>
1933 <dd>
1934 <p>
1935         Reads tree information into the index.
1936 </p>
1937 </dd>
1938 <dt class="hdlist1">
1939 <a href="git-replay.html">git-replay(1)</a>
1940 </dt>
1941 <dd>
1942 <p>
1943         EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too.
1944 </p>
1945 </dd>
1946 <dt class="hdlist1">
1947 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1948 </dt>
1949 <dd>
1950 <p>
1951         Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.
1952 </p>
1953 </dd>
1954 <dt class="hdlist1">
1955 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1956 </dt>
1957 <dd>
1958 <p>
1959         Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1960 </p>
1961 </dd>
1962 <dt class="hdlist1">
1963 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1964 </dt>
1965 <dd>
1966 <p>
1967         Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1968 </p>
1969 </dd>
1970 <dt class="hdlist1">
1971 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1972 </dt>
1973 <dd>
1974 <p>
1975         Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1976 </p>
1977 </dd>
1978 <dt class="hdlist1">
1979 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1980 </dt>
1981 <dd>
1982 <p>
1983         Create a tree object from the current index.
1984 </p>
1985 </dd>
1986 </dl></div>
1987 </div>
1988 <div class="sect2">
1989 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3>
1990 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1991 <dt class="hdlist1">
1992 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1993 </dt>
1994 <dd>
1995 <p>
1996         Provide contents or details of repository objects.
1997 </p>
1998 </dd>
1999 <dt class="hdlist1">
2000 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
2001 </dt>
2002 <dd>
2003 <p>
2004         Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.
2005 </p>
2006 </dd>
2007 <dt class="hdlist1">
2008 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
2009 </dt>
2010 <dd>
2011 <p>
2012         Compares files in the working tree and the index.
2013 </p>
2014 </dd>
2015 <dt class="hdlist1">
2016 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
2017 </dt>
2018 <dd>
2019 <p>
2020         Compare a tree to the working tree or index.
2021 </p>
2022 </dd>
2023 <dt class="hdlist1">
2024 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
2025 </dt>
2026 <dd>
2027 <p>
2028         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
2029 </p>
2030 </dd>
2031 <dt class="hdlist1">
2032 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
2033 </dt>
2034 <dd>
2035 <p>
2036         Output information on each ref.
2037 </p>
2038 </dd>
2039 <dt class="hdlist1">
2040 <a href="git-for-each-repo.html">git-for-each-repo(1)</a>
2041 </dt>
2042 <dd>
2043 <p>
2044         Run a Git command on a list of repositories.
2045 </p>
2046 </dd>
2047 <dt class="hdlist1">
2048 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
2049 </dt>
2050 <dd>
2051 <p>
2052         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
2053 </p>
2054 </dd>
2055 <dt class="hdlist1">
2056 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
2057 </dt>
2058 <dd>
2059 <p>
2060         Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
2061 </p>
2062 </dd>
2063 <dt class="hdlist1">
2064 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
2065 </dt>
2066 <dd>
2067 <p>
2068         List references in a remote repository.
2069 </p>
2070 </dd>
2071 <dt class="hdlist1">
2072 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
2073 </dt>
2074 <dd>
2075 <p>
2076         List the contents of a tree object.
2077 </p>
2078 </dd>
2079 <dt class="hdlist1">
2080 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
2081 </dt>
2082 <dd>
2083 <p>
2084         Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
2085 </p>
2086 </dd>
2087 <dt class="hdlist1">
2088 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
2089 </dt>
2090 <dd>
2091 <p>
2092         Find symbolic names for given revs.
2093 </p>
2094 </dd>
2095 <dt class="hdlist1">
2096 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
2097 </dt>
2098 <dd>
2099 <p>
2100         Find redundant pack files.
2101 </p>
2102 </dd>
2103 <dt class="hdlist1">
2104 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
2105 </dt>
2106 <dd>
2107 <p>
2108         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
2109 </p>
2110 </dd>
2111 <dt class="hdlist1">
2112 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
2113 </dt>
2114 <dd>
2115 <p>
2116         Pick out and massage parameters.
2117 </p>
2118 </dd>
2119 <dt class="hdlist1">
2120 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
2121 </dt>
2122 <dd>
2123 <p>
2124         Show packed archive index.
2125 </p>
2126 </dd>
2127 <dt class="hdlist1">
2128 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
2129 </dt>
2130 <dd>
2131 <p>
2132         List references in a local repository.
2133 </p>
2134 </dd>
2135 <dt class="hdlist1">
2136 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
2137 </dt>
2138 <dd>
2139 <p>
2140         Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
2141 </p>
2142 </dd>
2143 <dt class="hdlist1">
2144 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
2145 </dt>
2146 <dd>
2147 <p>
2148         Show a Git logical variable.
2149 </p>
2150 </dd>
2151 <dt class="hdlist1">
2152 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
2153 </dt>
2154 <dd>
2155 <p>
2156         Validate packed Git archive files.
2157 </p>
2158 </dd>
2159 </dl></div>
2160 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
2161 the working tree.</p></div>
2162 </div>
2163 <div class="sect2">
2164 <h3 id="_syncing_repositories">Syncing repositories</h3>
2165 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2166 <dt class="hdlist1">
2167 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
2168 </dt>
2169 <dd>
2170 <p>
2171         A really simple server for Git repositories.
2172 </p>
2173 </dd>
2174 <dt class="hdlist1">
2175 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
2176 </dt>
2177 <dd>
2178 <p>
2179         Receive missing objects from another repository.
2180 </p>
2181 </dd>
2182 <dt class="hdlist1">
2183 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
2184 </dt>
2185 <dd>
2186 <p>
2187         Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
2188 </p>
2189 </dd>
2190 <dt class="hdlist1">
2191 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
2192 </dt>
2193 <dd>
2194 <p>
2195         Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.
2196 </p>
2197 </dd>
2198 <dt class="hdlist1">
2199 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
2200 </dt>
2201 <dd>
2202 <p>
2203         Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
2204 </p>
2205 </dd>
2206 </dl></div>
2207 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
2208 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2209 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2210 <dt class="hdlist1">
2211 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
2212 </dt>
2213 <dd>
2214 <p>
2215         Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.
2216 </p>
2217 </dd>
2218 <dt class="hdlist1">
2219 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
2220 </dt>
2221 <dd>
2222 <p>
2223         Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
2224 </p>
2225 </dd>
2226 <dt class="hdlist1">
2227 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
2228 </dt>
2229 <dd>
2230 <p>
2231         Receive what is pushed into the repository.
2232 </p>
2233 </dd>
2234 <dt class="hdlist1">
2235 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
2236 </dt>
2237 <dd>
2238 <p>
2239         Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
2240 </p>
2241 </dd>
2242 <dt class="hdlist1">
2243 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
2244 </dt>
2245 <dd>
2246 <p>
2247         Send archive back to git-archive.
2248 </p>
2249 </dd>
2250 <dt class="hdlist1">
2251 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
2252 </dt>
2253 <dd>
2254 <p>
2255         Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
2256 </p>
2257 </dd>
2258 </dl></div>
2259 </div>
2260 <div class="sect2">
2261 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3>
2262 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
2263 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2264 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2265 <dt class="hdlist1">
2266 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
2267 </dt>
2268 <dd>
2269 <p>
2270         Display gitattributes information.
2271 </p>
2272 </dd>
2273 <dt class="hdlist1">
2274 <a href="git-check-ignore.html">git-check-ignore(1)</a>
2275 </dt>
2276 <dd>
2277 <p>
2278         Debug gitignore / exclude files.
2279 </p>
2280 </dd>
2281 <dt class="hdlist1">
2282 <a href="git-check-mailmap.html">git-check-mailmap(1)</a>
2283 </dt>
2284 <dd>
2285 <p>
2286         Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.
2287 </p>
2288 </dd>
2289 <dt class="hdlist1">
2290 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
2291 </dt>
2292 <dd>
2293 <p>
2294         Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
2295 </p>
2296 </dd>
2297 <dt class="hdlist1">
2298 <a href="git-column.html">git-column(1)</a>
2299 </dt>
2300 <dd>
2301 <p>
2302         Display data in columns.
2303 </p>
2304 </dd>
2305 <dt class="hdlist1">
2306 <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a>
2307 </dt>
2308 <dd>
2309 <p>
2310         Retrieve and store user credentials.
2311 </p>
2312 </dd>
2313 <dt class="hdlist1">
2314 <a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a>
2315 </dt>
2316 <dd>
2317 <p>
2318         Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.
2319 </p>
2320 </dd>
2321 <dt class="hdlist1">
2322 <a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a>
2323 </dt>
2324 <dd>
2325 <p>
2326         Helper to store credentials on disk.
2327 </p>
2328 </dd>
2329 <dt class="hdlist1">
2330 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
2331 </dt>
2332 <dd>
2333 <p>
2334         Produce a merge commit message.
2335 </p>
2336 </dd>
2337 <dt class="hdlist1">
2338 <a href="git-hook.html">git-hook(1)</a>
2339 </dt>
2340 <dd>
2341 <p>
2342         Run git hooks.
2343 </p>
2344 </dd>
2345 <dt class="hdlist1">
2346 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>
2347 </dt>
2348 <dd>
2349 <p>
2350         Add or parse structured information in commit messages.
2351 </p>
2352 </dd>
2353 <dt class="hdlist1">
2354 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
2355 </dt>
2356 <dd>
2357 <p>
2358         Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
2359 </p>
2360 </dd>
2361 <dt class="hdlist1">
2362 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
2363 </dt>
2364 <dd>
2365 <p>
2366         Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
2367 </p>
2368 </dd>
2369 <dt class="hdlist1">
2370 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
2371 </dt>
2372 <dd>
2373 <p>
2374         The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
2375 </p>
2376 </dd>
2377 <dt class="hdlist1">
2378 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
2379 </dt>
2380 <dd>
2381 <p>
2382         Compute unique ID for a patch.
2383 </p>
2384 </dd>
2385 <dt class="hdlist1">
2386 <a href="git-sh-i18n.html">git-sh-i18n(1)</a>
2387 </dt>
2388 <dd>
2389 <p>
2390         Git&#8217;s i18n setup code for shell scripts.
2391 </p>
2392 </dd>
2393 <dt class="hdlist1">
2394 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
2395 </dt>
2396 <dd>
2397 <p>
2398         Common Git shell script setup code.
2399 </p>
2400 </dd>
2401 <dt class="hdlist1">
2402 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
2403 </dt>
2404 <dd>
2405 <p>
2406         Remove unnecessary whitespace.
2407 </p>
2408 </dd>
2409 </dl></div>
2410 </div>
2411 </div>
2412 </div>
2413 <div class="sect1">
2414 <h2 id="_guides">Guides</h2>
2415 <div class="sectionbody">
2416 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.</p></div>
2417 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2418 <dt class="hdlist1">
2419 <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>
2420 </dt>
2421 <dd>
2422 <p>
2423         A Git core tutorial for developers.
2424 </p>
2425 </dd>
2426 <dt class="hdlist1">
2427 <a href="gitcredentials.html">gitcredentials(7)</a>
2428 </dt>
2429 <dd>
2430 <p>
2431         Providing usernames and passwords to Git.
2432 </p>
2433 </dd>
2434 <dt class="hdlist1">
2435 <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>
2436 </dt>
2437 <dd>
2438 <p>
2439         Git for CVS users.
2440 </p>
2441 </dd>
2442 <dt class="hdlist1">
2443 <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>
2444 </dt>
2445 <dd>
2446 <p>
2447         Tweaking diff output.
2448 </p>
2449 </dd>
2450 <dt class="hdlist1">
2451 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>
2452 </dt>
2453 <dd>
2454 <p>
2455         A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.
2456 </p>
2457 </dd>
2458 <dt class="hdlist1">
2459 <a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a>
2460 </dt>
2461 <dd>
2462 <p>
2463         Frequently asked questions about using Git.
2464 </p>
2465 </dd>
2466 <dt class="hdlist1">
2467 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>
2468 </dt>
2469 <dd>
2470 <p>
2471         A Git Glossary.
2472 </p>
2473 </dd>
2474 <dt class="hdlist1">
2475 <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a>
2476 </dt>
2477 <dd>
2478 <p>
2479         Git namespaces.
2480 </p>
2481 </dd>
2482 <dt class="hdlist1">
2483 <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a>
2484 </dt>
2485 <dd>
2486 <p>
2487         Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.
2488 </p>
2489 </dd>
2490 <dt class="hdlist1">
2491 <a href="gitsubmodules.html">gitsubmodules(7)</a>
2492 </dt>
2493 <dd>
2494 <p>
2495         Mounting one repository inside another.
2496 </p>
2497 </dd>
2498 <dt class="hdlist1">
2499 <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>
2500 </dt>
2501 <dd>
2502 <p>
2503         A tutorial introduction to Git.
2504 </p>
2505 </dd>
2506 <dt class="hdlist1">
2507 <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>
2508 </dt>
2509 <dd>
2510 <p>
2511         A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.
2512 </p>
2513 </dd>
2514 <dt class="hdlist1">
2515 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>
2516 </dt>
2517 <dd>
2518 <p>
2519         An overview of recommended workflows with Git.
2520 </p>
2521 </dd>
2522 </dl></div>
2523 </div>
2524 </div>
2525 <div class="sect1">
2526 <h2 id="_repository_command_and_file_interfaces">Repository, command and file interfaces</h2>
2527 <div class="sectionbody">
2528 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which
2529 users are expected to interact with directly. See <code>--user-formats</code> in
2530 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more details on the criteria.</p></div>
2531 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2532 <dt class="hdlist1">
2533 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>
2534 </dt>
2535 <dd>
2536 <p>
2537         Defining attributes per path.
2538 </p>
2539 </dd>
2540 <dt class="hdlist1">
2541 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
2542 </dt>
2543 <dd>
2544 <p>
2545         Git command-line interface and conventions.
2546 </p>
2547 </dd>
2548 <dt class="hdlist1">
2549 <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>
2550 </dt>
2551 <dd>
2552 <p>
2553         Hooks used by Git.
2554 </p>
2555 </dd>
2556 <dt class="hdlist1">
2557 <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>
2558 </dt>
2559 <dd>
2560 <p>
2561         Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.
2562 </p>
2563 </dd>
2564 <dt class="hdlist1">
2565 <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>
2566 </dt>
2567 <dd>
2568 <p>
2569         Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.
2570 </p>
2571 </dd>
2572 <dt class="hdlist1">
2573 <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>
2574 </dt>
2575 <dd>
2576 <p>
2577         Defining submodule properties.
2578 </p>
2579 </dd>
2580 <dt class="hdlist1">
2581 <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a>
2582 </dt>
2583 <dd>
2584 <p>
2585         Git Repository Layout.
2586 </p>
2587 </dd>
2588 <dt class="hdlist1">
2589 <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>
2590 </dt>
2591 <dd>
2592 <p>
2593         Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.
2594 </p>
2595 </dd>
2596 </dl></div>
2597 </div>
2598 </div>
2599 <div class="sect1">
2600 <h2 id="_file_formats_protocols_and_other_developer_interfaces">File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces</h2>
2601 <div class="sectionbody">
2602 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and
2603 other git developer interfaces. See <code>--developer-interfaces</code> in
2604 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>.</p></div>
2605 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2606 <dt class="hdlist1">
2607 <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>
2608 </dt>
2609 <dd>
2610 <p>
2611         The bundle file format.
2612 </p>
2613 </dd>
2614 <dt class="hdlist1">
2615 <a href="gitformat-chunk.html">gitformat-chunk(5)</a>
2616 </dt>
2617 <dd>
2618 <p>
2619         Chunk-based file formats.
2620 </p>
2621 </dd>
2622 <dt class="hdlist1">
2623 <a href="gitformat-commit-graph.html">gitformat-commit-graph(5)</a>
2624 </dt>
2625 <dd>
2626 <p>
2627         Git commit-graph format.
2628 </p>
2629 </dd>
2630 <dt class="hdlist1">
2631 <a href="gitformat-index.html">gitformat-index(5)</a>
2632 </dt>
2633 <dd>
2634 <p>
2635         Git index format.
2636 </p>
2637 </dd>
2638 <dt class="hdlist1">
2639 <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a>
2640 </dt>
2641 <dd>
2642 <p>
2643         Git pack format.
2644 </p>
2645 </dd>
2646 <dt class="hdlist1">
2647 <a href="gitformat-signature.html">gitformat-signature(5)</a>
2648 </dt>
2649 <dd>
2650 <p>
2651         Git cryptographic signature formats.
2652 </p>
2653 </dd>
2654 <dt class="hdlist1">
2655 <a href="gitprotocol-capabilities.html">gitprotocol-capabilities(5)</a>
2656 </dt>
2657 <dd>
2658 <p>
2659         Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.
2660 </p>
2661 </dd>
2662 <dt class="hdlist1">
2663 <a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>
2664 </dt>
2665 <dd>
2666 <p>
2667         Things common to various protocols.
2668 </p>
2669 </dd>
2670 <dt class="hdlist1">
2671 <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>
2672 </dt>
2673 <dd>
2674 <p>
2675         Git HTTP-based protocols.
2676 </p>
2677 </dd>
2678 <dt class="hdlist1">
2679 <a href="gitprotocol-pack.html">gitprotocol-pack(5)</a>
2680 </dt>
2681 <dd>
2682 <p>
2683         How packs are transferred over-the-wire.
2684 </p>
2685 </dd>
2686 <dt class="hdlist1">
2687 <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a>
2688 </dt>
2689 <dd>
2690 <p>
2691         Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.
2692 </p>
2693 </dd>
2694 </dl></div>
2695 </div>
2696 </div>
2697 <div class="sect1">
2698 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
2699 <div class="sectionbody">
2700 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
2701 repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
2702 like this:</p></div>
2703 <div class="listingblock">
2704 <div class="content">
2705 <pre><code>#
2706 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
2707 #
2708
2709 ; core variables
2710 [core]
2711         ; Don't trust file modes
2712         filemode = false
2713
2714 ; user identity
2715 [user]
2716         name = "Junio C Hamano"
2717         email = "gitster@pobox.com"</code></pre>
2718 </div></div>
2719 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
2720 their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
2721 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.</p></div>
2722 </div>
2723 </div>
2724 <div class="sect1">
2725 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
2726 <div class="sectionbody">
2727 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2728 <dt class="hdlist1">
2729 &lt;object&gt;
2730 </dt>
2731 <dd>
2732 <p>
2733         Indicates the object name for any type of object.
2734 </p>
2735 </dd>
2736 <dt class="hdlist1">
2737 &lt;blob&gt;
2738 </dt>
2739 <dd>
2740 <p>
2741         Indicates a blob object name.
2742 </p>
2743 </dd>
2744 <dt class="hdlist1">
2745 &lt;tree&gt;
2746 </dt>
2747 <dd>
2748 <p>
2749         Indicates a tree object name.
2750 </p>
2751 </dd>
2752 <dt class="hdlist1">
2753 &lt;commit&gt;
2754 </dt>
2755 <dd>
2756 <p>
2757         Indicates a commit object name.
2758 </p>
2759 </dd>
2760 <dt class="hdlist1">
2761 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
2762 </dt>
2763 <dd>
2764 <p>
2765         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
2766         command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2767         operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2768         &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
2769 </p>
2770 </dd>
2771 <dt class="hdlist1">
2772 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
2773 </dt>
2774 <dd>
2775 <p>
2776         Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
2777         command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2778         operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2779         &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
2780 </p>
2781 </dd>
2782 <dt class="hdlist1">
2783 &lt;type&gt;
2784 </dt>
2785 <dd>
2786 <p>
2787         Indicates that an object type is required.
2788         Currently one of: <code>blob</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>commit</code>, or <code>tag</code>.
2789 </p>
2790 </dd>
2791 <dt class="hdlist1">
2792 &lt;file&gt;
2793 </dt>
2794 <dd>
2795 <p>
2796         Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
2797         root of the tree structure <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code> describes.
2798 </p>
2799 </dd>
2800 </dl></div>
2801 </div>
2802 </div>
2803 <div class="sect1">
2804 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
2805 <div class="sectionbody">
2806 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any Git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
2807 symbolic notation:</p></div>
2808 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2809 <dt class="hdlist1">
2810 HEAD
2811 </dt>
2812 <dd>
2813 <p>
2814         indicates the head of the current branch.
2815 </p>
2816 </dd>
2817 <dt class="hdlist1">
2818 &lt;tag&gt;
2819 </dt>
2820 <dd>
2821 <p>
2822         a valid tag <em>name</em>
2823         (i.e. a <code>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</code> reference).
2824 </p>
2825 </dd>
2826 <dt class="hdlist1">
2827 &lt;head&gt;
2828 </dt>
2829 <dd>
2830 <p>
2831         a valid head <em>name</em>
2832         (i.e. a <code>refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</code> reference).
2833 </p>
2834 </dd>
2835 </dl></div>
2836 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
2837 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
2838 </div>
2839 </div>
2840 <div class="sect1">
2841 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
2842 <div class="sectionbody">
2843 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
2844 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
2845 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
2846 <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.</p></div>
2847 </div>
2848 </div>
2849 <div class="sect1">
2850 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
2851 <div class="sectionbody">
2852 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
2853 </div>
2854 </div>
2855 <div class="sect1">
2856 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
2857 <div class="sectionbody">
2858 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change
2859 their behavior.  The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take
2860 their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables, e.g.
2861 "true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes".</p></div>
2862 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here are the variables:</p></div>
2863 <div class="sect2">
2864 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The Git Repository</h3>
2865 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core Git commands. Nb: it
2866 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
2867 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.</p></div>
2868 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2869 <dt class="hdlist1">
2870 <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code>
2871 </dt>
2872 <dd>
2873 <p>
2874         This environment variable specifies an alternate
2875         index file. If not specified, the default of <code>$GIT_DIR/index</code>
2876         is used.
2877 </p>
2878 </dd>
2879 <dt class="hdlist1">
2880 <code>GIT_INDEX_VERSION</code>
2881 </dt>
2882 <dd>
2883 <p>
2884         This environment variable specifies what index version is used
2885         when writing the index file out.  It won&#8217;t affect existing index
2886         files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
2887         <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> for more information.
2888 </p>
2889 </dd>
2890 <dt class="hdlist1">
2891 <code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code>
2892 </dt>
2893 <dd>
2894 <p>
2895         If the object storage directory is specified via this
2896         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
2897         underneath - otherwise the default <code>$GIT_DIR/objects</code>
2898         directory is used.
2899 </p>
2900 </dd>
2901 <dt class="hdlist1">
2902 <code>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code>
2903 </dt>
2904 <dd>
2905 <p>
2906         Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
2907         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
2908         specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
2909         of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
2910         objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
2911 </p>
2912 <div class="paragraph"><p>Entries that begin with <code>"</code> (double-quote) will be interpreted
2913 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
2914 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
2915 <code>"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path</code> has two paths:
2916 <code>path-with-"-and-:-in-it</code> and <code>vanilla-path</code>.</p></div>
2917 </dd>
2918 <dt class="hdlist1">
2919 <code>GIT_DIR</code>
2920 </dt>
2921 <dd>
2922 <p>
2923         If the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable is set then it
2924         specifies a path to use instead of the default <code>.git</code>
2925         for the base of the repository.
2926         The <code>--git-dir</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2927 </p>
2928 </dd>
2929 <dt class="hdlist1">
2930 <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
2931 </dt>
2932 <dd>
2933 <p>
2934         Set the path to the root of the working tree.
2935         This can also be controlled by the <code>--work-tree</code> command-line
2936         option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
2937 </p>
2938 </dd>
2939 <dt class="hdlist1">
2940 <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code>
2941 </dt>
2942 <dd>
2943 <p>
2944         Set the Git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
2945         The <code>--namespace</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2946 </p>
2947 </dd>
2948 <dt class="hdlist1">
2949 <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>
2950 </dt>
2951 <dd>
2952 <p>
2953         This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
2954         set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
2955         into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
2956         excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
2957         exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
2958         command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
2959         the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
2960         might be present in order to compare them with the current
2961         directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
2962         can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
2963         subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn&#8217;t be resolved;
2964         e.g.,
2965         <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink</code>.
2966 </p>
2967 </dd>
2968 <dt class="hdlist1">
2969 <code>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</code>
2970 </dt>
2971 <dd>
2972 <p>
2973         When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
2974         directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
2975         directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
2976         does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This Boolean environment variable
2977         can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
2978         boundaries.  Like <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>, this will not affect
2979         an explicit repository directory set via <code>GIT_DIR</code> or on the
2980         command line.
2981 </p>
2982 </dd>
2983 <dt class="hdlist1">
2984 <code>GIT_COMMON_DIR</code>
2985 </dt>
2986 <dd>
2987 <p>
2988         If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
2989         normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
2990         instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
2991         taken from $GIT_DIR. See <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> and
2992         <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> for
2993         details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
2994         variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY&#8230;
2995 </p>
2996 </dd>
2997 <dt class="hdlist1">
2998 <code>GIT_DEFAULT_HASH</code>
2999 </dt>
3000 <dd>
3001 <p>
3002         If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
3003         repositories will be set to this value. This value is
3004         ignored when cloning and the setting of the remote repository
3005         is always used. The default is "sha1".
3006         See <code>--object-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.
3007 </p>
3008 </dd>
3009 </dl></div>
3010 </div>
3011 <div class="sect2">
3012 <h3 id="_git_commits">Git Commits</h3>
3013 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3014 <dt class="hdlist1">
3015 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code>
3016 </dt>
3017 <dd>
3018 <p>
3019         The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or
3020         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3021         <code>author.name</code> configuration settings.
3022 </p>
3023 </dd>
3024 <dt class="hdlist1">
3025 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</code>
3026 </dt>
3027 <dd>
3028 <p>
3029         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3030         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3031         <code>author.email</code> configuration settings.
3032 </p>
3033 </dd>
3034 <dt class="hdlist1">
3035 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code>
3036 </dt>
3037 <dd>
3038 <p>
3039         The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3040         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3041 </p>
3042 </dd>
3043 <dt class="hdlist1">
3044 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</code>
3045 </dt>
3046 <dd>
3047 <p>
3048         The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or
3049         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3050         <code>committer.name</code> configuration settings.
3051 </p>
3052 </dd>
3053 <dt class="hdlist1">
3054 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</code>
3055 </dt>
3056 <dd>
3057 <p>
3058         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3059         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3060         <code>committer.email</code> configuration settings.
3061 </p>
3062 </dd>
3063 <dt class="hdlist1">
3064 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code>
3065 </dt>
3066 <dd>
3067 <p>
3068         The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3069         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3070 </p>
3071 </dd>
3072 <dt class="hdlist1">
3073 <code>EMAIL</code>
3074 </dt>
3075 <dd>
3076 <p>
3077         The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other
3078         relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set.
3079 </p>
3080 </dd>
3081 </dl></div>
3082 </div>
3083 <div class="sect2">
3084 <h3 id="_git_diffs">Git Diffs</h3>
3085 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3086 <dt class="hdlist1">
3087 <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code>
3088 </dt>
3089 <dd>
3090 <p>
3091         Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
3092         number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
3093         This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
3094         value passed on the Git diff command line.
3095 </p>
3096 </dd>
3097 <dt class="hdlist1">
3098 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code>
3099 </dt>
3100 <dd>
3101 <p>
3102         When the environment variable <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is set, the
3103         program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git
3104         does not use its builtin diff machinery.
3105         For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
3106         <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 7 parameters:
3107 </p>
3108 <div class="literalblock">
3109 <div class="content">
3110 <pre><code>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</code></pre>
3111 </div></div>
3112 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
3113 </dd>
3114 <dt class="hdlist1">
3115 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
3116 </dt>
3117 <dd>
3118 <p>
3119 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
3120                          contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
3121 </p>
3122 </dd>
3123 <dt class="hdlist1">
3124 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
3125 </dt>
3126 <dd>
3127 <p>
3128 are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
3129 </p>
3130 </dd>
3131 <dt class="hdlist1">
3132 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
3133 </dt>
3134 <dd>
3135 <p>
3136 are the octal representation of the file modes.
3137 </p>
3138 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
3139 (e.g. <code>new-file</code> in "git-diff-files"), <code>/dev/null</code> (e.g. <code>old-file</code>
3140 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <code>old-file</code> in the
3141 index).  <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> should not worry about unlinking the
3142 temporary file&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;it is removed when <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> exits.</p></div>
3143 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 1
3144 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
3145 <div class="paragraph"><p>For each path <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called, two environment variables,
3146 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code> and <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code> are set.</p></div>
3147 </dd>
3148 <dt class="hdlist1">
3149 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code>
3150 </dt>
3151 <dd>
3152 <p>
3153         A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
3154 </p>
3155 </dd>
3156 <dt class="hdlist1">
3157 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code>
3158 </dt>
3159 <dd>
3160 <p>
3161         The total number of paths.
3162 </p>
3163 </dd>
3164 </dl></div>
3165 </div>
3166 <div class="sect2">
3167 <h3 id="_other">other</h3>
3168 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3169 <dt class="hdlist1">
3170 <code>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</code>
3171 </dt>
3172 <dd>
3173 <p>
3174         A number controlling the amount of output shown by
3175         the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
3176         See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
3177 </p>
3178 </dd>
3179 <dt class="hdlist1">
3180 <code>GIT_PAGER</code>
3181 </dt>
3182 <dd>
3183 <p>
3184         This environment variable overrides <code>$PAGER</code>. If it is set
3185         to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
3186         a pager.  See also the <code>core.pager</code> option in
3187         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3188 </p>
3189 </dd>
3190 <dt class="hdlist1">
3191 <code>GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY</code>
3192 </dt>
3193 <dd>
3194 <p>
3195         A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
3196         optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.
3197 </p>
3198 </dd>
3199 <dt class="hdlist1">
3200 <code>GIT_EDITOR</code>
3201 </dt>
3202 <dd>
3203 <p>
3204         This environment variable overrides <code>$EDITOR</code> and <code>$VISUAL</code>.
3205         It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
3206         an editor is to be launched. See also <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
3207         and the <code>core.editor</code> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3208 </p>
3209 </dd>
3210 <dt class="hdlist1">
3211 <code>GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR</code>
3212 </dt>
3213 <dd>
3214 <p>
3215         This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
3216         when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
3217         <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> and the <code>sequence.editor</code> option in
3218         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3219 </p>
3220 </dd>
3221 <dt class="hdlist1">
3222 <code>GIT_SSH</code>
3223 </dt>
3224 <dt class="hdlist1">
3225 <code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>
3226 </dt>
3227 <dd>
3228 <p>
3229         If either of these environment variables is set then <em>git fetch</em>
3230         and <em>git push</em> will use the specified command instead of <em>ssh</em>
3231         when they need to connect to a remote system.
3232         The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
3233         determined by the ssh variant.  See <code>ssh.variant</code> option in
3234         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.
3235 </p>
3236 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>$GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code> takes precedence over <code>$GIT_SSH</code>, and is interpreted
3237 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
3238 <code>$GIT_SSH</code> on the other hand must be just the path to a program
3239 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
3240 needed).</p></div>
3241 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
3242 personal <code>.ssh/config</code> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
3243 for further details.</p></div>
3244 </dd>
3245 <dt class="hdlist1">
3246 <code>GIT_SSH_VARIANT</code>
3247 </dt>
3248 <dd>
3249 <p>
3250         If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git&#8217;s autodetection
3251         whether <code>GIT_SSH</code>/<code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>/<code>core.sshCommand</code> refer to OpenSSH,
3252         plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
3253         <code>ssh.variant</code> that serves the same purpose.
3254 </p>
3255 </dd>
3256 <dt class="hdlist1">
3257 <code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code>
3258 </dt>
3259 <dd>
3260 <p>
3261         Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
3262         tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
3263         pushing over HTTPS.
3264 </p>
3265 </dd>
3266 <dt class="hdlist1">
3267 <code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code>
3268 </dt>
3269 <dd>
3270 <p>
3271         Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.
3272 </p>
3273 </dd>
3274 <dt class="hdlist1">
3275 <code>GIT_ASKPASS</code>
3276 </dt>
3277 <dd>
3278 <p>
3279         If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
3280         acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
3281         will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
3282         and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <code>core.askPass</code>
3283         option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3284 </p>
3285 </dd>
3286 <dt class="hdlist1">
3287 <code>GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT</code>
3288 </dt>
3289 <dd>
3290 <p>
3291         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not prompt
3292         on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
3293 </p>
3294 </dd>
3295 <dt class="hdlist1">
3296 <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code>
3297 </dt>
3298 <dt class="hdlist1">
3299 <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code>
3300 </dt>
3301 <dd>
3302 <p>
3303         Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or
3304         system-level configuration files. If <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code> is set, the
3305         system config file defined at build time (usually <code>/etc/gitconfig</code>)
3306         will not be read. Likewise, if <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code> is set, neither
3307         <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> nor <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> will be read. Can
3308         be set to <code>/dev/null</code> to skip reading configuration files of the
3309         respective level.
3310 </p>
3311 </dd>
3312 <dt class="hdlist1">
3313 <code>GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM</code>
3314 </dt>
3315 <dd>
3316 <p>
3317         Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
3318         <code>$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig</code> file.  This Boolean environment variable can
3319         be used along with <code>$HOME</code> and <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> to create a
3320         predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
3321         to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy <code>/etc/gitconfig</code> file while
3322         waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
3323 </p>
3324 </dd>
3325 <dt class="hdlist1">
3326 <code>GIT_FLUSH</code>
3327 </dt>
3328 <dd>
3329 <p>
3330         If this Boolean environment variable is set to true, then commands such
3331         as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
3332         <em>git check-attr</em> and <em>git check-ignore</em> will
3333         force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
3334         flushed. If this
3335         variable is set to false, the output of these commands will be done
3336         using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
3337         not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
3338         based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
3339 </p>
3340 </dd>
3341 <dt class="hdlist1">
3342 <code>GIT_TRACE</code>
3343 </dt>
3344 <dd>
3345 <p>
3346         Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
3347         command execution and external command execution.
3348 </p>
3349 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3350 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3351 stderr.</p></div>
3352 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3353 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3354 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3355 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3356 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3357 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3358 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3359 to it.</p></div>
3360 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3361 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3362 </dd>
3363 <dt class="hdlist1">
3364 <code>GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR</code>
3365 </dt>
3366 <dd>
3367 <p>
3368         Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
3369         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3370 </p>
3371 </dd>
3372 <dt class="hdlist1">
3373 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS</code>
3374 </dt>
3375 <dd>
3376 <p>
3377         Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
3378         access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
3379         recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
3380         pack-related performance problems.
3381         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3382 </p>
3383 </dd>
3384 <dt class="hdlist1">
3385 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKET</code>
3386 </dt>
3387 <dd>
3388 <p>
3389         Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
3390         given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
3391         or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
3392         starting with "PACK" (but see <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code> below).
3393         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3394 </p>
3395 </dd>
3396 <dt class="hdlist1">
3397 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code>
3398 </dt>
3399 <dd>
3400 <p>
3401         Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
3402         given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
3403         verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
3404         certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
3405         <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack</code>) rather than displaying it on
3406         the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
3407 </p>
3408 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
3409 of clones and fetches.</p></div>
3410 </dd>
3411 <dt class="hdlist1">
3412 <code>GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE</code>
3413 </dt>
3414 <dd>
3415 <p>
3416         Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
3417         time of each Git command.
3418         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3419 </p>
3420 </dd>
3421 <dt class="hdlist1">
3422 <code>GIT_TRACE_REFS</code>
3423 </dt>
3424 <dd>
3425 <p>
3426         Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database.
3427         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3428 </p>
3429 </dd>
3430 <dt class="hdlist1">
3431 <code>GIT_TRACE_SETUP</code>
3432 </dt>
3433 <dd>
3434 <p>
3435         Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
3436         working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
3437         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3438 </p>
3439 </dd>
3440 <dt class="hdlist1">
3441 <code>GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW</code>
3442 </dt>
3443 <dd>
3444 <p>
3445         Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
3446         cloning of shallow repositories.
3447         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3448 </p>
3449 </dd>
3450 <dt class="hdlist1">
3451 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code>
3452 </dt>
3453 <dd>
3454 <p>
3455         Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
3456         including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
3457         This is similar to doing curl <code>--trace-ascii</code> on the command line.
3458         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3459 </p>
3460 </dd>
3461 <dt class="hdlist1">
3462 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA</code>
3463 </dt>
3464 <dd>
3465 <p>
3466         When a curl trace is enabled (see <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code> above), do not dump
3467         data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
3468 </p>
3469 </dd>
3470 <dt class="hdlist1">
3471 <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>
3472 </dt>
3473 <dd>
3474 <p>
3475         Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
3476         Output from <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> is a simple text-based format for human
3477         readability.
3478 </p>
3479 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3480 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3481 stderr.</p></div>
3482 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3483 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3484 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3485 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3486 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3487 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3488 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3489 to it.  If the path already exists and is a directory, the
3490 trace messages will be written to files (one per process)
3491 in that directory, named according to the last component
3492 of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename
3493 collisions).</p></div>
3494 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, if the variable is set to
3495 <code>af_unix:[&lt;socket_type&gt;:]&lt;absolute-pathname&gt;</code>, Git will try
3496 to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket.  The socket type
3497 can be either <code>stream</code> or <code>dgram</code>.</p></div>
3498 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3499 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3500 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a>
3501 for full details.</p></div>
3502 </dd>
3503 <dt class="hdlist1">
3504 <code>GIT_TRACE2_EVENT</code>
3505 </dt>
3506 <dd>
3507 <p>
3508         This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
3509         interpretation.
3510         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3511         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3512 </p>
3513 </dd>
3514 <dt class="hdlist1">
3515 <code>GIT_TRACE2_PERF</code>
3516 </dt>
3517 <dd>
3518 <p>
3519         In addition to the text-based messages available in <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>, this
3520         setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
3521         regions.
3522         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3523         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3524 </p>
3525 </dd>
3526 <dt class="hdlist1">
3527 <code>GIT_TRACE_REDACT</code>
3528 </dt>
3529 <dd>
3530 <p>
3531         By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
3532         cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
3533         header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
3534         redaction.
3535 </p>
3536 </dd>
3537 <dt class="hdlist1">
3538 <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code>
3539 </dt>
3540 <dd>
3541 <p>
3542         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3543         pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
3544         running <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'</code> will search
3545         for commits that touch the path <code>*.c</code>, not any paths that the
3546         glob <code>*.c</code> matches. You might want this if you are feeding
3547         literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
3548         <code>git ls-tree</code>, <code>--raw</code> diff output, etc).
3549 </p>
3550 </dd>
3551 <dt class="hdlist1">
3552 <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3553 </dt>
3554 <dd>
3555 <p>
3556         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3557         pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
3558 </p>
3559 </dd>
3560 <dt class="hdlist1">
3561 <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3562 </dt>
3563 <dd>
3564 <p>
3565         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3566         pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
3567 </p>
3568 </dd>
3569 <dt class="hdlist1">
3570 <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code>
3571 </dt>
3572 <dd>
3573 <p>
3574         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3575         pathspecs as case-insensitive.
3576 </p>
3577 </dd>
3578 <dt class="hdlist1">
3579 <code>GIT_REFLOG_ACTION</code>
3580 </dt>
3581 <dd>
3582 <p>
3583         When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
3584         track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
3585         typically the name of the high-level command that updated
3586         the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
3587         A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
3588         helper function in <code>git-sh-setup</code> to set its name to this
3589         variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
3590         end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
3591 </p>
3592 </dd>
3593 <dt class="hdlist1">
3594 <code>GIT_REF_PARANOIA</code>
3595 </dt>
3596 <dd>
3597 <p>
3598         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating
3599         over lists of refs. Normally Git will try to include any such
3600         refs, which may cause some operations to fail. This is usually
3601         preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g.,
3602         <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>) are better off aborting rather than
3603         ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they
3604         point to as not worth saving). The default value is <code>1</code> (i.e.,
3605         be paranoid about detecting and aborting all operations). You
3606         should not normally need to set this to <code>0</code>, but it may be
3607         useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.
3608 </p>
3609 </dd>
3610 <dt class="hdlist1">
3611 <code>GIT_COMMIT_GRAPH_PARANOIA</code>
3612 </dt>
3613 <dd>
3614 <p>
3615         When loading a commit object from the commit-graph, Git performs an
3616         existence check on the object in the object database. This is done to
3617         avoid issues with stale commit-graphs that contain references to
3618         already-deleted commits, but comes with a performance penalty.
3619 </p>
3620 <div class="paragraph"><p>The default is "false", which disables the aforementioned behavior.
3621 Setting this to "true" enables the existence check so that stale commits
3622 will never be returned from the commit-graph at the cost of performance.</p></div>
3623 </dd>
3624 <dt class="hdlist1">
3625 <code>GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL</code>
3626 </dt>
3627 <dd>
3628 <p>
3629         If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
3630         <code>protocol.allow</code> is set to <code>never</code>, and each of the listed
3631         protocols has <code>protocol.&lt;name&gt;.allow</code> set to <code>always</code>
3632         (overriding any existing configuration). See the description of
3633         <code>protocol.allow</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3634 </p>
3635 </dd>
3636 <dt class="hdlist1">
3637 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER</code>
3638 </dt>
3639 <dd>
3640 <p>
3641         Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
3642         configured to the <code>user</code> state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
3643         submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
3644         which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
3645         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3646 </p>
3647 </dd>
3648 <dt class="hdlist1">
3649 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL</code>
3650 </dt>
3651 <dd>
3652 <p>
3653         For internal use only.  Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
3654         Contains a colon <em>:</em> separated list of keys with optional values
3655         <em>key[=value]</em>.  Presence of unknown keys and values must be
3656         ignored.
3657 </p>
3658 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to
3659 pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically when
3660 accessing local repositories (i.e., <code>file://</code> or a filesystem path), as
3661 well as over the <code>git://</code> protocol. For git-over-http, it should work
3662 automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in
3663 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>. For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need
3664 to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using
3665 <code>AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL</code> with OpenSSH).</p></div>
3666 <div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then
3667 clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out
3668 on some performance improvements or features). This variable currently
3669 only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may
3670 be in the future).</p></div>
3671 </dd>
3672 <dt class="hdlist1">
3673 <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code>
3674 </dt>
3675 <dd>
3676 <p>
3677         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will complete any requested operation without
3678         performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock.
3679         For example, this will prevent <code>git status</code> from refreshing the
3680         index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in
3681         the background which do not want to cause lock contention with
3682         other operations on the repository.  Defaults to <code>1</code>.
3683 </p>
3684 </dd>
3685 <dt class="hdlist1">
3686 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN</code>
3687 </dt>
3688 <dt class="hdlist1">
3689 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT</code>
3690 </dt>
3691 <dt class="hdlist1">
3692 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code>
3693 </dt>
3694 <dd>
3695 <p>
3696         Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error
3697         handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is
3698         particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the
3699         canonical way to pass standard handles via <code>CreateProcess()</code> is
3700         not an option because it would require the handles to be marked
3701         inheritable (and consequently <strong>every</strong> spawned process would
3702         inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The
3703         primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
3704         (e.g. <code>\\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123</code>).
3705 </p>
3706 <div class="paragraph"><p>Two special values are supported: <code>off</code> will simply close the
3707 corresponding standard handle, and if <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code> is
3708 <code>2&gt;&amp;1</code>, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
3709 standard output.</p></div>
3710 </dd>
3711 <dt class="hdlist1">
3712 <code>GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS</code> (deprecated)
3713 </dt>
3714 <dd>
3715 <p>
3716         If set to <code>yes</code>, print an ellipsis following an
3717         (abbreviated) SHA-1 value.  This affects indications of
3718         detached HEADs (<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>) and the raw
3719         diff output (<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>).  Printing an
3720         ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered
3721         adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the
3722         foreseeable future (along with the variable).
3723 </p>
3724 </dd>
3725 </dl></div>
3726 </div>
3727 </div>
3728 </div>
3729 <div class="sect1">
3730 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
3731 <div class="sectionbody">
3732 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
3733 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3734 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
3735 <div class="paragraph"><p>A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
3736 subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
3737 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
3738 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
3739 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
3740 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
3741 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
3742 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
3743 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
3744 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
3745 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
3746 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
3747 represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
3748 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
3749 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
3750 written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
3751 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
3752 just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
3753 purpose.</p></div>
3754 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
3755 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
3756 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
3757 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref (the
3758 latter is called a "symbolic ref").
3759 Refs with names beginning <code>refs/head/</code> contain the SHA-1 name of the most
3760 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
3761 tags of interest are stored under <code>refs/tags/</code>.  A symbolic ref named
3762 <code>HEAD</code> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
3763 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
3764 path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
3765 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
3766 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
3767 corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
3768 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
3769 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
3770 content stored in the index.</p></div>
3771 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
3772 for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
3773 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
3774 </div>
3775 </div>
3776 <div class="sect1">
3777 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
3778 <div class="sectionbody">
3779 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references in the "description" section to get started
3780 using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
3781 for a first-time user.</p></div>
3782 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3783 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
3784 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.</p></div>
3785 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
3786 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
3787 examples.</p></div>
3788 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
3789 <a href="technical/api-index.html">Git API documentation</a>.</p></div>
3790 <div class="paragraph"><p>Users migrating from CVS may also want to
3791 read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p></div>
3792 </div>
3793 </div>
3794 <div class="sect1">
3795 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
3796 <div class="sectionbody">
3797 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
3798 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
3799 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;.  <a href="https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary">https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary</a>
3800 gives you a more complete list of contributors.</p></div>
3801 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
3802 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
3803 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
3804 </div>
3805 </div>
3806 <div class="sect1">
3807 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
3808 <div class="sectionbody">
3809 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
3810 development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
3811 subscribed to the list to send a message there.  See the list archive
3812 at <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">https://lore.kernel.org/git</a> for previous bug reports and other
3813 discussions.</p></div>
3814 <div class="paragraph"><p>Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to
3815 the Git Security mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com">git-security@googlegroups.com</a>&gt;.</p></div>
3816 </div>
3817 </div>
3818 <div class="sect1">
3819 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
3820 <div class="sectionbody">
3821 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
3822 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
3823 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
3824 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
3825 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
3826 </div>
3827 </div>
3828 <div class="sect1">
3829 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
3830 <div class="sectionbody">
3831 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
3832 </div>
3833 </div>
3834 </div>
3835 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
3836 <div id="footer">
3837 <div id="footer-text">
3838 Last updated
3839  2024-01-12 16:26:54 PST
3840 </div>
3841 </div>
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