git-push.html

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 734 </head>
 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-push(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-push -
 743    Update remote refs along with associated objects
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git push</em> [--all | --branches | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=&lt;git-receive-pack&gt;]
 753            [--repo=&lt;repository&gt;] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-q | --quiet] [-v | --verbose]
 754            [-u | --set-upstream] [-o &lt;string&gt; | --push-option=&lt;string&gt;]
 755            [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
 756            [--force-with-lease[=&lt;refname&gt;[:&lt;expect&gt;]] [--force-if-includes]]
 757            [--no-verify] [&lt;repository&gt; [&lt;refspec&gt;&#8230;]]</pre>
 758 <div class="attribution">
 759 </div></div>
 760 </div>
 761 </div>
 762 <div class="sect1">
 763 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 764 <div class="sectionbody">
 765 <div class="paragraph"><p>Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects
 766 necessary to complete the given refs.</p></div>
 767 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can make interesting things happen to a repository
 768 every time you push into it, by setting up <em>hooks</em> there.  See
 769 documentation for <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>.</p></div>
 770 <div class="paragraph"><p>When the command line does not specify where to push with the
 771 <code>&lt;repository&gt;</code> argument, <code>branch.*.remote</code> configuration for the
 772 current branch is consulted to determine where to push.  If the
 773 configuration is missing, it defaults to <em>origin</em>.</p></div>
 774 <div class="paragraph"><p>When the command line does not specify what to push with <code>&lt;refspec&gt;...</code>
 775 arguments or <code>--all</code>, <code>--mirror</code>, <code>--tags</code> options, the command finds
 776 the default <code>&lt;refspec&gt;</code> by consulting <code>remote.*.push</code> configuration,
 777 and if it is not found, honors <code>push.default</code> configuration to decide
 778 what to push (See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for the meaning of <code>push.default</code>).</p></div>
 779 <div class="paragraph"><p>When neither the command-line nor the configuration specifies what to
 780 push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the <code>simple</code>
 781 value for <code>push.default</code>: the current branch is pushed to the
 782 corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
 783 aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the
 784 local one.</p></div>
 785 </div>
 786 </div>
 787 <div class="sect1">
 788 <h2 id="_options_a_id_options_a">OPTIONS<a id="OPTIONS"></a></h2>
 789 <div class="sectionbody">
 790 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 791 <dt class="hdlist1">
 792 &lt;repository&gt;
 793 </dt>
 794 <dd>
 795 <p>
 796         The "remote" repository that is the destination of a push
 797         operation.  This parameter can be either a URL
 798         (see the section <a href="#URLS">GIT URLS</a> below) or the name
 799         of a remote (see the section <a href="#REMOTES">REMOTES</a> below).
 800 </p>
 801 </dd>
 802 <dt class="hdlist1">
 803 &lt;refspec&gt;&#8230;
 804 </dt>
 805 <dd>
 806 <p>
 807         Specify what destination ref to update with what source object.
 808         The format of a &lt;refspec&gt; parameter is an optional plus
 809         <code>+</code>, followed by the source object &lt;src&gt;, followed
 810         by a colon <code>:</code>, followed by the destination ref &lt;dst&gt;.
 811 </p>
 812 <div class="paragraph"><p>The &lt;src&gt; is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but
 813 it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as <code>master~4</code> or
 814 <code>HEAD</code> (see <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>).</p></div>
 815 <div class="paragraph"><p>The &lt;dst&gt; tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
 816 push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
 817 be named.
 818 If <code>git push [&lt;repository&gt;]</code> without any <code>&lt;refspec&gt;</code> argument is set to
 819 update some ref at the destination with <code>&lt;src&gt;</code> with
 820 <code>remote.&lt;repository&gt;.push</code> configuration variable, <code>:&lt;dst&gt;</code> part can
 821 be omitted&#8212;such a push will update a ref that <code>&lt;src&gt;</code> normally updates
 822 without any <code>&lt;refspec&gt;</code> on the command line.  Otherwise, missing
 823 <code>:&lt;dst&gt;</code> means to update the same ref as the <code>&lt;src&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 824 <div class="paragraph"><p>If &lt;dst&gt; doesn&#8217;t start with <code>refs/</code> (e.g. <code>refs/heads/master</code>) we will
 825 try to infer where in <code>refs/*</code> on the destination &lt;repository&gt; it
 826 belongs based on the type of &lt;src&gt; being pushed and whether &lt;dst&gt;
 827 is ambiguous.</p></div>
 828 <div class="openblock">
 829 <div class="content">
 830 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 831 <li>
 832 <p>
 833 If &lt;dst&gt; unambiguously refers to a ref on the &lt;repository&gt; remote,
 834   then push to that ref.
 835 </p>
 836 </li>
 837 <li>
 838 <p>
 839 If &lt;src&gt; resolves to a ref starting with refs/heads/ or refs/tags/,
 840   then prepend that to &lt;dst&gt;.
 841 </p>
 842 </li>
 843 <li>
 844 <p>
 845 Other ambiguity resolutions might be added in the future, but for
 846   now any other cases will error out with an error indicating what we
 847   tried, and depending on the <code>advice.pushUnqualifiedRefname</code>
 848   configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>) suggest what refs/
 849   namespace you may have wanted to push to.
 850 </p>
 851 </li>
 852 </ul></div>
 853 </div></div>
 854 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object referenced by &lt;src&gt; is used to update the &lt;dst&gt; reference
 855 on the remote side. Whether this is allowed depends on where in
 856 <code>refs/*</code> the &lt;dst&gt; reference lives as described in detail below, in
 857 those sections "update" means any modifications except deletes, which
 858 as noted after the next few sections are treated differently.</p></div>
 859 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>refs/heads/*</code> namespace will only accept commit objects, and
 860 updates only if they can be fast-forwarded.</p></div>
 861 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>refs/tags/*</code> namespace will accept any kind of object (as
 862 commits, trees and blobs can be tagged), and any updates to them will
 863 be rejected.</p></div>
 864 <div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s possible to push any type of object to any namespace outside of
 865 <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code>. In the case of tags and commits, these will be
 866 treated as if they were the commits inside <code>refs/heads/*</code> for the
 867 purposes of whether the update is allowed.</p></div>
 868 <div class="paragraph"><p>I.e. a fast-forward of commits and tags outside <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code>
 869 is allowed, even in cases where what&#8217;s being fast-forwarded is not a
 870 commit, but a tag object which happens to point to a new commit which
 871 is a fast-forward of the commit the last tag (or commit) it&#8217;s
 872 replacing. Replacing a tag with an entirely different tag is also
 873 allowed, if it points to the same commit, as well as pushing a peeled
 874 tag, i.e. pushing the commit that existing tag object points to, or a
 875 new tag object which an existing commit points to.</p></div>
 876 <div class="paragraph"><p>Tree and blob objects outside of <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code> will be treated
 877 the same way as if they were inside <code>refs/tags/*</code>, any update of them
 878 will be rejected.</p></div>
 879 <div class="paragraph"><p>All of the rules described above about what&#8217;s not allowed as an update
 880 can be overridden by adding an the optional leading <code>+</code> to a refspec
 881 (or using <code>--force</code> command line option). The only exception to this
 882 is that no amount of forcing will make the <code>refs/heads/*</code> namespace
 883 accept a non-commit object. Hooks and configuration can also override
 884 or amend these rules, see e.g. <code>receive.denyNonFastForwards</code> in
 885 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and <code>pre-receive</code> and <code>update</code> in
 886 <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p></div>
 887 <div class="paragraph"><p>Pushing an empty &lt;src&gt; allows you to delete the &lt;dst&gt; ref from the
 888 remote repository. Deletions are always accepted without a leading <code>+</code>
 889 in the refspec (or <code>--force</code>), except when forbidden by configuration
 890 or hooks. See <code>receive.denyDeletes</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and
 891 <code>pre-receive</code> and <code>update</code> in <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p></div>
 892 <div class="paragraph"><p>The special refspec <code>:</code> (or <code>+:</code> to allow non-fast-forward updates)
 893 directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
 894 the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
 895 already exists on the remote side.</p></div>
 896 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>tag &lt;tag&gt;</code> means the same as <code>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;:refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 897 </dd>
 898 <dt class="hdlist1">
 899 --all
 900 </dt>
 901 <dt class="hdlist1">
 902 --branches
 903 </dt>
 904 <dd>
 905 <p>
 906         Push all branches (i.e. refs under <code>refs/heads/</code>); cannot be
 907         used with other &lt;refspec&gt;.
 908 </p>
 909 </dd>
 910 <dt class="hdlist1">
 911 --prune
 912 </dt>
 913 <dd>
 914 <p>
 915         Remove remote branches that don&#8217;t have a local counterpart. For example
 916         a remote branch <code>tmp</code> will be removed if a local branch with the same
 917         name doesn&#8217;t exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g.
 918         <code>git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*</code> would
 919         make sure that remote <code>refs/tmp/foo</code> will be removed if <code>refs/heads/foo</code>
 920         doesn&#8217;t exist.
 921 </p>
 922 </dd>
 923 <dt class="hdlist1">
 924 --mirror
 925 </dt>
 926 <dd>
 927 <p>
 928         Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
 929         refs under <code>refs/</code> (which includes but is not
 930         limited to <code>refs/heads/</code>, <code>refs/remotes/</code>, and <code>refs/tags/</code>)
 931         be mirrored to the remote repository.  Newly created local
 932         refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs
 933         will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs
 934         will be removed from the remote end.  This is the default
 935         if the configuration option <code>remote.&lt;remote&gt;.mirror</code> is
 936         set.
 937 </p>
 938 </dd>
 939 <dt class="hdlist1">
 940 -n
 941 </dt>
 942 <dt class="hdlist1">
 943 --dry-run
 944 </dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>
 947         Do everything except actually send the updates.
 948 </p>
 949 </dd>
 950 <dt class="hdlist1">
 951 --porcelain
 952 </dt>
 953 <dd>
 954 <p>
 955         Produce machine-readable output.  The output status line for each ref
 956         will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr.  The full
 957         symbolic names of the refs will be given.
 958 </p>
 959 </dd>
 960 <dt class="hdlist1">
 961 -d
 962 </dt>
 963 <dt class="hdlist1">
 964 --delete
 965 </dt>
 966 <dd>
 967 <p>
 968         All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is
 969         the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
 970 </p>
 971 </dd>
 972 <dt class="hdlist1">
 973 --tags
 974 </dt>
 975 <dd>
 976 <p>
 977         All refs under <code>refs/tags</code> are pushed, in
 978         addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
 979         line.
 980 </p>
 981 </dd>
 982 <dt class="hdlist1">
 983 --follow-tags
 984 </dt>
 985 <dd>
 986 <p>
 987         Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option,
 988         and also push annotated tags in <code>refs/tags</code> that are missing
 989         from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are
 990         reachable from the refs being pushed.  This can also be specified
 991         with configuration variable <code>push.followTags</code>.  For more
 992         information, see <code>push.followTags</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
 993 </p>
 994 </dd>
 995 <dt class="hdlist1">
 996 --[no-]signed
 997 </dt>
 998 <dt class="hdlist1">
 999 --signed=(true|false|if-asked)
1000 </dt>
1001 <dd>
1002 <p>
1003         GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving
1004         side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be
1005         logged.  If <code>false</code> or <code>--no-signed</code>, no signing will be
1006         attempted.  If <code>true</code> or <code>--signed</code>, the push will fail if the
1007         server does not support signed pushes.  If set to <code>if-asked</code>,
1008         sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes.  The push
1009         will also fail if the actual call to <code>gpg --sign</code> fails.  See
1010         <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a> for the details on the receiving end.
1011 </p>
1012 </dd>
1013 <dt class="hdlist1">
1014 --[no-]atomic
1015 </dt>
1016 <dd>
1017 <p>
1018         Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available.
1019         Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
1020         If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.
1021 </p>
1022 </dd>
1023 <dt class="hdlist1">
1024 -o &lt;option&gt;
1025 </dt>
1026 <dt class="hdlist1">
1027 --push-option=&lt;option&gt;
1028 </dt>
1029 <dd>
1030 <p>
1031         Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to
1032         the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string
1033         must not contain a NUL or LF character.
1034         When multiple <code>--push-option=&lt;option&gt;</code> are given, they are
1035         all sent to the other side in the order listed on the
1036         command line.
1037         When no <code>--push-option=&lt;option&gt;</code> is given from the command
1038         line, the values of configuration variable <code>push.pushOption</code>
1039         are used instead.
1040 </p>
1041 </dd>
1042 <dt class="hdlist1">
1043 --receive-pack=&lt;git-receive-pack&gt;
1044 </dt>
1045 <dt class="hdlist1">
1046 --exec=&lt;git-receive-pack&gt;
1047 </dt>
1048 <dd>
1049 <p>
1050         Path to the <em>git-receive-pack</em> program on the remote
1051         end.  Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote
1052         repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in
1053         a directory on the default $PATH.
1054 </p>
1055 </dd>
1056 <dt class="hdlist1">
1057 --[no-]force-with-lease
1058 </dt>
1059 <dt class="hdlist1">
1060 --force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;
1061 </dt>
1062 <dt class="hdlist1">
1063 --force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;:&lt;expect&gt;
1064 </dt>
1065 <dd>
1066 <p>
1067         Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is
1068         not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
1069 </p>
1070 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
1071 remote ref is the expected value.  "git push" fails otherwise.</p></div>
1072 <div class="paragraph"><p>Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
1073 You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
1074 replace the history you originally published with the rebased history.
1075 If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are
1076 rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with their
1077 commit, and blindly pushing with <code>--force</code> will lose their work.</p></div>
1078 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
1079 updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
1080 still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
1081 other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on
1082 the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated
1083 only if the "lease" is still valid.</p></div>
1084 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--force-with-lease</code> alone, without specifying the details, will protect
1085 all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their
1086 current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have
1087 for them.</p></div>
1088 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;</code>, without specifying the expected value, will
1089 protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by
1090 requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking
1091 branch we have for it.</p></div>
1092 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;:&lt;expect&gt;</code> will protect the named ref (alone),
1093 if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be
1094 the same as the specified value <code>&lt;expect&gt;</code> (which is allowed to be
1095 different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname,
1096 or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when
1097 this form is used).  If <code>&lt;expect&gt;</code> is the empty string, then the named ref
1098 must not already exist.</p></div>
1099 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that all forms other than <code>--force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;:&lt;expect&gt;</code>
1100 that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are
1101 still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience
1102 with this feature.</p></div>
1103 <div class="paragraph"><p>"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the
1104 command line.</p></div>
1105 <div class="paragraph"><p>A general note on safety: supplying this option without an expected
1106 value, i.e. as <code>--force-with-lease</code> or <code>--force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;</code>
1107 interacts very badly with anything that implicitly runs <code>git fetch</code> on
1108 the remote to be pushed to in the background, e.g. <code>git fetch origin</code>
1109 on your repository in a cronjob.</p></div>
1110 <div class="paragraph"><p>The protection it offers over <code>--force</code> is ensuring that subsequent
1111 changes your work wasn&#8217;t based on aren&#8217;t clobbered, but this is
1112 trivially defeated if some background process is updating refs in the
1113 background. We don&#8217;t have anything except the remote tracking info to
1114 go by as a heuristic for refs you&#8217;re expected to have seen &amp; are
1115 willing to clobber.</p></div>
1116 <div class="paragraph"><p>If your editor or some other system is running <code>git fetch</code> in the
1117 background for you a way to mitigate this is to simply set up another
1118 remote:</p></div>
1119 <div class="literalblock">
1120 <div class="content">
1121 <pre><code>git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)
1122 git fetch origin-push</code></pre>
1123 </div></div>
1124 <div class="paragraph"><p>Now when the background process runs <code>git fetch origin</code> the references
1125 on <code>origin-push</code> won&#8217;t be updated, and thus commands like:</p></div>
1126 <div class="literalblock">
1127 <div class="content">
1128 <pre><code>git push --force-with-lease origin-push</code></pre>
1129 </div></div>
1130 <div class="paragraph"><p>Will fail unless you manually run <code>git fetch origin-push</code>. This method
1131 is of course entirely defeated by something that runs <code>git fetch
1132 --all</code>, in that case you&#8217;d need to either disable it or do something
1133 more tedious like:</p></div>
1134 <div class="literalblock">
1135 <div class="content">
1136 <pre><code>git fetch              # update 'master' from remote
1137 git tag base master    # mark our base point
1138 git rebase -i master   # rewrite some commits
1139 git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master</code></pre>
1140 </div></div>
1141 <div class="paragraph"><p>I.e. create a <code>base</code> tag for versions of the upstream code that you&#8217;ve
1142 seen and are willing to overwrite, then rewrite history, and finally
1143 force push changes to <code>master</code> if the remote version is still at
1144 <code>base</code>, regardless of what your local <code>remotes/origin/master</code> has been
1145 updated to in the background.</p></div>
1146 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, specifying <code>--force-if-includes</code> as an ancillary option
1147 along with <code>--force-with-lease[=&lt;refname&gt;]</code> (i.e., without saying what
1148 exact commit the ref on the remote side must be pointing at, or which
1149 refs on the remote side are being protected) at the time of "push" will
1150 verify if updates from the remote-tracking refs that may have been
1151 implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before
1152 allowing a forced update.</p></div>
1153 </dd>
1154 <dt class="hdlist1">
1155 -f
1156 </dt>
1157 <dt class="hdlist1">
1158 --force
1159 </dt>
1160 <dd>
1161 <p>
1162         Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is
1163         not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
1164         Also, when <code>--force-with-lease</code> option is used, the command refuses
1165         to update a remote ref whose current value does not match
1166         what is expected.
1167 </p>
1168 <div class="paragraph"><p>This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository
1169 to lose commits; use it with care.</p></div>
1170 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <code>--force</code> applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
1171 using it with <code>push.default</code> set to <code>matching</code> or with multiple push
1172 destinations configured with <code>remote.*.push</code> may overwrite refs
1173 other than the current branch (including local refs that are
1174 strictly behind their remote counterpart).  To force a push to only
1175 one branch, use a <code>+</code> in front of the refspec to push (e.g <code>git push
1176 origin +master</code> to force a push to the <code>master</code> branch). See the
1177 <code>&lt;refspec&gt;...</code> section above for details.</p></div>
1178 </dd>
1179 <dt class="hdlist1">
1180 --[no-]force-if-includes
1181 </dt>
1182 <dd>
1183 <p>
1184         Force an update only if the tip of the remote-tracking ref
1185         has been integrated locally.
1186 </p>
1187 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option enables a check that verifies if the tip of the
1188 remote-tracking ref is reachable from one of the "reflog" entries of
1189 the local branch based in it for a rewrite. The check ensures that any
1190 updates from the remote have been incorporated locally by rejecting the
1191 forced update if that is not the case.</p></div>
1192 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the option is passed without specifying <code>--force-with-lease</code>, or
1193 specified along with <code>--force-with-lease=&lt;refname&gt;:&lt;expect&gt;</code>, it is
1194 a "no-op".</p></div>
1195 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying <code>--no-force-if-includes</code> disables this behavior.</p></div>
1196 </dd>
1197 <dt class="hdlist1">
1198 --repo=&lt;repository&gt;
1199 </dt>
1200 <dd>
1201 <p>
1202         This option is equivalent to the &lt;repository&gt; argument. If both
1203         are specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.
1204 </p>
1205 </dd>
1206 <dt class="hdlist1">
1207 -u
1208 </dt>
1209 <dt class="hdlist1">
1210 --set-upstream
1211 </dt>
1212 <dd>
1213 <p>
1214         For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
1215         upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
1216         <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and other commands. For more information,
1217         see <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1218 </p>
1219 </dd>
1220 <dt class="hdlist1">
1221 --[no-]thin
1222 </dt>
1223 <dd>
1224 <p>
1225         These options are passed to <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>. A thin transfer
1226         significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
1227         receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
1228         <code>--thin</code>.
1229 </p>
1230 </dd>
1231 <dt class="hdlist1">
1232 -q
1233 </dt>
1234 <dt class="hdlist1">
1235 --quiet
1236 </dt>
1237 <dd>
1238 <p>
1239         Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs,
1240         unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard
1241         error stream.
1242 </p>
1243 </dd>
1244 <dt class="hdlist1">
1245 -v
1246 </dt>
1247 <dt class="hdlist1">
1248 --verbose
1249 </dt>
1250 <dd>
1251 <p>
1252         Run verbosely.
1253 </p>
1254 </dd>
1255 <dt class="hdlist1">
1256 --progress
1257 </dt>
1258 <dd>
1259 <p>
1260         Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
1261         by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
1262         is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
1263         standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
1264 </p>
1265 </dd>
1266 <dt class="hdlist1">
1267 --no-recurse-submodules
1268 </dt>
1269 <dt class="hdlist1">
1270 --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|only|no
1271 </dt>
1272 <dd>
1273 <p>
1274         May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the
1275         revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch.
1276         If <em>check</em> is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that
1277         changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one
1278         remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will
1279         be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If <em>on-demand</em> is used
1280         all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
1281         pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions it will
1282         also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If <em>only</em> is used all
1283         submodules will be pushed while the superproject is left
1284         unpushed. A value of <em>no</em> or using <code>--no-recurse-submodules</code> can be used
1285         to override the push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no
1286         submodule recursion is required.
1287 </p>
1288 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using <em>on-demand</em> or <em>only</em>, if a submodule has a
1289 "push.recurseSubmodules={on-demand,only}" or "submodule.recurse" configuration,
1290 further recursion will occur. In this case, "only" is treated as "on-demand".</p></div>
1291 </dd>
1292 <dt class="hdlist1">
1293 --[no-]verify
1294 </dt>
1295 <dd>
1296 <p>
1297         Toggle the pre-push hook (see <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>).  The
1298         default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the
1299         push.  With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
1300 </p>
1301 </dd>
1302 <dt class="hdlist1">
1303 -4
1304 </dt>
1305 <dt class="hdlist1">
1306 --ipv4
1307 </dt>
1308 <dd>
1309 <p>
1310         Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
1311 </p>
1312 </dd>
1313 <dt class="hdlist1">
1314 -6
1315 </dt>
1316 <dt class="hdlist1">
1317 --ipv6
1318 </dt>
1319 <dd>
1320 <p>
1321         Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
1322 </p>
1323 </dd>
1324 </dl></div>
1325 </div>
1326 </div>
1327 <div class="sect1">
1328 <h2 id="_git_urls_a_id_urls_a">GIT URLS<a id="URLS"></a></h2>
1329 <div class="sectionbody">
1330 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
1331 address of the remote server, and the path to the repository.
1332 Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
1333 absent.</p></div>
1334 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp
1335 and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and
1336 deprecated; do not use them).</p></div>
1337 <div class="paragraph"><p>The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
1338 should be used with caution on unsecured networks.</p></div>
1339 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following syntaxes may be used with them:</p></div>
1340 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1341 <li>
1342 <p>
1343 ssh://&#91;user@&#93;host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1344 </p>
1345 </li>
1346 <li>
1347 <p>
1348 git://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1349 </p>
1350 </li>
1351 <li>
1352 <p>
1353 http&#91;s&#93;://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1354 </p>
1355 </li>
1356 <li>
1357 <p>
1358 ftp&#91;s&#93;://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1359 </p>
1360 </li>
1361 </ul></div>
1362 <div class="paragraph"><p>An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:</p></div>
1363 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1364 <li>
1365 <p>
1366 &#91;user@&#93;host.xz:path/to/repo.git/
1367 </p>
1368 </li>
1369 </ul></div>
1370 <div class="paragraph"><p>This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the
1371 first colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a
1372 colon. For example the local path <code>foo:bar</code> could be specified as an
1373 absolute path or <code>./foo:bar</code> to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh
1374 url.</p></div>
1375 <div class="paragraph"><p>The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:</p></div>
1376 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1377 <li>
1378 <p>
1379 ssh://&#91;user@&#93;host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1380 </p>
1381 </li>
1382 <li>
1383 <p>
1384 git://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1385 </p>
1386 </li>
1387 <li>
1388 <p>
1389 &#91;user@&#93;host.xz:/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1390 </p>
1391 </li>
1392 </ul></div>
1393 <div class="paragraph"><p>For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
1394 syntaxes may be used:</p></div>
1395 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1396 <li>
1397 <p>
1398 /path/to/repo.git/
1399 </p>
1400 </li>
1401 <li>
1402 <p>
1403 file:///path/to/repo.git/
1404 </p>
1405 </li>
1406 </ul></div>
1407 <div class="paragraph"><p>These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when
1408 the former implies --local option. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> for
1409 details.</p></div>
1410 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>git clone</em>, <em>git fetch</em> and <em>git pull</em>, but not <em>git push</em>, will also
1411 accept a suitable bundle file. See <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>.</p></div>
1412 <div class="paragraph"><p>When Git doesn&#8217;t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
1413 attempts to use the <em>remote-&lt;transport&gt;</em> remote helper, if one
1414 exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax
1415 may be used:</p></div>
1416 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1417 <li>
1418 <p>
1419 &lt;transport&gt;::&lt;address&gt;
1420 </p>
1421 </li>
1422 </ul></div>
1423 <div class="paragraph"><p>where &lt;address&gt; may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
1424 URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being
1425 invoked. See <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a> for details.</p></div>
1426 <div class="paragraph"><p>If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
1427 you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you
1428 use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a
1429 configuration section of the form:</p></div>
1430 <div class="listingblock">
1431 <div class="content">
1432 <pre><code>        [url "&lt;actual-url-base&gt;"]
1433                 insteadOf = &lt;other-url-base&gt;</code></pre>
1434 </div></div>
1435 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
1436 <div class="listingblock">
1437 <div class="content">
1438 <pre><code>        [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
1439                 insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
1440                 insteadOf = work:</code></pre>
1441 </div></div>
1442 <div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
1443 rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".</p></div>
1444 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
1445 configuration section of the form:</p></div>
1446 <div class="listingblock">
1447 <div class="content">
1448 <pre><code>        [url "&lt;actual-url-base&gt;"]
1449                 pushInsteadOf = &lt;other-url-base&gt;</code></pre>
1450 </div></div>
1451 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
1452 <div class="listingblock">
1453 <div class="content">
1454 <pre><code>        [url "ssh://example.org/"]
1455                 pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/</code></pre>
1456 </div></div>
1457 <div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
1458 "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
1459 use the original URL.</p></div>
1460 </div>
1461 </div>
1462 <div class="sect1">
1463 <h2 id="_remotes_a_id_remotes_a">REMOTES<a id="REMOTES"></a></h2>
1464 <div class="sectionbody">
1465 <div class="paragraph"><p>The name of one of the following can be used instead
1466 of a URL as <code>&lt;repository&gt;</code> argument:</p></div>
1467 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1468 <li>
1469 <p>
1470 a remote in the Git configuration file: <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code>,
1471 </p>
1472 </li>
1473 <li>
1474 <p>
1475 a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code> directory, or
1476 </p>
1477 </li>
1478 <li>
1479 <p>
1480 a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> directory.
1481 </p>
1482 </li>
1483 </ul></div>
1484 <div class="paragraph"><p>All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
1485 because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.</p></div>
1486 <div class="sect2">
1487 <h3 id="_named_remote_in_configuration_file">Named remote in configuration file</h3>
1488 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
1489 configured using <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1490 or even by a manual edit to the <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file.  The URL of
1491 this remote will be used to access the repository.  The refspec
1492 of this remote will be used by default when you do
1493 not provide a refspec on the command line.  The entry in the
1494 config file would appear like this:</p></div>
1495 <div class="listingblock">
1496 <div class="content">
1497 <pre><code>        [remote "&lt;name&gt;"]
1498                 url = &lt;URL&gt;
1499                 pushurl = &lt;pushurl&gt;
1500                 push = &lt;refspec&gt;
1501                 fetch = &lt;refspec&gt;</code></pre>
1502 </div></div>
1503 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>&lt;pushurl&gt;</code> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
1504 to <code>&lt;URL&gt;</code>. Pushing to a remote affects all defined pushurls or all
1505 defined urls if no pushurls are defined. Fetch, however, will only
1506 fetch from the first defined url if multiple urls are defined.</p></div>
1507 </div>
1508 <div class="sect2">
1509 <h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_remotes_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code></h3>
1510 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
1511 file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code>.  The URL
1512 in this file will be used to access the repository.  The refspec
1513 in this file will be used as default when you do not
1514 provide a refspec on the command line.  This file should have the
1515 following format:</p></div>
1516 <div class="listingblock">
1517 <div class="content">
1518 <pre><code>        URL: one of the above URL formats
1519         Push: &lt;refspec&gt;
1520         Pull: &lt;refspec&gt;</code></pre>
1521 </div></div>
1522 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>Push:</code> lines are used by <em>git push</em> and
1523 <code>Pull:</code> lines are used by <em>git pull</em> and <em>git fetch</em>.
1524 Multiple <code>Push:</code> and <code>Pull:</code> lines may
1525 be specified for additional branch mappings.</p></div>
1526 </div>
1527 <div class="sect2">
1528 <h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_branches_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code></h3>
1529 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
1530 file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code>.
1531 The URL in this file will be used to access the repository.
1532 This file should have the following format:</p></div>
1533 <div class="listingblock">
1534 <div class="content">
1535 <pre><code>        &lt;URL&gt;#&lt;head&gt;</code></pre>
1536 </div></div>
1537 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>&lt;URL&gt;</code> is required; <code>#&lt;head&gt;</code> is optional.</p></div>
1538 <div class="paragraph"><p>Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following
1539 refspecs, if you don&#8217;t provide one on the command line.
1540 <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code> is the name of this file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> and
1541 <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> defaults to <code>master</code>.</p></div>
1542 <div class="paragraph"><p>git fetch uses:</p></div>
1543 <div class="listingblock">
1544 <div class="content">
1545 <pre><code>        refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;:refs/heads/&lt;branch&gt;</code></pre>
1546 </div></div>
1547 <div class="paragraph"><p>git push uses:</p></div>
1548 <div class="listingblock">
1549 <div class="content">
1550 <pre><code>        HEAD:refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</code></pre>
1551 </div></div>
1552 </div>
1553 </div>
1554 </div>
1555 <div class="sect1">
1556 <h2 id="_output">OUTPUT</h2>
1557 <div class="sectionbody">
1558 <div class="paragraph"><p>The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
1559 section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either
1560 locally or via ssh).</p></div>
1561 <div class="paragraph"><p>The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
1562 representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:</p></div>
1563 <div class="listingblock">
1564 <div class="content">
1565 <pre><code> &lt;flag&gt; &lt;summary&gt; &lt;from&gt; -&gt; &lt;to&gt; (&lt;reason&gt;)</code></pre>
1566 </div></div>
1567 <div class="paragraph"><p>If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:</p></div>
1568 <div class="listingblock">
1569 <div class="content">
1570 <pre><code> &lt;flag&gt; \t &lt;from&gt;:&lt;to&gt; \t &lt;summary&gt; (&lt;reason&gt;)</code></pre>
1571 </div></div>
1572 <div class="paragraph"><p>The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose
1573 option is used.</p></div>
1574 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1575 <dt class="hdlist1">
1576 flag
1577 </dt>
1578 <dd>
1579 <p>
1580         A single character indicating the status of the ref:
1581 </p>
1582 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1583 <dt class="hdlist1">
1584 (space)
1585 </dt>
1586 <dd>
1587 <p>
1588 for a successfully pushed fast-forward;
1589 </p>
1590 </dd>
1591 <dt class="hdlist1">
1592 <code>+</code>
1593 </dt>
1594 <dd>
1595 <p>
1596 for a successful forced update;
1597 </p>
1598 </dd>
1599 <dt class="hdlist1">
1600 <code>-</code>
1601 </dt>
1602 <dd>
1603 <p>
1604 for a successfully deleted ref;
1605 </p>
1606 </dd>
1607 <dt class="hdlist1">
1608 <code>*</code>
1609 </dt>
1610 <dd>
1611 <p>
1612 for a successfully pushed new ref;
1613 </p>
1614 </dd>
1615 <dt class="hdlist1">
1616 <code>!</code>
1617 </dt>
1618 <dd>
1619 <p>
1620 for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and
1621 </p>
1622 </dd>
1623 <dt class="hdlist1">
1624 <code>=</code>
1625 </dt>
1626 <dd>
1627 <p>
1628 for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.
1629 </p>
1630 </dd>
1631 </dl></div>
1632 </dd>
1633 <dt class="hdlist1">
1634 summary
1635 </dt>
1636 <dd>
1637 <p>
1638         For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
1639         values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
1640         <code>git log</code> (this is <code>&lt;old&gt;..&lt;new&gt;</code> in most cases, and
1641         <code>&lt;old&gt;...&lt;new&gt;</code> for forced non-fast-forward updates).
1642 </p>
1643 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a failed update, more details are given:</p></div>
1644 <div class="openblock">
1645 <div class="content">
1646 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1647 <dt class="hdlist1">
1648 rejected
1649 </dt>
1650 <dd>
1651 <p>
1652         Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it
1653         is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.
1654 </p>
1655 </dd>
1656 <dt class="hdlist1">
1657 remote rejected
1658 </dt>
1659 <dd>
1660 <p>
1661         The remote end refused the update.  Usually caused by a hook
1662         on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one
1663         of the following safety options in effect:
1664         <code>receive.denyCurrentBranch</code> (for pushes to the checked out
1665         branch), <code>receive.denyNonFastForwards</code> (for forced
1666         non-fast-forward updates), <code>receive.denyDeletes</code> or
1667         <code>receive.denyDeleteCurrent</code>.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1668 </p>
1669 </dd>
1670 <dt class="hdlist1">
1671 remote failure
1672 </dt>
1673 <dd>
1674 <p>
1675         The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref,
1676         perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a
1677         break in the network connection, or other transient error.
1678 </p>
1679 </dd>
1680 </dl></div>
1681 </div></div>
1682 </dd>
1683 <dt class="hdlist1">
1684 from
1685 </dt>
1686 <dd>
1687 <p>
1688         The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its
1689         <code>refs/&lt;type&gt;/</code> prefix. In the case of deletion, the
1690         name of the local ref is omitted.
1691 </p>
1692 </dd>
1693 <dt class="hdlist1">
1694 to
1695 </dt>
1696 <dd>
1697 <p>
1698         The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its
1699         <code>refs/&lt;type&gt;/</code> prefix.
1700 </p>
1701 </dd>
1702 <dt class="hdlist1">
1703 reason
1704 </dt>
1705 <dd>
1706 <p>
1707         A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed
1708         refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
1709         failure is described.
1710 </p>
1711 </dd>
1712 </dl></div>
1713 </div>
1714 </div>
1715 <div class="sect1">
1716 <h2 id="_note_about_fast_forwards">NOTE ABOUT FAST-FORWARDS</h2>
1717 <div class="sectionbody">
1718 <div class="paragraph"><p>When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to
1719 point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
1720 fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.</p></div>
1721 <div class="paragraph"><p>In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original
1722 commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B
1723 builds on top of.  Hence, it does not lose any history.</p></div>
1724 <div class="paragraph"><p>In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history.  For example,
1725 suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built
1726 a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history
1727 leading to commit A.  The history looks like this:</p></div>
1728 <div class="listingblock">
1729 <div class="content">
1730 <pre><code>      B
1731      /
1732  ---X---A</code></pre>
1733 </div></div>
1734 <div class="paragraph"><p>Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A
1735 back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original
1736 commit X.</p></div>
1737 <div class="paragraph"><p>The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at
1738 commit X to point at commit A.  It is a fast-forward.</p></div>
1739 <div class="paragraph"><p>But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that
1740 now points at A) with commit B.  This does <em>not</em> fast-forward.  If you did
1741 so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody
1742 will now start building on top of B.</p></div>
1743 <div class="paragraph"><p>The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward
1744 to prevent such loss of history.</p></div>
1745 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by
1746 the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the
1747 history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done
1748 by both parties, and push the result back.</p></div>
1749 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
1750 the result.  A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
1751 and B.</p></div>
1752 <div class="listingblock">
1753 <div class="content">
1754 <pre><code>      B---C
1755      /   /
1756  ---X---A</code></pre>
1757 </div></div>
1758 <div class="paragraph"><p>Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
1759 push will be accepted.</p></div>
1760 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
1761 with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back.  The rebase will
1762 create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
1763 A.</p></div>
1764 <div class="listingblock">
1765 <div class="content">
1766 <pre><code>      B   D
1767      /   /
1768  ---X---A</code></pre>
1769 </div></div>
1770 <div class="paragraph"><p>Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be
1771 accepted.</p></div>
1772 <div class="paragraph"><p>There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward
1773 rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are
1774 pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit
1775 A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git
1776 commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because
1777 forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if
1778 you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A
1779 (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to
1780 overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for
1781 a case where you do mean to lose history.</p></div>
1782 </div>
1783 </div>
1784 <div class="sect1">
1785 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
1786 <div class="sectionbody">
1787 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1788 <dt class="hdlist1">
1789 <code>git push</code>
1790 </dt>
1791 <dd>
1792 <p>
1793         Works like <code>git push &lt;remote&gt;</code>, where &lt;remote&gt; is the
1794         current branch&#8217;s remote (or <code>origin</code>, if no remote is
1795         configured for the current branch).
1796 </p>
1797 </dd>
1798 <dt class="hdlist1">
1799 <code>git push origin</code>
1800 </dt>
1801 <dd>
1802 <p>
1803         Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to
1804         the configured upstream (<code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code> configuration
1805         variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and
1806         errors out without pushing otherwise.
1807 </p>
1808 <div class="paragraph"><p>The default behavior of this command when no &lt;refspec&gt; is given can be
1809 configured by setting the <code>push</code> option of the remote, or the <code>push.default</code>
1810 configuration variable.</p></div>
1811 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to <code>origin</code>
1812 use <code>git config remote.origin.push HEAD</code>.  Any valid &lt;refspec&gt; (like
1813 the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for
1814 <code>git push origin</code>.</p></div>
1815 </dd>
1816 <dt class="hdlist1">
1817 <code>git push origin :</code>
1818 </dt>
1819 <dd>
1820 <p>
1821         Push "matching" branches to <code>origin</code>. See
1822         &lt;refspec&gt; in the <a href="#OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a> section above for a
1823         description of "matching" branches.
1824 </p>
1825 </dd>
1826 <dt class="hdlist1">
1827 <code>git push origin master</code>
1828 </dt>
1829 <dd>
1830 <p>
1831         Find a ref that matches <code>master</code> in the source repository
1832         (most likely, it would find <code>refs/heads/master</code>), and update
1833         the same ref (e.g. <code>refs/heads/master</code>) in <code>origin</code> repository
1834         with it.  If <code>master</code> did not exist remotely, it would be
1835         created.
1836 </p>
1837 </dd>
1838 <dt class="hdlist1">
1839 <code>git push origin HEAD</code>
1840 </dt>
1841 <dd>
1842 <p>
1843         A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
1844         remote.
1845 </p>
1846 </dd>
1847 <dt class="hdlist1">
1848 <code>git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev</code>
1849 </dt>
1850 <dd>
1851 <p>
1852         Use the source ref that matches <code>master</code> (e.g. <code>refs/heads/master</code>)
1853         to update the ref that matches <code>satellite/master</code> (most probably
1854         <code>refs/remotes/satellite/master</code>) in the <code>mothership</code> repository;
1855         do the same for <code>dev</code> and <code>satellite/dev</code>.
1856 </p>
1857 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the section describing <code>&lt;refspec&gt;...</code> above for a discussion of
1858 the matching semantics.</p></div>
1859 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is to emulate <code>git fetch</code> run on the <code>mothership</code> using <code>git
1860 push</code> that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate
1861 the work done on <code>satellite</code>, and is often necessary when you can
1862 only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into
1863 mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite
1864 because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).</p></div>
1865 <div class="paragraph"><p>After running this <code>git push</code> on the <code>satellite</code> machine, you would
1866 ssh into the <code>mothership</code> and run <code>git merge</code> there to complete the
1867 emulation of <code>git pull</code> that were run on <code>mothership</code> to pull changes
1868 made on <code>satellite</code>.</p></div>
1869 </dd>
1870 <dt class="hdlist1">
1871 <code>git push origin HEAD:master</code>
1872 </dt>
1873 <dd>
1874 <p>
1875         Push the current branch to the remote ref matching <code>master</code> in the
1876         <code>origin</code> repository. This form is convenient to push the current
1877         branch without thinking about its local name.
1878 </p>
1879 </dd>
1880 <dt class="hdlist1">
1881 <code>git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental</code>
1882 </dt>
1883 <dd>
1884 <p>
1885         Create the branch <code>experimental</code> in the <code>origin</code> repository
1886         by copying the current <code>master</code> branch.  This form is only
1887         needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when
1888         the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise,
1889         the ref name on its own will work.
1890 </p>
1891 </dd>
1892 <dt class="hdlist1">
1893 <code>git push origin :experimental</code>
1894 </dt>
1895 <dd>
1896 <p>
1897         Find a ref that matches <code>experimental</code> in the <code>origin</code> repository
1898         (e.g. <code>refs/heads/experimental</code>), and delete it.
1899 </p>
1900 </dd>
1901 <dt class="hdlist1">
1902 <code>git push origin +dev:master</code>
1903 </dt>
1904 <dd>
1905 <p>
1906         Update the origin repository&#8217;s master branch with the dev branch,
1907         allowing non-fast-forward updates.  <strong>This can leave unreferenced
1908         commits dangling in the origin repository.</strong>  Consider the
1909         following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
1910 </p>
1911 <div class="listingblock">
1912 <div class="content">
1913 <pre><code>            o---o---o---A---B  origin/master
1914                      \
1915                       X---Y---Z  dev</code></pre>
1916 </div></div>
1917 <div class="paragraph"><p>The above command would change the origin repository to</p></div>
1918 <div class="listingblock">
1919 <div class="content">
1920 <pre><code>                      A---B  (unnamed branch)
1921                      /
1922             o---o---o---X---Y---Z  master</code></pre>
1923 </div></div>
1924 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name,
1925 and so would be unreachable.  As such, these commits would be removed by
1926 a <code>git gc</code> command on the origin repository.</p></div>
1927 </dd>
1928 </dl></div>
1929 </div>
1930 </div>
1931 <div class="sect1">
1932 <h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
1933 <div class="sectionbody">
1934 <div class="paragraph"><p>The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
1935 stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
1936 shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious
1937 peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies
1938 to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not
1939 effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a
1940 namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire
1941 repository.</p></div>
1942 <div class="paragraph"><p>The known attack vectors are as follows:</p></div>
1943 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
1944 <li>
1945 <p>
1946 The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that
1947   are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the
1948   transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X
1949   to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn&#8217;t required to send the content of
1950   X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the
1951   attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker
1952   later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a
1953   server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access
1954   to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it
1955   on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
1956   does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server
1957   without noticing the merge.)
1958 </p>
1959 </li>
1960 <li>
1961 <p>
1962 As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends
1963   an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely
1964   claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X.
1965   The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker.
1966 </p>
1967 </li>
1968 </ol></div>
1969 </div>
1970 </div>
1971 <div class="sect1">
1972 <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
1973 <div class="sectionbody">
1974 <div class="paragraph"><p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included
1975 from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same
1976 as what&#8217;s found there:</p></div>
1977 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1978 <dt class="hdlist1">
1979 push.autoSetupRemote
1980 </dt>
1981 <dd>
1982 <p>
1983         If set to "true" assume <code>--set-upstream</code> on default push when no
1984         upstream tracking exists for the current branch; this option
1985         takes effect with push.default options <em>simple</em>, <em>upstream</em>,
1986         and <em>current</em>. It is useful if by default you want new branches
1987         to be pushed to the default remote (like the behavior of
1988         <em>push.default=current</em>) and you also want the upstream tracking
1989         to be set. Workflows most likely to benefit from this option are
1990         <em>simple</em> central workflows where all branches are expected to
1991         have the same name on the remote.
1992 </p>
1993 </dd>
1994 <dt class="hdlist1">
1995 push.default
1996 </dt>
1997 <dd>
1998 <p>
1999         Defines the action <code>git push</code> should take if no refspec is
2000         given (whether from the command-line, config, or elsewhere).
2001         Different values are well-suited for
2002         specific workflows; for instance, in a purely central workflow
2003         (i.e. the fetch source is equal to the push destination),
2004         <code>upstream</code> is probably what you want.  Possible values are:
2005 </p>
2006 <div class="openblock">
2007 <div class="content">
2008 <div class="ulist"><ul>
2009 <li>
2010 <p>
2011 <code>nothing</code> - do not push anything (error out) unless a refspec is
2012   given. This is primarily meant for people who want to
2013   avoid mistakes by always being explicit.
2014 </p>
2015 </li>
2016 <li>
2017 <p>
2018 <code>current</code> - push the current branch to update a branch with the same
2019   name on the receiving end.  Works in both central and non-central
2020   workflows.
2021 </p>
2022 </li>
2023 <li>
2024 <p>
2025 <code>upstream</code> - push the current branch back to the branch whose
2026   changes are usually integrated into the current branch (which is
2027   called <code>@{upstream}</code>).  This mode only makes sense if you are
2028   pushing to the same repository you would normally pull from
2029   (i.e. central workflow).
2030 </p>
2031 </li>
2032 <li>
2033 <p>
2034 <code>tracking</code> - This is a deprecated synonym for <code>upstream</code>.
2035 </p>
2036 </li>
2037 <li>
2038 <p>
2039 <code>simple</code> - push the current branch with the same name on the remote.
2040 </p>
2041 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you are working on a centralized workflow (pushing to the same repository you
2042 pull from, which is typically <code>origin</code>), then you need to configure an upstream
2043 branch with the same name.</p></div>
2044 <div class="paragraph"><p>This mode is the default since Git 2.0, and is the safest option suited for
2045 beginners.</p></div>
2046 </li>
2047 <li>
2048 <p>
2049 <code>matching</code> - push all branches having the same name on both ends.
2050   This makes the repository you are pushing to remember the set of
2051   branches that will be pushed out (e.g. if you always push <em>maint</em>
2052   and <em>master</em> there and no other branches, the repository you push
2053   to will have these two branches, and your local <em>maint</em> and
2054   <em>master</em> will be pushed there).
2055 </p>
2056 <div class="paragraph"><p>To use this mode effectively, you have to make sure <em>all</em> the
2057 branches you would push out are ready to be pushed out before
2058 running <em>git push</em>, as the whole point of this mode is to allow you
2059 to push all of the branches in one go.  If you usually finish work
2060 on only one branch and push out the result, while other branches are
2061 unfinished, this mode is not for you.  Also this mode is not
2062 suitable for pushing into a shared central repository, as other
2063 people may add new branches there, or update the tip of existing
2064 branches outside your control.</p></div>
2065 <div class="paragraph"><p>This used to be the default, but not since Git 2.0 (<code>simple</code> is the
2066 new default).</p></div>
2067 </li>
2068 </ul></div>
2069 </div></div>
2070 </dd>
2071 <dt class="hdlist1">
2072 push.followTags
2073 </dt>
2074 <dd>
2075 <p>
2076         If set to true, enable <code>--follow-tags</code> option by default.  You
2077         may override this configuration at time of push by specifying
2078         <code>--no-follow-tags</code>.
2079 </p>
2080 </dd>
2081 <dt class="hdlist1">
2082 push.gpgSign
2083 </dt>
2084 <dd>
2085 <p>
2086         May be set to a boolean value, or the string <em>if-asked</em>. A true
2087         value causes all pushes to be GPG signed, as if <code>--signed</code> is
2088         passed to <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>. The string <em>if-asked</em> causes
2089         pushes to be signed if the server supports it, as if
2090         <code>--signed=if-asked</code> is passed to <em>git push</em>. A false value may
2091         override a value from a lower-priority config file. An explicit
2092         command-line flag always overrides this config option.
2093 </p>
2094 </dd>
2095 <dt class="hdlist1">
2096 push.pushOption
2097 </dt>
2098 <dd>
2099 <p>
2100         When no <code>--push-option=&lt;option&gt;</code> argument is given from the
2101         command line, <code>git push</code> behaves as if each &lt;value&gt; of
2102         this variable is given as <code>--push-option=&lt;value&gt;</code>.
2103 </p>
2104 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is a multi-valued variable, and an empty value can be used in a
2105 higher priority configuration file (e.g. <code>.git/config</code> in a
2106 repository) to clear the values inherited from a lower priority
2107 configuration files (e.g. <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code>).</p></div>
2108 <div class="listingblock">
2109 <div class="content">
2110 <pre><code>Example:
2111
2112 /etc/gitconfig
2113   push.pushoption = a
2114   push.pushoption = b
2115
2116 ~/.gitconfig
2117   push.pushoption = c
2118
2119 repo/.git/config
2120   push.pushoption =
2121   push.pushoption = b
2122
2123 This will result in only b (a and c are cleared).</code></pre>
2124 </div></div>
2125 </dd>
2126 <dt class="hdlist1">
2127 push.recurseSubmodules
2128 </dt>
2129 <dd>
2130 <p>
2131         May be "check", "on-demand", "only", or "no", with the same behavior
2132         as that of "push --recurse-submodules".
2133         If not set, <em>no</em> is used by default, unless <em>submodule.recurse</em> is
2134         set (in which case a <em>true</em> value means <em>on-demand</em>).
2135 </p>
2136 </dd>
2137 <dt class="hdlist1">
2138 push.useForceIfIncludes
2139 </dt>
2140 <dd>
2141 <p>
2142         If set to "true", it is equivalent to specifying
2143         <code>--force-if-includes</code> as an option to <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
2144         in the command line. Adding <code>--no-force-if-includes</code> at the
2145         time of push overrides this configuration setting.
2146 </p>
2147 </dd>
2148 <dt class="hdlist1">
2149 push.negotiate
2150 </dt>
2151 <dd>
2152 <p>
2153         If set to "true", attempt to reduce the size of the packfile
2154         sent by rounds of negotiation in which the client and the
2155         server attempt to find commits in common. If "false", Git will
2156         rely solely on the server&#8217;s ref advertisement to find commits
2157         in common.
2158 </p>
2159 </dd>
2160 <dt class="hdlist1">
2161 push.useBitmaps
2162 </dt>
2163 <dd>
2164 <p>
2165         If set to "false", disable use of bitmaps for "git push" even if
2166         <code>pack.useBitmaps</code> is "true", without preventing other git operations
2167         from using bitmaps. Default is true.
2168 </p>
2169 </dd>
2170 </dl></div>
2171 </div>
2172 </div>
2173 <div class="sect1">
2174 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2175 <div class="sectionbody">
2176 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2177 </div>
2178 </div>
2179 </div>
2180 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
2181 <div id="footer">
2182 <div id="footer-text">
2183 Last updated
2184  2023-10-29 16:42:00 PDT
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