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440 </head>
441 <body class="article">
442 <div id="header">
443 <h1>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</h1>
444 <div class="details">
445 <span id="revdate">2024-11-20</span>
446 </div>
447 </div>
448 <div id="content">
449 <div id="preamble">
450 <div class="sectionbody">
451 <div class="paragraph">
452 <p>A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a
453 project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask
454 the "upstream" person (often the owner of the project where she forked
455 from) to pull from her public repository. Requesting such a "pull" is made
456 easy by the <code>git</code> <code>request-pull</code> command.</p>
457 </div>
458 <div class="paragraph">
459 <p>Earlier, a typical pull request may have started like this:</p>
460 </div>
461 <div class="listingblock">
462 <div class="content">
463 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
465 Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
467 are available in the Git repository at:
469 example.com:/git/froboz.git for-xyzzy</pre>
470 </div>
471 </div>
472 <div class="paragraph">
473 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.</p>
474 </div>
475 <div class="paragraph">
476 <p>The request was for a branch name (e.g. <code>for-xyzzy</code>) in the public
477 repository of the contributor, and even though it stated where the
478 contributor forked her work from, the message did not say anything about
479 the commit to expect at the tip of the for-xyzzy branch. If the site that
480 hosts the public repository of the contributor cannot be fully trusted, it
481 was unnecessarily hard to make sure what was pulled by the integrator was
482 genuinely what the contributor had produced for the project. Also there
483 was no easy way for third-party auditors to later verify the resulting
484 history.</p>
485 </div>
486 <div class="paragraph">
487 <p>Starting from Git release v1.7.9, a contributor can add a signed tag to
488 the commit at the tip of the history and ask the integrator to pull that
489 signed tag. When the integrator runs <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>, the signed tag is
490 automatically verified to assure that the history is not tampered with.
491 In addition, the resulting merge commit records the content of the signed
492 tag, so that other people can verify that the branch merged by the
493 integrator was signed by the contributor, without fetching the signed tag
494 used to validate the pull request separately and keeping it in the refs
495 namespace.</p>
496 </div>
497 <div class="paragraph">
498 <p>This document describes the workflow between the contributor and the
499 integrator, using Git v1.7.9 or later.</p>
500 </div>
501 </div>
502 </div>
503 <div class="sect1">
504 <h2 id="_a_contributor_or_a_lieutenant">A contributor or a lieutenant</h2>
505 <div class="sectionbody">
506 <div class="paragraph">
507 <p>After preparing her work to be pulled, the contributor uses <code>git</code> <code>tag</code> <code>-s</code>
508 to create a signed tag:</p>
509 </div>
510 <div class="listingblock">
511 <div class="content">
512 <pre> $ git checkout work
513 $ ... "git pull" from sublieutenants, "git commit" your own work ...
514 $ git tag -s -m "Completed frotz feature" frotz-for-xyzzy work</pre>
515 </div>
516 </div>
517 <div class="paragraph">
518 <p>Note that this example uses the <code>-m</code> option to create a signed tag with
519 just a one-liner message, but this is for illustration purposes only. It
520 is advisable to compose a well-written explanation of what the topic does
521 to justify why it is worthwhile for the integrator to pull it, as this
522 message will eventually become part of the final history after the
523 integrator responds to the pull request (as we will see later).</p>
524 </div>
525 <div class="paragraph">
526 <p>Then she pushes the tag out to her public repository:</p>
527 </div>
528 <div class="listingblock">
529 <div class="content">
530 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git/ +frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
531 </div>
532 </div>
533 <div class="paragraph">
534 <p>There is no need to push the <code>work</code> branch or anything else.</p>
535 </div>
536 <div class="paragraph">
537 <p>Note that the above command line used a plus sign at the beginning of
538 <code>+frotz-for-xyzzy</code> to allow forcing the update of a tag, as the same
539 contributor may want to reuse a signed tag with the same name after the
540 previous pull request has already been responded to.</p>
541 </div>
542 <div class="paragraph">
543 <p>The contributor then prepares a message to request a "pull":</p>
544 </div>
545 <div class="listingblock">
546 <div class="content">
547 <pre> $ git request-pull v3.2 example.com:/git/froboz.git/ frotz-for-xyzzy &gt;msg.txt</pre>
548 </div>
549 </div>
550 <div class="paragraph">
551 <p>The arguments are:</p>
552 </div>
553 <div class="olist arabic">
554 <ol class="arabic">
555 <li>
556 <p>the version of the integrator&#8217;s commit the contributor based her work on;</p>
557 </li>
558 <li>
559 <p>the URL of the repository, to which the contributor has pushed what she
560 wants to get pulled; and</p>
561 </li>
562 <li>
563 <p>the name of the tag the contributor wants to get pulled (earlier, she could
564 write only a branch name here).</p>
565 </li>
566 </ol>
567 </div>
568 <div class="paragraph">
569 <p>The resulting msg.txt file begins like so:</p>
570 </div>
571 <div class="listingblock">
572 <div class="content">
573 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
575 Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
577 are available in the Git repository at:
579 example.com:/git/froboz.git tags/frotz-for-xyzzy
581 for you to fetch changes up to 703f05ad5835c...:
583 Add tests and documentation for frotz (2011-12-02 10:02:52 -0800)
585 -----------------------------------------------
586 Completed frotz feature
587 -----------------------------------------------</pre>
588 </div>
589 </div>
590 <div class="paragraph">
591 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat. Comparing this with
592 the earlier illustration of the output from the traditional <code>git</code> <code>request-pull</code>
593 command, the reader should notice that:</p>
594 </div>
595 <div class="olist arabic">
596 <ol class="arabic">
597 <li>
598 <p>The tip commit to expect is shown to the integrator; and</p>
599 </li>
600 <li>
601 <p>The signed tag message is shown prominently between the dashed lines
602 before the shortlog.</p>
603 </li>
604 </ol>
605 </div>
606 <div class="paragraph">
607 <p>The latter is why the contributor would want to justify why pulling her
608 work is worthwhile when creating the signed tag. The contributor then
609 opens her favorite MUA, reads msg.txt, edits and sends it to her upstream
610 integrator.</p>
611 </div>
612 </div>
613 </div>
614 <div class="sect1">
615 <h2 id="_integrator">Integrator</h2>
616 <div class="sectionbody">
617 <div class="paragraph">
618 <p>After receiving such a pull request message, the integrator fetches and
619 integrates the tag named in the request, with:</p>
620 </div>
621 <div class="listingblock">
622 <div class="content">
623 <pre> $ git pull example.com:/git/froboz.git/ tags/frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
624 </div>
625 </div>
626 <div class="paragraph">
627 <p>This operation will always open an editor to allow the integrator to fine
628 tune the commit log message when merging a signed tag. Also, pulling a
629 signed tag will always create a merge commit even when the integrator does
630 not have any new commit since the contributor&#8217;s work forked (i.e. <em>fast
631 forward</em>), so that the integrator can properly explain what the merge is
632 about and why it was made.</p>
633 </div>
634 <div class="paragraph">
635 <p>In the editor, the integrator will see something like this:</p>
636 </div>
637 <div class="listingblock">
638 <div class="content">
639 <pre> Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
641 Completed frotz feature
642 # gpg: Signature made Fri 02 Dec 2011 10:03:01 AM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
643 # gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"</pre>
644 </div>
645 </div>
646 <div class="paragraph">
647 <p>Notice that the message recorded in the signed tag "Completed frotz
648 feature" appears here, and again that is why it is important for the
649 contributor to explain her work well when creating the signed tag.</p>
650 </div>
651 <div class="paragraph">
652 <p>As usual, the lines commented with # are stripped out. The resulting
653 commit records the signed tag used for this validation in a hidden field
654 so that it can later be used by others to audit the history. There is no
655 need for the integrator to keep a separate copy of the tag in his
656 repository (i.e. <code>git</code> <code>tag</code> <code>-l</code> won&#8217;t list the <code>frotz-for-xyzzy</code> tag in the
657 above example), and there is no need to publish the tag to his public
658 repository, either.</p>
659 </div>
660 <div class="paragraph">
661 <p>After the integrator responds to the pull request and her work becomes
662 part of the permanent history, the contributor can remove the tag from
663 her public repository, if she chooses, in order to keep the tag namespace
664 of her public repository clean, with:</p>
665 </div>
666 <div class="listingblock">
667 <div class="content">
668 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git :frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
669 </div>
670 </div>
671 </div>
672 </div>
673 <div class="sect1">
674 <h2 id="_auditors">Auditors</h2>
675 <div class="sectionbody">
676 <div class="paragraph">
677 <p>The <code>--show-signature</code> option can be given to <code>git</code> <code>log</code> or <code>git</code> <code>show</code> and
678 shows the verification status of the embedded signed tag in merge commits
679 created when the integrator responded to a pull request of a signed tag.</p>
680 </div>
681 <div class="paragraph">
682 <p>A typical output from <code>git</code> <code>show</code> <code>--show-signature</code> may look like this:</p>
683 </div>
684 <div class="listingblock">
685 <div class="content">
686 <pre> $ git show --show-signature
687 commit 02306ef6a3498a39118aef9df7975bdb50091585
688 merged tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy'
689 gpg: Signature made Fri 06 Jan 2012 12:41:49 PM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
690 gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"
691 Merge: 406da78 703f05a
692 Author: Inte Grator &lt;xyzzy@example.com&gt;
693 Date: Tue Jan 17 13:49:41 2012 -0800
695 Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
697 Completed frotz feature
699 * tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' (100 commits)
700 Add tests and documentation for frotz
701 ...</pre>
702 </div>
703 </div>
704 <div class="paragraph">
705 <p>There is no need for the auditor to explicitly fetch the contributor&#8217;s
706 signature, or to even be aware of what tag(s) the contributor and integrator
707 used to communicate the signature. All the required information is recorded
708 as part of the merge commit.</p>
709 </div>
710 </div>
711 </div>
712 </div>
713 <div id="footer">
714 <div id="footer-text">
715 Last updated 2024-11-20 15:41:29 +0900
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