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 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>gitcredentials(7) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>gitcredentials - Providing usernames and passwords to Git</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="listingblock">
 454 <div class="content">
 455 <pre>git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername
 456 git config credential.helper "$helper $options"</pre>
 457 </div>
 458 </div>
 459 </div>
 460 </div>
 461 <div class="sect1">
 462 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 463 <div class="sectionbody">
 464 <div class="paragraph">
 465 <p>Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform
 466 operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password
 467 in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. Some remotes accept
 468 a personal access token or OAuth access token as a password. This
 469 manual describes the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials,
 470 as well as some features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.</p>
 471 </div>
 472 </div>
 473 </div>
 474 <div class="sect1">
 475 <h2 id="_requesting_credentials">REQUESTING CREDENTIALS</h2>
 476 <div class="sectionbody">
 477 <div class="paragraph">
 478 <p>Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following
 479 strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords:</p>
 480 </div>
 481 <div class="olist arabic">
 482 <ol class="arabic">
 483 <li>
 484 <p>If the <code>GIT_ASKPASS</code> environment variable is set, the program
 485 specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided
 486 to the program on the command line, and the user&#8217;s input is read
 487 from its standard output.</p>
 488 </li>
 489 <li>
 490 <p>Otherwise, if the <code>core.askPass</code> configuration variable is set, its
 491 value is used as above.</p>
 492 </li>
 493 <li>
 494 <p>Otherwise, if the <code>SSH_ASKPASS</code> environment variable is set, its
 495 value is used as above.</p>
 496 </li>
 497 <li>
 498 <p>Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal.</p>
 499 </li>
 500 </ol>
 501 </div>
 502 </div>
 503 </div>
 504 <div class="sect1">
 505 <h2 id="_avoiding_repetition">AVOIDING REPETITION</h2>
 506 <div class="sectionbody">
 507 <div class="paragraph">
 508 <p>It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over.  Git
 509 provides two methods to reduce this annoyance:</p>
 510 </div>
 511 <div class="olist arabic">
 512 <ol class="arabic">
 513 <li>
 514 <p>Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context.</p>
 515 </li>
 516 <li>
 517 <p>Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with
 518 a system password wallet or keychain.</p>
 519 </li>
 520 </ol>
 521 </div>
 522 <div class="paragraph">
 523 <p>The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available
 524 for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config:</p>
 525 </div>
 526 <div class="listingblock">
 527 <div class="content">
 528 <pre>[credential "https://example.com"]
 529         username = me</pre>
 530 </div>
 531 </div>
 532 <div class="paragraph">
 533 <p>Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can
 534 request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure
 535 storage provided by the OS or other programs. Alternatively, a
 536 credential-generating helper might generate credentials for certain servers via
 537 some API.</p>
 538 </div>
 539 <div class="paragraph">
 540 <p>To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently
 541 includes the following helpers:</p>
 542 </div>
 543 <div class="dlist">
 544 <dl>
 545 <dt class="hdlist1">cache</dt>
 546 <dd>
 547 <p>Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See
 548 <a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a> for details.</p>
 549 </dd>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">store</dt>
 551 <dd>
 552 <p>Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See
 553 <a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a> for details.</p>
 554 </dd>
 555 </dl>
 556 </div>
 557 <div class="paragraph">
 558 <p>You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for
 559 <code>credential-</code>* in the output of <code>git</code> <code>help</code> <code>-a</code>, and consult the
 560 documentation of individual helpers.  Once you have selected a helper,
 561 you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the
 562 credential.helper variable.</p>
 563 </div>
 564 <div class="olist arabic">
 565 <ol class="arabic">
 566 <li>
 567 <p>Find a helper.</p>
 568 <div class="listingblock">
 569 <div class="content">
 570 <pre>$ git help -a | grep credential-
 571 credential-foo</pre>
 572 </div>
 573 </div>
 574 </li>
 575 <li>
 576 <p>Read its description.</p>
 577 <div class="listingblock">
 578 <div class="content">
 579 <pre>$ git help credential-foo</pre>
 580 </div>
 581 </div>
 582 </li>
 583 <li>
 584 <p>Tell Git to use it.</p>
 585 <div class="listingblock">
 586 <div class="content">
 587 <pre>$ git config --global credential.helper foo</pre>
 588 </div>
 589 </div>
 590 </li>
 591 </ol>
 592 </div>
 593 <div class="sect2">
 594 <h3 id="_available_helpers">Available helpers</h3>
 595 <div class="paragraph">
 596 <p>The community maintains a comprehensive list of Git credential helpers at
 597 <a href="https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers</a>.</p>
 598 </div>
 599 </div>
 600 <div class="sect2">
 601 <h3 id="_oauth">OAuth</h3>
 602 <div class="paragraph">
 603 <p>An alternative to inputting passwords or personal access tokens is to use an
 604 OAuth credential helper. Initial authentication opens a browser window to the
 605 host. Subsequent authentication happens in the background. Many popular Git
 606 hosts support OAuth.</p>
 607 </div>
 608 </div>
 609 </div>
 610 </div>
 611 <div class="sect1">
 612 <h2 id="_credential_contexts">CREDENTIAL CONTEXTS</h2>
 613 <div class="sectionbody">
 614 <div class="paragraph">
 615 <p>Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context
 616 is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any
 617 helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage.</p>
 618 </div>
 619 <div class="paragraph">
 620 <p>For instance, imagine we are accessing <code>https://example.com/foo.git</code>. When Git
 621 looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will
 622 consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the
 623 pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file:</p>
 624 </div>
 625 <div class="listingblock">
 626 <div class="content">
 627 <pre>[credential "https://example.com"]
 628         username = foo</pre>
 629 </div>
 630 </div>
 631 <div class="paragraph">
 632 <p>then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and
 633 the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this
 634 context would not match:</p>
 635 </div>
 636 <div class="listingblock">
 637 <div class="content">
 638 <pre>[credential "https://kernel.org"]
 639         username = foo</pre>
 640 </div>
 641 </div>
 642 <div class="paragraph">
 643 <p>because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match <code>foo.example.com</code>; Git
 644 compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of
 645 the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for <code>http://example.com</code> would not
 646 match: Git compares the protocols exactly.  However, you may use wildcards in
 647 the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the <code>http.</code><em>&lt;URL&gt;</em>.*
 648 options.</p>
 649 </div>
 650 <div class="paragraph">
 651 <p>If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match
 652 exactly: the context <code>https://example.com/bar/baz.git</code> will match a config
 653 entry for <code>https://example.com/bar/baz.git</code> (in addition to matching the config
 654 entry for <code>https://example.com</code>) but will not match a config entry for
 655 <code>https://example.com/bar</code>.</p>
 656 </div>
 657 </div>
 658 </div>
 659 <div class="sect1">
 660 <h2 id="_configuration_options">CONFIGURATION OPTIONS</h2>
 661 <div class="sectionbody">
 662 <div class="paragraph">
 663 <p>Options for a credential context can be configured either in
 664 <code>credential.</code>* (which applies to all credentials), or
 665 <code>credential.</code><em>&lt;URL&gt;</em>.*, where &lt;URL&gt; matches the context as described
 666 above.</p>
 667 </div>
 668 <div class="paragraph">
 669 <p>The following options are available in either location:</p>
 670 </div>
 671 <div class="dlist">
 672 <dl>
 673 <dt class="hdlist1">helper</dt>
 674 <dd>
 675 <p>The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options.
 676 If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string <code>git</code>
 677 <code>credential-</code> is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the
 678 shell (so, for example, setting this to <code>foo</code> <code>--option=bar</code> will execute
 679 <code>git</code> <code>credential-foo</code> <code>--option=bar</code> via the shell. See the manual of
 680 specific helpers for examples of their use.</p>
 681 <div class="paragraph">
 682 <p>If there are multiple instances of the <code>credential.helper</code> configuration
 683 variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username,
 684 password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a
 685 non-expired password, no more helpers will be tried.</p>
 686 </div>
 687 <div class="paragraph">
 688 <p>If <code>credential.helper</code> is configured to the empty string, this resets
 689 the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a
 690 lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper,
 691 followed by whatever set of helpers you would like).</p>
 692 </div>
 693 </dd>
 694 <dt class="hdlist1">username</dt>
 695 <dd>
 696 <p>A default username, if one is not provided in the URL.</p>
 697 </dd>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1">useHttpPath</dt>
 699 <dd>
 700 <p>By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL
 701 to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential
 702 stored for <code>https://example.com/foo.git</code> will also be used for
 703 <code>https://example.com/bar.git</code>. If you do want to distinguish these
 704 cases, set this option to <code>true</code>.</p>
 705 </dd>
 706 </dl>
 707 </div>
 708 </div>
 709 </div>
 710 <div class="sect1">
 711 <h2 id="_custom_helpers">CUSTOM HELPERS</h2>
 712 <div class="sectionbody">
 713 <div class="paragraph">
 714 <p>You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in
 715 which you keep credentials.</p>
 716 </div>
 717 <div class="paragraph">
 718 <p>Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save
 719 credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply
 720 longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored
 721 in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).</p>
 722 </div>
 723 <div class="paragraph">
 724 <p>Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration
 725 variable <code>credential.helper</code> (and others, see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
 726 The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using
 727 these rules:</p>
 728 </div>
 729 <div class="olist arabic">
 730 <ol class="arabic">
 731 <li>
 732 <p>If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell
 733 snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.</p>
 734 </li>
 735 <li>
 736 <p>Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the
 737 verbatim helper string becomes the command.</p>
 738 </li>
 739 <li>
 740 <p>Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper
 741 string, and the result becomes the command.</p>
 742 </li>
 743 </ol>
 744 </div>
 745 <div class="paragraph">
 746 <p>The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it
 747 (see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.</p>
 748 </div>
 749 <div class="paragraph">
 750 <p>Here are some example specifications:</p>
 751 </div>
 752 <div class="listingblock">
 753 <div class="content">
 754 <pre># run "git credential-foo"
 755 [credential]
 756         helper = foo
 757
 758 # same as above, but pass an argument to the helper
 759 [credential]
 760         helper = "foo --bar=baz"
 761
 762 # the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell
 763 # quoting if necessary
 764 [credential]
 765         helper = "foo --bar='whitespace arg'"
 766
 767 # you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper
 768 [credential]
 769         helper = "/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments"
 770
 771 # or you can specify your own shell snippet
 772 [credential "https://example.com"]
 773         username = your_user
 774         helper = "!f() { test \"$1\" = get &amp;&amp; echo \"password=$(cat $HOME/.secret)\"; }; f"</pre>
 775 </div>
 776 </div>
 777 <div class="paragraph">
 778 <p>Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify.
 779 Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their
 780 users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in
 781 the <code>$PATH</code> or <code>$GIT_EXEC_PATH</code> during installation, which will allow a
 782 user to enable it with <code>git</code> <code>config</code> <code>credential.helper</code> <code>$NAME</code>.</p>
 783 </div>
 784 <div class="paragraph">
 785 <p>When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument
 786 appended to its command line, which is one of:</p>
 787 </div>
 788 <div class="dlist">
 789 <dl>
 790 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>get</code></dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>Return a matching credential, if any exists.</p>
 793 </dd>
 794 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>store</code></dt>
 795 <dd>
 796 <p>Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.</p>
 797 </dd>
 798 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>erase</code></dt>
 799 <dd>
 800 <p>Remove matching credentials, if any, from the helper&#8217;s storage.</p>
 801 </dd>
 802 </dl>
 803 </div>
 804 <div class="paragraph">
 805 <p>The details of the credential will be provided on the helper&#8217;s stdin
 806 stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the
 807 <code>git</code> <code>credential</code> plumbing command (see the section <code>INPUT/OUTPUT</code>
 808 <code>FORMAT</code> in <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a> for a detailed specification).</p>
 809 </div>
 810 <div class="paragraph">
 811 <p>For a <code>get</code> operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on
 812 stdout in the same format (see <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a> for common
 813 attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at
 814 all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will
 815 overwrite those already known about by Git&#8217;s credential subsystem.
 816 Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.</p>
 817 </div>
 818 <div class="paragraph">
 819 <p>While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers
 820 should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and
 821 password.</p>
 822 </div>
 823 <div class="paragraph">
 824 <p>If a helper outputs a <code>quit</code> attribute with a value of <code>true</code> or <code>1</code>,
 825 no further helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted
 826 (if no credential has been provided, the operation will then fail).</p>
 827 </div>
 828 <div class="paragraph">
 829 <p>Similarly, no more helpers will be consulted once both username and
 830 password had been provided.</p>
 831 </div>
 832 <div class="paragraph">
 833 <p>For a <code>store</code> or <code>erase</code> operation, the helper&#8217;s output is ignored.</p>
 834 </div>
 835 <div class="paragraph">
 836 <p>If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify
 837 the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.</p>
 838 </div>
 839 <div class="paragraph">
 840 <p>If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store
 841 or generator), it should silently ignore the request.</p>
 842 </div>
 843 <div class="paragraph">
 844 <p>If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
 845 request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
 846 helpers will just ignore the new requests).</p>
 847 </div>
 848 </div>
 849 </div>
 850 <div class="sect1">
 851 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 852 <div class="sectionbody">
 853 <div class="paragraph">
 854 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 855 </div>
 856 </div>
 857 </div>
 858 </div>
 859 <div id="footer">
 860 <div id="footer-text">
 861 Last updated 2023-07-18 08:52:58 -0700
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