6 gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions
16 This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.
18 Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
19 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
20 arguments. Here are the rules:
22 * Options come first and then args.
23 A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
24 arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments. You SHOULD
25 give dashed options first and then arguments. Some commands may
26 accept dashed options after you have already given non-option
27 arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
28 not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
29 these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).
31 * Revisions come first and then paths.
32 E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
33 `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86`
36 * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
37 they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
38 E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
39 tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
40 and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference
41 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
42 `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
44 * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
45 out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
46 file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
47 you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
50 * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
51 cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
52 You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands
53 that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
54 is simply an alias for `--`).
56 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
57 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
58 disambiguating `--` at appropriate places.
60 * Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
61 them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different
64 --------------------------------
67 --------------------------------
69 The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
70 the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
71 in the index. The latter passes the `*.c` to Git, and you are asking
72 the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
73 working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_
74 see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
77 * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory,
78 using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
79 path and means your current repository.
81 Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
84 * Splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b`
85 to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work).
87 * When a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In
88 other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short
89 options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg`
90 for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
91 written in the 'stuck' form.
93 * Despite the above suggestion, when Arg is a path relative to the
94 home directory of a user, e.g. `~/directory/file` or `~u/d/f`, you
95 may want to use the separate form, e.g. `git foo --file ~/mine`,
96 not `git foo --file=~/mine`. The shell will expand `~/` in the
97 former to your home directory, but most shells keep the tilde in
98 the latter. Some of our commands know how to tilde-expand the
99 option value even when given in the stuck form, but not all of
102 * When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
103 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
104 `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work
105 if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree.
107 * Many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated
108 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
109 whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to
110 invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out
111 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
112 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`,
113 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.
116 ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
117 ----------------------
118 From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
119 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
121 Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
126 Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
127 couple of magic command-line options:
130 gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
132 ---------------------------------------------
134 usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
135 or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
137 --contains find the tag that comes after the commit
138 --debug debug search strategy on stderr
140 --tags use any tag, even unannotated
141 --long always use long format
142 --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
143 ---------------------------------------------
145 Note that some subcommand (e.g. `git grep`) may behave differently
146 when there are things on the command line other than `-h`, but `git
147 subcmd -h` without anything else on the command line is meant to
148 consistently give the usage.
151 Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
152 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
153 option gives the full list of options.
158 Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For
159 example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You
160 can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color`
164 Options trump configuration and environment
165 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
167 When there is a configuration variable or an environment variable
168 that tweak the behaviour of an aspect of a Git command, and also a
169 command line option that tweaks the same, the command line option
170 overrides what the configuration and/or environment variable say.
172 For example, the `user.name` configuration variable is used to
173 specify the human-readable name used by the `git commit` command to
174 record the author and the committer name in a newly created commit.
175 The `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME` environment variable, if set, takes precedence
176 when deciding what author name to record. The `--author=<author>`
177 command line option of the `git commit` command, when given, takes
178 precedence over these two sources of information.
181 Aggregating short options
182 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
183 Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
184 options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or
188 Abbreviating long options
189 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
190 Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
191 prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
192 with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you
193 typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version
194 of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
195 e.g. `git commit --amenity` option.
198 Separating argument from the option
199 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
200 You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
201 word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:
203 ----------------------------
204 $ git foo --long-opt=Arg
205 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
208 ----------------------------
210 However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
211 'stuck' form must be used:
212 ----------------------------
213 $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
214 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
215 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
216 ----------------------------
219 NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
220 ------------------------------------
222 Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
223 and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index`
224 options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
225 the index was originally called cache, these two are
226 synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very
229 * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that
230 usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work
231 with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used
232 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
233 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
234 but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in
237 * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that
238 usually works on files in the working tree to *also*
239 affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually
240 merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
241 but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to
244 `git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and
245 `--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command
246 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
247 `--index`, it patches both the files and their index
248 entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index
251 See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and
252 https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further
255 Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
256 in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`.
258 * `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a
259 command to only work on the index, not the working tree.
261 * `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
262 working tree only, not the index.
264 * The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
265 on both the index and the working tree.
269 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite