howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html

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 440 </head>
 441 <body class="article">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</h1>
 444 </div>
 445 <div id="content">
 446 <div id="preamble">
 447 <div class="sectionbody">
 448 <div class="paragraph">
 449 <p>A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a
 450 project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask
 451 the "upstream" person (often the owner of the project where she forked
 452 from) to pull from her public repository. Requesting such a "pull" is made
 453 easy by the <code>git</code> <code>request-pull</code> command.</p>
 454 </div>
 455 <div class="paragraph">
 456 <p>Earlier, a typical pull request may have started like this:</p>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="listingblock">
 459 <div class="content">
 460 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
 461
 462    Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
 463
 464  are available in the Git repository at:
 465
 466    example.com:/git/froboz.git for-xyzzy</pre>
 467 </div>
 468 </div>
 469 <div class="paragraph">
 470 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.</p>
 471 </div>
 472 <div class="paragraph">
 473 <p>The request was for a branch name (e.g. <code>for-xyzzy</code>) in the public
 474 repository of the contributor, and even though it stated where the
 475 contributor forked her work from, the message did not say anything about
 476 the commit to expect at the tip of the for-xyzzy branch. If the site that
 477 hosts the public repository of the contributor cannot be fully trusted, it
 478 was unnecessarily hard to make sure what was pulled by the integrator was
 479 genuinely what the contributor had produced for the project. Also there
 480 was no easy way for third-party auditors to later verify the resulting
 481 history.</p>
 482 </div>
 483 <div class="paragraph">
 484 <p>Starting from Git release v1.7.9, a contributor can add a signed tag to
 485 the commit at the tip of the history and ask the integrator to pull that
 486 signed tag. When the integrator runs <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>, the signed tag is
 487 automatically verified to assure that the history is not tampered with.
 488 In addition, the resulting merge commit records the content of the signed
 489 tag, so that other people can verify that the branch merged by the
 490 integrator was signed by the contributor, without fetching the signed tag
 491 used to validate the pull request separately and keeping it in the refs
 492 namespace.</p>
 493 </div>
 494 <div class="paragraph">
 495 <p>This document describes the workflow between the contributor and the
 496 integrator, using Git v1.7.9 or later.</p>
 497 </div>
 498 </div>
 499 </div>
 500 <div class="sect1">
 501 <h2 id="_a_contributor_or_a_lieutenant">A contributor or a lieutenant</h2>
 502 <div class="sectionbody">
 503 <div class="paragraph">
 504 <p>After preparing her work to be pulled, the contributor uses <code>git</code> <code>tag</code> <code>-s</code>
 505 to create a signed tag:</p>
 506 </div>
 507 <div class="listingblock">
 508 <div class="content">
 509 <pre> $ git checkout work
 510  $ ... "git pull" from sublieutenants, "git commit" your own work ...
 511  $ git tag -s -m "Completed frotz feature" frotz-for-xyzzy work</pre>
 512 </div>
 513 </div>
 514 <div class="paragraph">
 515 <p>Note that this example uses the <code>-m</code> option to create a signed tag with
 516 just a one-liner message, but this is for illustration purposes only. It
 517 is advisable to compose a well-written explanation of what the topic does
 518 to justify why it is worthwhile for the integrator to pull it, as this
 519 message will eventually become part of the final history after the
 520 integrator responds to the pull request (as we will see later).</p>
 521 </div>
 522 <div class="paragraph">
 523 <p>Then she pushes the tag out to her public repository:</p>
 524 </div>
 525 <div class="listingblock">
 526 <div class="content">
 527 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git/ +frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 528 </div>
 529 </div>
 530 <div class="paragraph">
 531 <p>There is no need to push the <code>work</code> branch or anything else.</p>
 532 </div>
 533 <div class="paragraph">
 534 <p>Note that the above command line used a plus sign at the beginning of
 535 <code>+frotz-for-xyzzy</code> to allow forcing the update of a tag, as the same
 536 contributor may want to reuse a signed tag with the same name after the
 537 previous pull request has already been responded to.</p>
 538 </div>
 539 <div class="paragraph">
 540 <p>The contributor then prepares a message to request a "pull":</p>
 541 </div>
 542 <div class="listingblock">
 543 <div class="content">
 544 <pre> $ git request-pull v3.2 example.com:/git/froboz.git/ frotz-for-xyzzy &gt;msg.txt</pre>
 545 </div>
 546 </div>
 547 <div class="paragraph">
 548 <p>The arguments are:</p>
 549 </div>
 550 <div class="olist arabic">
 551 <ol class="arabic">
 552 <li>
 553 <p>the version of the integrator&#8217;s commit the contributor based her work on;</p>
 554 </li>
 555 <li>
 556 <p>the URL of the repository, to which the contributor has pushed what she
 557 wants to get pulled; and</p>
 558 </li>
 559 <li>
 560 <p>the name of the tag the contributor wants to get pulled (earlier, she could
 561 write only a branch name here).</p>
 562 </li>
 563 </ol>
 564 </div>
 565 <div class="paragraph">
 566 <p>The resulting msg.txt file begins like so:</p>
 567 </div>
 568 <div class="listingblock">
 569 <div class="content">
 570 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
 571
 572    Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
 573
 574  are available in the Git repository at:
 575
 576    example.com:/git/froboz.git tags/frotz-for-xyzzy
 577
 578  for you to fetch changes up to 703f05ad5835c...:
 579
 580    Add tests and documentation for frotz (2011-12-02 10:02:52 -0800)
 581
 582  -----------------------------------------------
 583  Completed frotz feature
 584  -----------------------------------------------</pre>
 585 </div>
 586 </div>
 587 <div class="paragraph">
 588 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.  Comparing this with
 589 the earlier illustration of the output from the traditional <code>git</code> <code>request-pull</code>
 590 command, the reader should notice that:</p>
 591 </div>
 592 <div class="olist arabic">
 593 <ol class="arabic">
 594 <li>
 595 <p>The tip commit to expect is shown to the integrator; and</p>
 596 </li>
 597 <li>
 598 <p>The signed tag message is shown prominently between the dashed lines
 599 before the shortlog.</p>
 600 </li>
 601 </ol>
 602 </div>
 603 <div class="paragraph">
 604 <p>The latter is why the contributor would want to justify why pulling her
 605 work is worthwhile when creating the signed tag.  The contributor then
 606 opens her favorite MUA, reads msg.txt, edits and sends it to her upstream
 607 integrator.</p>
 608 </div>
 609 </div>
 610 </div>
 611 <div class="sect1">
 612 <h2 id="_integrator">Integrator</h2>
 613 <div class="sectionbody">
 614 <div class="paragraph">
 615 <p>After receiving such a pull request message, the integrator fetches and
 616 integrates the tag named in the request, with:</p>
 617 </div>
 618 <div class="listingblock">
 619 <div class="content">
 620 <pre> $ git pull example.com:/git/froboz.git/ tags/frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 621 </div>
 622 </div>
 623 <div class="paragraph">
 624 <p>This operation will always open an editor to allow the integrator to fine
 625 tune the commit log message when merging a signed tag.  Also, pulling a
 626 signed tag will always create a merge commit even when the integrator does
 627 not have any new commit since the contributor&#8217;s work forked (i.e. <em>fast
 628 forward</em>), so that the integrator can properly explain what the merge is
 629 about and why it was made.</p>
 630 </div>
 631 <div class="paragraph">
 632 <p>In the editor, the integrator will see something like this:</p>
 633 </div>
 634 <div class="listingblock">
 635 <div class="content">
 636 <pre> Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
 637
 638  Completed frotz feature
 639  # gpg: Signature made Fri 02 Dec 2011 10:03:01 AM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
 640  # gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"</pre>
 641 </div>
 642 </div>
 643 <div class="paragraph">
 644 <p>Notice that the message recorded in the signed tag "Completed frotz
 645 feature" appears here, and again that is why it is important for the
 646 contributor to explain her work well when creating the signed tag.</p>
 647 </div>
 648 <div class="paragraph">
 649 <p>As usual, the lines commented with # are stripped out. The resulting
 650 commit records the signed tag used for this validation in a hidden field
 651 so that it can later be used by others to audit the history. There is no
 652 need for the integrator to keep a separate copy of the tag in his
 653 repository (i.e. <code>git</code> <code>tag</code> <code>-l</code> won&#8217;t list the <code>frotz-for-xyzzy</code> tag in the
 654 above example), and there is no need to publish the tag to his public
 655 repository, either.</p>
 656 </div>
 657 <div class="paragraph">
 658 <p>After the integrator responds to the pull request and her work becomes
 659 part of the permanent history, the contributor can remove the tag from
 660 her public repository, if she chooses, in order to keep the tag namespace
 661 of her public repository clean, with:</p>
 662 </div>
 663 <div class="listingblock">
 664 <div class="content">
 665 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git :frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 666 </div>
 667 </div>
 668 </div>
 669 </div>
 670 <div class="sect1">
 671 <h2 id="_auditors">Auditors</h2>
 672 <div class="sectionbody">
 673 <div class="paragraph">
 674 <p>The <code>--show-signature</code> option can be given to <code>git</code> <code>log</code> or <code>git</code> <code>show</code> and
 675 shows the verification status of the embedded signed tag in merge commits
 676 created when the integrator responded to a pull request of a signed tag.</p>
 677 </div>
 678 <div class="paragraph">
 679 <p>A typical output from <code>git</code> <code>show</code> <code>--show-signature</code> may look like this:</p>
 680 </div>
 681 <div class="listingblock">
 682 <div class="content">
 683 <pre> $ git show --show-signature
 684  commit 02306ef6a3498a39118aef9df7975bdb50091585
 685  merged tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy'
 686  gpg: Signature made Fri 06 Jan 2012 12:41:49 PM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
 687  gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"
 688  Merge: 406da78 703f05a
 689  Author: Inte Grator &lt;xyzzy@example.com&gt;
 690  Date:   Tue Jan 17 13:49:41 2012 -0800
 691
 692      Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
 693
 694      Completed frotz feature
 695
 696      * tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' (100 commits)
 697        Add tests and documentation for frotz
 698        ...</pre>
 699 </div>
 700 </div>
 701 <div class="paragraph">
 702 <p>There is no need for the auditor to explicitly fetch the contributor&#8217;s
 703 signature, or to even be aware of what tag(s) the contributor and integrator
 704 used to communicate the signature.  All the required information is recorded
 705 as part of the merge commit.</p>
 706 </div>
 707 </div>
 708 </div>
 709 </div>
 710 <div id="footer">
 711 <div id="footer-text">
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