git-commit-tree.html

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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-commit-tree -
 743    Create a new commit object
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;]
 753 <em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;]
 754                   [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
 755 <div class="attribution">
 756 </div></div>
 757 </div>
 758 </div>
 759 <div class="sect1">
 760 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 761 <div class="sectionbody">
 762 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
 763 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
 764 <div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
 765 emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
 766 from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p></div>
 767 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
 768 order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
 769 the options are given.</p></div>
 770 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
 771 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
 772 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
 773 commits have no parents.</p></div>
 774 <div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
 775 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
 776 to get there.</p></div>
 777 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
 778 doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
 779 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
 780 <code>.git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
 781 state was.</p></div>
 782 </div>
 783 </div>
 784 <div class="sect1">
 785 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 786 <div class="sectionbody">
 787 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 788 <dt class="hdlist1">
 789 &lt;tree&gt;
 790 </dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>
 793         An existing tree object.
 794 </p>
 795 </dd>
 796 <dt class="hdlist1">
 797 -p &lt;parent&gt;
 798 </dt>
 799 <dd>
 800 <p>
 801         Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
 802 </p>
 803 </dd>
 804 <dt class="hdlist1">
 805 -m &lt;message&gt;
 806 </dt>
 807 <dd>
 808 <p>
 809         A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
 810         once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.
 811 </p>
 812 </dd>
 813 <dt class="hdlist1">
 814 -F &lt;file&gt;
 815 </dt>
 816 <dd>
 817 <p>
 818         Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
 819         from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
 820         content of each file becomes its own paragraph.
 821 </p>
 822 </dd>
 823 <dt class="hdlist1">
 824 -S[&lt;keyid&gt;]
 825 </dt>
 826 <dt class="hdlist1">
 827 --gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]
 828 </dt>
 829 <dt class="hdlist1">
 830 --no-gpg-sign
 831 </dt>
 832 <dd>
 833 <p>
 834         GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
 835         defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
 836         stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
 837         countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.
 838 </p>
 839 </dd>
 840 </dl></div>
 841 </div>
 842 </div>
 843 <div class="sect1">
 844 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
 845 <div class="sectionbody">
 846 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
 847 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 848 <li>
 849 <p>
 850 all parent object ids
 851 </p>
 852 </li>
 853 <li>
 854 <p>
 855 author name, email and date
 856 </p>
 857 </li>
 858 <li>
 859 <p>
 860 committer name and email and the commit time.
 861 </p>
 862 </li>
 863 </ul></div>
 864 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
 865 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
 866 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
 867 </div>
 868 </div>
 869 <div class="sect1">
 870 <h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
 871 <div class="sectionbody">
 872 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
 873 support the following date formats:</p></div>
 874 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 875 <dt class="hdlist1">
 876 Git internal format
 877 </dt>
 878 <dd>
 879 <p>
 880         It is <code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt; &lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code>, where
 881         <code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
 882         <code>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
 883         For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.
 884 </p>
 885 </dd>
 886 <dt class="hdlist1">
 887 RFC 2822
 888 </dt>
 889 <dd>
 890 <p>
 891         The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
 892         <code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.
 893 </p>
 894 </dd>
 895 <dt class="hdlist1">
 896 ISO 8601
 897 </dt>
 898 <dd>
 899 <p>
 900         Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
 901         <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
 902         <code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
 903         for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
 904         <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.
 905 </p>
 906 <div class="admonitionblock">
 907 <table><tr>
 908 <td class="icon">
 909 <div class="title">Note</div>
 910 </td>
 911 <td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
 912 <code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.</td>
 913 </tr></table>
 914 </div>
 915 </dd>
 916 </dl></div>
 917 </div>
 918 </div>
 919 <div class="sect1">
 920 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 921 <div class="sectionbody">
 922 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 923 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 924 <li>
 925 <p>
 926 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
 927    of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
 928    level.
 929 </p>
 930 </li>
 931 <li>
 932 <p>
 933 Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
 934    applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
 935    path names in command line arguments, environment variables
 936    and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
 937    <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
 938    <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).
 939 </p>
 940 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
 941 sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
 942 conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
 943 non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
 944 systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
 945 repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
 946 UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
 947 Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
 948 be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p></div>
 949 </li>
 950 <li>
 951 <p>
 952 Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
 953    extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
 954    ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
 955    EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
 956    EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
 957 </p>
 958 </li>
 959 </ul></div>
 960 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 961 in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
 962 force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
 963 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
 964 does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
 965 mind.</p></div>
 966 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 967 <li>
 968 <p>
 969 <em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issue
 970   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
 971   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
 972   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
 973   have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
 974 </p>
 975 <div class="listingblock">
 976 <div class="content">
 977 <pre><code>[i18n]
 978         commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
 979 </div></div>
 980 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 981 of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
 982 help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
 983 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 984 </li>
 985 <li>
 986 <p>
 987 <em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
 988   <code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
 989   log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
 990   specify the desired output encoding with
 991   <code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
 992 </p>
 993 <div class="listingblock">
 994 <div class="content">
 995 <pre><code>[i18n]
 996         logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
 997 </div></div>
 998 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 999 <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p></div>
1000 </li>
1001 </ol></div>
1002 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
1003 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
1004 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
1005 reversible operation.</p></div>
1006 </div>
1007 </div>
1008 <div class="sect1">
1009 <h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
1010 <div class="sectionbody">
1011 <div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
1012 </div>
1013 </div>
1014 <div class="sect1">
1015 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
1016 <div class="sectionbody">
1017 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1018 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p></div>
1019 </div>
1020 </div>
1021 <div class="sect1">
1022 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1023 <div class="sectionbody">
1024 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
1025 </div>
1026 </div>
1027 </div>
1028 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1029 <div id="footer">
1030 <div id="footer-text">
1031 Last updated
1032  2020-04-24 23:01:58 PDT
1033 </div>
1034 </div>
1035 </body>
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