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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 gitrevisions(7) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>gitrevisions -
 743    Specifying revisions and ranges for Git
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="paragraph"><p>gitrevisions</p></div>
 752 </div>
 753 </div>
 754 <div class="sect1">
 755 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 756 <div class="sectionbody">
 757 <div class="paragraph"><p>Many Git commands take revision parameters as arguments. Depending on
 758 the command, they denote a specific commit or, for commands which
 759 walk the revision graph (such as <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>), all commits which are
 760 reachable from that commit. For commands that walk the revision graph one can
 761 also specify a range of revisions explicitly.</p></div>
 762 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, some Git commands (such as <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a> and
 763 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>) can also take revision parameters which denote
 764 other objects than commits, e.g. blobs ("files") or trees
 765 ("directories of files").</p></div>
 766 </div>
 767 </div>
 768 <div class="sect1">
 769 <h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2>
 770 <div class="sectionbody">
 771 <div class="paragraph"><p>A revision parameter <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> typically, but not necessarily, names a
 772 commit object.  It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em>
 773 syntax.  Here are various ways to spell object names.  The
 774 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
 775 blobs contained in a commit.</p></div>
 776 <div class="admonitionblock">
 777 <table><tr>
 778 <td class="icon">
 779 <div class="title">Note</div>
 780 </td>
 781 <td class="content">This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
 782 and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
 783 characters and to avoid word splitting.</td>
 784 </tr></table>
 785 </div>
 786 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 787 <dt class="hdlist1">
 788 <em>&lt;sha1&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em>
 789 </dt>
 790 <dd>
 791 <p>
 792   The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
 793   a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
 794   E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
 795   name the same commit object if there is no other object in
 796   your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
 797 </p>
 798 </dd>
 799 <dt class="hdlist1">
 800 <em>&lt;describeOutput&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em>
 801 </dt>
 802 <dd>
 803 <p>
 804   Output from <code>git describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
 805   followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
 806   <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.
 807 </p>
 808 </dd>
 809 <dt class="hdlist1">
 810 <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em>
 811 </dt>
 812 <dd>
 813 <p>
 814   A symbolic ref name.  E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit
 815   object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>.  If you
 816   happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can
 817   explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean.
 818   When ambiguous, a <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em> is disambiguated by taking the
 819   first match in the following rules:
 820 </p>
 821 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 822 <li>
 823 <p>
 824 If <em>$GIT_DIR/&lt;refname&gt;</em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
 825     useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
 826     <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code>, <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>BISECT_HEAD</code>
 827     and <code>AUTO_MERGE</code>);
 828 </p>
 829 </li>
 830 <li>
 831 <p>
 832 otherwise, <em>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
 833 </p>
 834 </li>
 835 <li>
 836 <p>
 837 otherwise, <em>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
 838 </p>
 839 </li>
 840 <li>
 841 <p>
 842 otherwise, <em>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
 843 </p>
 844 </li>
 845 <li>
 846 <p>
 847 otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
 848 </p>
 849 </li>
 850 <li>
 851 <p>
 852 otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;/HEAD</em> if it exists.
 853 </p>
 854 </li>
 855 </ol></div>
 856 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 857 <dt class="hdlist1">
 858 <code>HEAD</code>
 859 </dt>
 860 <dd>
 861 <p>
 862     names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
 863 </p>
 864 </dd>
 865 <dt class="hdlist1">
 866 <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>
 867 </dt>
 868 <dd>
 869 <p>
 870     records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with
 871     your last <code>git fetch</code> invocation.
 872 </p>
 873 </dd>
 874 <dt class="hdlist1">
 875 <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>
 876 </dt>
 877 <dd>
 878 <p>
 879     is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic way (<code>git
 880     am</code>, <code>git merge</code>, <code>git rebase</code>, <code>git reset</code>), to record the position
 881     of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that you can easily change
 882     the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them.
 883 </p>
 884 </dd>
 885 <dt class="hdlist1">
 886 <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>
 887 </dt>
 888 <dd>
 889 <p>
 890     records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you
 891     run <code>git merge</code>.
 892 </p>
 893 </dd>
 894 <dt class="hdlist1">
 895 <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>
 896 </dt>
 897 <dd>
 898 <p>
 899     during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is
 900     currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an <code>edit</code> command in
 901     an interactive rebase.
 902 </p>
 903 </dd>
 904 <dt class="hdlist1">
 905 <code>REVERT_HEAD</code>
 906 </dt>
 907 <dd>
 908 <p>
 909     records the commit which you are reverting when you run <code>git revert</code>.
 910 </p>
 911 </dd>
 912 <dt class="hdlist1">
 913 <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>
 914 </dt>
 915 <dd>
 916 <p>
 917     records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run <code>git
 918     cherry-pick</code>.
 919 </p>
 920 </dd>
 921 <dt class="hdlist1">
 922 <code>BISECT_HEAD</code>
 923 </dt>
 924 <dd>
 925 <p>
 926     records the current commit to be tested when you run <code>git bisect
 927     --no-checkout</code>.
 928 </p>
 929 </dd>
 930 <dt class="hdlist1">
 931 <code>AUTO_MERGE</code>
 932 </dt>
 933 <dd>
 934 <p>
 935     records a tree object corresponding to the state the
 936     <em>ort</em> merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation
 937     resulted in conflicts.
 938 </p>
 939 </dd>
 940 </dl></div>
 941 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from
 942 the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file.
 943 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
 944 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p></div>
 945 </dd>
 946 <dt class="hdlist1">
 947 <em>@</em>
 948 </dt>
 949 <dd>
 950 <p>
 951   <em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.
 952 </p>
 953 </dd>
 954 <dt class="hdlist1">
 955 <em>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em>
 956 </dt>
 957 <dd>
 958 <p>
 959   A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification
 960   enclosed in a brace
 961   pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
 962   second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value
 963   of the ref at a prior point in time.  This suffix may only be
 964   used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
 965   existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;ref&gt;</em>). Note that this looks up the state
 966   of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
 967   <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
 968   certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.
 969 </p>
 970 </dd>
 971 <dt class="hdlist1">
 972 <em>&lt;refname&gt;@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em>
 973 </dt>
 974 <dd>
 975 <p>
 976   A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification
 977   enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies
 978   the n-th prior value of that ref.  For example <em>master@{1}</em>
 979   is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em>
 980   is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used
 981   immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
 982   log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;refname&gt;</em>).
 983 </p>
 984 </dd>
 985 <dt class="hdlist1">
 986 <em>@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em>
 987 </dt>
 988 <dd>
 989 <p>
 990   You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a
 991   reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
 992   branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.
 993 </p>
 994 </dd>
 995 <dt class="hdlist1">
 996 <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em>
 997 </dt>
 998 <dd>
 999 <p>
1000   The construct <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th branch/commit checked out
1001   before the current one.
1002 </p>
1003 </dd>
1004 <dt class="hdlist1">
1005 <em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em>
1006 </dt>
1007 <dd>
1008 <p>
1009   A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with
1010   <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code>) at a remote R (configured with
1011   the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at <code>refs/remotes/R/X</code>.
1012 </p>
1013 </dd>
1014 <dt class="hdlist1">
1015 <em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em>
1016 </dt>
1017 <dd>
1018 <p>
1019   The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if
1020   <code>git push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current
1021   <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Like for <em>@{upstream}</em>, we report
1022   the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.
1023 </p>
1024 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here&#8217;s an example to make it more clear:</p></div>
1025 <div class="listingblock">
1026 <div class="content">
1027 <pre><code>$ git config push.default current
1028 $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
1029 $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master
1030
1031 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
1032 refs/remotes/origin/master
1033
1034 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
1035 refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</code></pre>
1036 </div></div>
1037 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
1038 from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
1039 <em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p></div>
1040 <div class="paragraph"><p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
1041 thing no matter the case.</p></div>
1042 </dd>
1043 <dt class="hdlist1">
1044 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;, v1.5.1&#94;0</em>
1045 </dt>
1046 <dd>
1047 <p>
1048   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
1049   that commit object.  <em>&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th parent (i.e.
1050   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;</em>
1051   is equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1</em>).  As a special rule,
1052   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is the
1053   object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
1054 </p>
1055 </dd>
1056 <dt class="hdlist1">
1057 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#126;, master&#126;3</em>
1058 </dt>
1059 <dd>
1060 <p>
1061   A suffix <em>&#126;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
1062   that commit object.
1063   A suffix <em>&#126;&lt;n&gt;</em> to a revision parameter means the commit
1064   object that is the &lt;n&gt;th generation ancestor of the named
1065   commit object, following only the first parents.  I.e. <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;3</em> is
1066   equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&#94;&#94;</em> which is equivalent to
1067   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1&#94;1&#94;1</em>.  See below for an illustration of
1068   the usage of this form.
1069 </p>
1070 </dd>
1071 <dt class="hdlist1">
1072 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{&lt;type&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{commit}</em>
1073 </dt>
1074 <dd>
1075 <p>
1076   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in
1077   brace pair means dereference the object at <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> recursively until
1078   an object of type <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is found or the object cannot be
1079   dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
1080   For example, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a commit-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>
1081   describes the corresponding commit object.
1082   Similarly, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a tree-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tree}</em>
1083   describes the corresponding tree object.
1084   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em>
1085   is a short-hand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>.
1086 </p>
1087 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> names an
1088 object that exists, without requiring <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> to be a tag, and
1089 without dereferencing <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>; because a tag is already an object,
1090 it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p></div>
1091 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> identifies an
1092 existing tag object.</p></div>
1093 </dd>
1094 <dt class="hdlist1">
1095 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{}</em>
1096 </dt>
1097 <dd>
1098 <p>
1099   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an empty brace pair
1100   means the object could be a tag,
1101   and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
1102   found.
1103 </p>
1104 </dd>
1105 <dt class="hdlist1">
1106 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{/&lt;text&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em>
1107 </dt>
1108 <dd>
1109 <p>
1110   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
1111   pair that contains a text led by a slash,
1112   is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that
1113   it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
1114   the <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> before <em>&#94;</em>.
1115 </p>
1116 </dd>
1117 <dt class="hdlist1">
1118 <em>:/&lt;text&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em>
1119 </dt>
1120 <dd>
1121 <p>
1122   A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
1123   a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
1124   This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
1125   reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
1126   The regular expression can match any part of the
1127   commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
1128   e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what
1129   is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a
1130   literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with
1131   <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now.
1132   Depending on the given text, the shell&#8217;s word splitting rules might
1133   require additional quoting.
1134 </p>
1135 </dd>
1136 <dt class="hdlist1">
1137 <em>&lt;rev&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em>
1138 </dt>
1139 <dd>
1140 <p>
1141   A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree
1142   at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
1143   before the colon.
1144   A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory.
1145   The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree&#8217;s root directory.
1146   This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
1147   the same tree structure as the working tree.
1148 </p>
1149 </dd>
1150 <dt class="hdlist1">
1151 <em>:[&lt;n&gt;:]&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em>
1152 </dt>
1153 <dd>
1154 <p>
1155   A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
1156   colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
1157   index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
1158   that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
1159   1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch&#8217;s version
1160   (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
1161   the branch which is being merged.
1162 </p>
1163 </dd>
1164 </dl></div>
1165 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger.  Both commit nodes B
1166 and C are parents of commit node A.  Parent commits are ordered
1167 left-to-right.</p></div>
1168 <div class="literalblock">
1169 <div class="content">
1170 <pre><code>G   H   I   J
1171  \ /     \ /
1172   D   E   F
1173    \  |  / \
1174     \ | /   |
1175      \|/    |
1176       B     C
1177        \   /
1178         \ /
1179          A</code></pre>
1180 </div></div>
1181 <div class="literalblock">
1182 <div class="content">
1183 <pre><code>A =      = A^0
1184 B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
1185 C =      = A^2
1186 D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
1187 E = B^2  = A^^2
1188 F = B^3  = A^^3
1189 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
1190 H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
1191 I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
1192 J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2</code></pre>
1193 </div></div>
1194 </div>
1195 </div>
1196 <div class="sect1">
1197 <h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2>
1198 <div class="sectionbody">
1199 <div class="paragraph"><p>History traversing commands such as <code>git log</code> operate on a set
1200 of commits, not just a single commit.</p></div>
1201 <div class="paragraph"><p>For these commands,
1202 specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
1203 previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given
1204 commit.</p></div>
1205 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from
1206 any of the given commits.</p></div>
1207 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit&#8217;s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
1208 its ancestry chain.</p></div>
1209 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits
1210 (called a "revision range"), illustrated below.</p></div>
1211 <div class="sect2">
1212 <h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3>
1213 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1214 <dt class="hdlist1">
1215 <em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em> (caret) Notation
1216 </dt>
1217 <dd>
1218 <p>
1219  To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>&#94;</em>
1220  notation is used.  E.g. <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> means commits reachable
1221  from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and
1222  its ancestors).
1223 </p>
1224 </dd>
1225 </dl></div>
1226 </div>
1227 <div class="sect2">
1228 <h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3>
1229 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1230 <dt class="hdlist1">
1231 The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation
1232 </dt>
1233 <dd>
1234 <p>
1235  The <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
1236  for it.  When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according
1237  to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
1238  for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
1239  from r1 by <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.
1240 </p>
1241 </dd>
1242 <dt class="hdlist1">
1243 The <em>...</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247  A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference
1248  of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as
1249  <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>.
1250  It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
1251  <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.
1252 </p>
1253 </dd>
1254 </dl></div>
1255 <div class="paragraph"><p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
1256 For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What
1257 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?"  Similarly, <em>..origin</em>
1258 is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since
1259 I forked from them?"  Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an
1260 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p></div>
1261 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges
1262 (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but
1263 they are exceptions.  Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands
1264 that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range.
1265 In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each
1266 other, e.g.</p></div>
1267 <div class="literalblock">
1268 <div class="content">
1269 <pre><code>$ git log A..B C..D</code></pre>
1270 </div></div>
1271 <div class="paragraph"><p>does <strong>not</strong> specify two revision ranges for most commands.  Instead
1272 it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are
1273 reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C.
1274 In a linear history like this:</p></div>
1275 <div class="literalblock">
1276 <div class="content">
1277 <pre><code>---A---B---o---o---C---D</code></pre>
1278 </div></div>
1279 <div class="paragraph"><p>because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified
1280 by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.</p></div>
1281 </div>
1282 <div class="sect2">
1283 <h3 id="_other_lt_rev_gt_94_parent_shorthand_notations">Other &lt;rev&gt;&#94; Parent Shorthand Notations</h3>
1284 <div class="paragraph"><p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
1285 for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p></div>
1286 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
1287 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents.
1288 By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
1289 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-[&lt;n&gt;]</em> notation includes <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> but excludes the &lt;n&gt;th
1290 parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>), with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if
1291 not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
1292 can just pass <em>&lt;commit&gt;&#94;-</em> to get all the commits in the branch
1293 that was merged in merge commit <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> (including <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>
1294 itself).</p></div>
1295 <div class="paragraph"><p>While <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these
1296 three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
1297 <em>HEAD&#94;2&#94;@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD&#94;@&#94;2</em>.</p></div>
1298 </div>
1299 </div>
1300 </div>
1301 <div class="sect1">
1302 <h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2>
1303 <div class="sectionbody">
1304 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1305 <dt class="hdlist1">
1306 <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>
1307 </dt>
1308 <dd>
1309 <p>
1310         Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
1311         ancestors).
1312 </p>
1313 </dd>
1314 <dt class="hdlist1">
1315 <em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em>
1316 </dt>
1317 <dd>
1318 <p>
1319         Exclude commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
1320         ancestors).
1321 </p>
1322 </dd>
1323 <dt class="hdlist1">
1324 <em>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
1325 </dt>
1326 <dd>
1327 <p>
1328         Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude
1329         those that are reachable from &lt;rev1&gt;.  When either &lt;rev1&gt; or
1330         &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
1331 </p>
1332 </dd>
1333 <dt class="hdlist1">
1334 <em>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
1335 </dt>
1336 <dd>
1337 <p>
1338         Include commits that are reachable from either &lt;rev1&gt; or
1339         &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude those that are reachable from both.  When
1340         either &lt;rev1&gt; or &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
1341 </p>
1342 </dd>
1343 <dt class="hdlist1">
1344 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;@</em>
1345 </dt>
1346 <dd>
1347 <p>
1348   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing
1349   all parents of <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> (meaning, include anything reachable from
1350   its parents, but not the commit itself).
1351 </p>
1352 </dd>
1353 <dt class="hdlist1">
1354 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;!</em>
1355 </dt>
1356 <dd>
1357 <p>
1358   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same
1359   as giving commit <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> and all its parents prefixed with
1360   <em>&#94;</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).
1361 </p>
1362 </dd>
1363 <dt class="hdlist1">
1364 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-&lt;n&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;-, HEAD&#94;-2</em>
1365 </dt>
1366 <dd>
1367 <p>
1368         Equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>, with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if not
1369         given.
1370 </p>
1371 </dd>
1372 </dl></div>
1373 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
1374 with each step in the notation&#8217;s expansion and selection carefully
1375 spelt out:</p></div>
1376 <div class="literalblock">
1377 <div class="content">
1378 <pre><code>   Args   Expanded arguments    Selected commits
1379    D                            G H D
1380    D F                          G H I J D F
1381    ^G D                         H D
1382    ^D B                         E I J F B
1383    ^D B C                       E I J F B C
1384    C                            I J F C
1385    B..C   = ^B C                C
1386    B...C  = B ^F C              G H D E B C
1387    B^-    = B^..B
1388           = ^B^1 B              E I J F B
1389    C^@    = C^1
1390           = F                   I J F
1391    B^@    = B^1 B^2 B^3
1392           = D E F               D G H E F I J
1393    C^!    = C ^C^@
1394           = C ^C^1
1395           = C ^F                C
1396    B^!    = B ^B^@
1397           = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
1398           = B ^D ^E ^F          B
1399    F^! D  = F ^I ^J D           G H D F</code></pre>
1400 </div></div>
1401 </div>
1402 </div>
1403 <div class="sect1">
1404 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
1405 <div class="sectionbody">
1406 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a></p></div>
1407 </div>
1408 </div>
1409 <div class="sect1">
1410 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1411 <div class="sectionbody">
1412 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
1413 </div>
1414 </div>
1415 </div>
1416 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1417 <div id="footer">
1418 <div id="footer-text">
1419 Last updated
1420  2020-03-10 15:02:33 PDT
1421 </div>
1422 </div>
1423 </body>
1424 </html>