technical/api-parse-options.html

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 435 </head>
 436 <body class="article">
 437 <div id="header">
 438 <h1>parse-options API</h1>
 439 </div>
 440 <div id="content">
 441 <div id="preamble">
 442 <div class="sectionbody">
 443 <div class="paragraph">
 444 <p>The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in Git
 445 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.</p>
 446 </div>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div class="sect1">
 450 <h2 id="_basics">Basics</h2>
 451 <div class="sectionbody">
 452 <div class="paragraph">
 453 <p>The argument vector <code>argv</code>[] may usually contain mandatory or optional
 454 <em>non-option arguments</em>, e.g. a filename or a branch, <em>options</em>, and
 455 <em>subcommands</em>.
 456 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
 457 that allow to change the behavior of a command.</p>
 458 </div>
 459 <div class="ulist">
 460 <ul>
 461 <li>
 462 <p>There are basically three types of options:
 463 <em>boolean</em> options,
 464 options with (mandatory) <em>arguments</em> and
 465 options with <em>optional arguments</em>
 466 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).</p>
 467 </li>
 468 <li>
 469 <p>There are basically two forms of options:
 470 <em>Short options</em> consist of one dash (<code>-</code>) and one alphanumeric
 471 character.
 472 <em>Long options</em> begin with two dashes (<code>--</code>) and some
 473 alphanumeric characters.</p>
 474 </li>
 475 <li>
 476 <p>Options are case-sensitive.
 477 Please define <em>lower-case long options</em> only.</p>
 478 </li>
 479 </ul>
 480 </div>
 481 <div class="paragraph">
 482 <p>The parse-options API allows:</p>
 483 </div>
 484 <div class="ulist">
 485 <ul>
 486 <li>
 487 <p><em>stuck</em> and <em>separate form</em> of options with arguments.
 488 <code>-oArg</code> is stuck, <code>-o</code> <code>Arg</code> is separate form.
 489 <code>--option=Arg</code> is stuck, <code>--option</code> <code>Arg</code> is separate form.</p>
 490 </li>
 491 <li>
 492 <p>Long options may be <em>abbreviated</em>, as long as the abbreviation
 493 is unambiguous.</p>
 494 </li>
 495 <li>
 496 <p>Short options may be bundled, e.g. <code>-a</code> <code>-b</code> can be specified as <code>-ab</code>.</p>
 497 </li>
 498 <li>
 499 <p>Boolean long options can be <em>negated</em> (or <em>unset</em>) by prepending
 500 <code>no-</code>, e.g. <code>--no-abbrev</code> instead of <code>--abbrev</code>. Conversely,
 501 options that begin with <code>no-</code> can be <em>negated</em> by removing it.
 502 Other long options can be unset (e.g., set string to NULL, set
 503 integer to 0) by prepending <code>no-</code>.</p>
 504 </li>
 505 <li>
 506 <p>Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the <code>--</code>
 507 option, e.g. <code>-a</code> <code>-b</code> <code>--option</code> <code>--</code> <code>--this-is-a-file</code> indicates that
 508 <code>--this-is-a-file</code> must not be processed as an option.</p>
 509 </li>
 510 </ul>
 511 </div>
 512 <div class="paragraph">
 513 <p>Subcommands are special in a couple of ways:</p>
 514 </div>
 515 <div class="ulist">
 516 <ul>
 517 <li>
 518 <p>Subcommands only have long form, and they have no double dash prefix, no
 519 negated form, and no description, and they don&#8217;t take any arguments, and
 520 can&#8217;t be abbreviated.</p>
 521 </li>
 522 <li>
 523 <p>There must be exactly one subcommand among the arguments, or zero if the
 524 command has a default operation mode.</p>
 525 </li>
 526 <li>
 527 <p>All arguments following the subcommand are considered to be arguments of
 528 the subcommand, and, conversely, arguments meant for the subcommand may
 529 not precede the subcommand.</p>
 530 </li>
 531 </ul>
 532 </div>
 533 <div class="paragraph">
 534 <p>Therefore, if the options array contains at least one subcommand and
 535 <code>parse_options</code>() encounters the first dashless argument, it will either:</p>
 536 </div>
 537 <div class="ulist">
 538 <ul>
 539 <li>
 540 <p>stop and return, if that dashless argument is a known subcommand, setting
 541 <code>value</code> to the function pointer associated with that subcommand, storing
 542 the name of the subcommand in argv[0], and leaving the rest of the
 543 arguments unprocessed, or</p>
 544 </li>
 545 <li>
 546 <p>stop and return, if it was invoked with the <code>PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL</code>
 547 flag and that dashless argument doesn&#8217;t match any subcommands, leaving
 548 <code>value</code> unchanged and the rest of the arguments unprocessed, or</p>
 549 </li>
 550 <li>
 551 <p>show error and usage, and abort.</p>
 552 </li>
 553 </ul>
 554 </div>
 555 </div>
 556 </div>
 557 <div class="sect1">
 558 <h2 id="_steps_to_parse_options">Steps to parse options</h2>
 559 <div class="sectionbody">
 560 <div class="olist arabic">
 561 <ol class="arabic">
 562 <li>
 563 <p>#include "parse-options.<code>h</code>"</p>
 564 </li>
 565 <li>
 566 <p>define a NULL-terminated
 567 <code>static</code> <code>const</code> <code>char</code> * <code>const</code> <code>builtin_foo_usage</code>[] array
 568 containing alternative usage strings</p>
 569 </li>
 570 <li>
 571 <p>define <code>builtin_foo_options</code> array as described below
 572 in section <em>Data Structure</em>.</p>
 573 </li>
 574 <li>
 575 <p>in <code>cmd_foo</code>(<code>int</code> <code>argc,</code> <code>const</code> <code>char</code> **argv, <code>const</code> <code>char</code> *prefix)
 576 call</p>
 577 <div class="literalblock">
 578 <div class="content">
 579 <pre>argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);</pre>
 580 </div>
 581 </div>
 582 <div class="paragraph">
 583 <p><code>parse_options</code>() will filter out the processed options of <code>argv</code>[] and leave the
 584 non-option arguments in <code>argv</code>[].
 585 <code>argc</code> is updated appropriately because of the assignment.</p>
 586 </div>
 587 <div class="paragraph">
 588 <p>You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of
 589 parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
 590 option list.  This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
 591 a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
 592 before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.</p>
 593 </div>
 594 <div class="paragraph">
 595 <p>Flags are the bitwise-or of:</p>
 596 </div>
 597 <div class="dlist">
 598 <dl>
 599 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH</code></dt>
 600 <dd>
 601 <p>Keep the <code>--</code> that usually separates options from
 602 non-option arguments.</p>
 603 </dd>
 604 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION</code></dt>
 605 <dd>
 606 <p>Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
 607 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
 608 argument.</p>
 609 </dd>
 610 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0</code></dt>
 611 <dd>
 612 <p>Keep the first argument, which contains the program name.  It&#8217;s
 613 removed from argv[] by default.</p>
 614 </dd>
 615 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN_OPT</code></dt>
 616 <dd>
 617 <p>Keep unknown options instead of erroring out.  This doesn&#8217;t
 618 work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
 619 it to do.  E.g. if the first argument in <code>--unknown</code> <code>--known</code>
 620 takes a value (which we can&#8217;t know), the second one is
 621 mistakenly interpreted as a known option.  Similarly, if
 622 <code>PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION</code> is set, the second argument in
 623 <code>--unknown</code> <code>value</code> will be mistakenly interpreted as a
 624 non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
 625 the parser early.  That&#8217;s why parse_options() errors out if
 626 both options are set.
 627 Note that non-option arguments are always kept, even without
 628 this flag.</p>
 629 </dd>
 630 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP</code></dt>
 631 <dd>
 632 <p>By default, parse_options() handles <code>-h</code>, <code>--help</code> and
 633 <code>--help-all</code> internally, by showing a help screen.  This option
 634 turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
 635 options, or to just leave them unknown.</p>
 636 </dd>
 637 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL</code></dt>
 638 <dd>
 639 <p>Don&#8217;t error out when no subcommand is specified.</p>
 640 </dd>
 641 </dl>
 642 </div>
 643 </li>
 644 </ol>
 645 </div>
 646 <div class="paragraph">
 647 <p>Note that <code>PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION</code> is incompatible with subcommands;
 648 while <code>PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH</code> and <code>PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN_OPT</code> can only be
 649 used with subcommands when combined with <code>PARSE_OPT_SUBCOMMAND_OPTIONAL</code>.</p>
 650 </div>
 651 </div>
 652 </div>
 653 <div class="sect1">
 654 <h2 id="_data_structure">Data Structure</h2>
 655 <div class="sectionbody">
 656 <div class="paragraph">
 657 <p>The main data structure is an array of the <code>option</code> struct,
 658 say <code>static</code> <code>struct</code> <code>option</code> <code>builtin_add_options</code>[].
 659 There are some macros to easily define options:</p>
 660 </div>
 661 <div class="dlist">
 662 <dl>
 663 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__ABBREV</code>(&amp;int_var)</dt>
 664 <dd>
 665 <p>Add <code>--abbrev</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em>].</p>
 666 </dd>
 667 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__COLOR</code>(&amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 668 <dd>
 669 <p>Add <code>--color</code>[<code>=</code><em>&lt;when&gt;</em>] and <code>--no-color</code>.</p>
 670 </dd>
 671 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__DRY_RUN</code>(&amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 672 <dd>
 673 <p>Add <code>-n,</code> <code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
 674 </dd>
 675 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__FORCE</code>(&amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 676 <dd>
 677 <p>Add <code>-f,</code> <code>--force</code>.</p>
 678 </dd>
 679 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__QUIET</code>(&amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 680 <dd>
 681 <p>Add <code>-q,</code> <code>--quiet</code>.</p>
 682 </dd>
 683 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT__VERBOSE</code>(&amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 684 <dd>
 685 <p>Add <code>-v,</code> <code>--verbose</code>.</p>
 686 </dd>
 687 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_GROUP</code>(<code>description</code>)</dt>
 688 <dd>
 689 <p>Start an option group. <code>description</code> is a short string that
 690 describes the group or an empty string.
 691 Start the description with an upper-case letter.</p>
 692 </dd>
 693 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_BOOL</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 694 <dd>
 695 <p>Introduce a boolean option. <code>int_var</code> is set to one with
 696 <code>--option</code> and set to zero with <code>--no-option</code>.</p>
 697 </dd>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_COUNTUP</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 699 <dd>
 700 <p>Introduce a count-up option.
 701 Each use of <code>--option</code> increments <code>int_var</code>, starting from zero
 702 (even if initially negative), and <code>--no-option</code> resets it to
 703 zero. To determine if <code>--option</code> or <code>--no-option</code> was encountered at
 704 all, initialize <code>int_var</code> to a negative value, and if it is still
 705 negative after parse_options(), then neither <code>--option</code> nor
 706 <code>--no-option</code> was seen.</p>
 707 </dd>
 708 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_BIT</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description,</code> <code>mask</code>)</dt>
 709 <dd>
 710 <p>Introduce a boolean option.
 711 If used, <code>int_var</code> is bitwise-ored with <code>mask</code>.</p>
 712 </dd>
 713 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_NEGBIT</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description,</code> <code>mask</code>)</dt>
 714 <dd>
 715 <p>Introduce a boolean option.
 716 If used, <code>int_var</code> is bitwise-anded with the inverted <code>mask</code>.</p>
 717 </dd>
 718 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_SET_INT</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description,</code> <code>integer</code>)</dt>
 719 <dd>
 720 <p>Introduce an integer option.
 721 <code>int_var</code> is set to <code>integer</code> with <code>--option</code>, and
 722 reset to zero with <code>--no-option</code>.</p>
 723 </dd>
 724 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_STRING</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;str_var, <code>arg_str,</code> <code>description</code>)</dt>
 725 <dd>
 726 <p>Introduce an option with string argument.
 727 The string argument is put into <code>str_var</code>.</p>
 728 </dd>
 729 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_STRING_LIST</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;struct <code>string_list,</code> <code>arg_str,</code> <code>description</code>)</dt>
 730 <dd>
 731 <p>Introduce an option with string argument.
 732 The string argument is stored as an element in <code>string_list</code>.
 733 Use of <code>--no-option</code> will clear the list of preceding values.</p>
 734 </dd>
 735 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_INTEGER</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 736 <dd>
 737 <p>Introduce an option with integer argument.
 738 The integer is put into <code>int_var</code>.</p>
 739 </dd>
 740 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_MAGNITUDE</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;unsigned_long_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 741 <dd>
 742 <p>Introduce an option with a size argument. The argument must be a
 743 non-negative integer and may include a suffix of <em>k</em>, <em>m</em> or <em>g</em> to
 744 scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively.
 745 The scaled value is put into <code>unsigned_long_var</code>.</p>
 746 </dd>
 747 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_EXPIRY_DATE</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;timestamp_t_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 748 <dd>
 749 <p>Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see <code>parse_expiry_date</code>().
 750 The timestamp is put into <code>timestamp_t_var</code>.</p>
 751 </dd>
 752 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_CALLBACK</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;var, <code>arg_str,</code> <code>description,</code> <code>func_ptr</code>)</dt>
 753 <dd>
 754 <p>Introduce an option with argument.
 755 The argument will be fed into the function given by <code>func_ptr</code>
 756 and the result will be put into <code>var</code>.
 757 See <em>Option Callbacks</em> below for a more elaborate description.</p>
 758 </dd>
 759 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_FILENAME</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 760 <dd>
 761 <p>Introduce an option with a filename argument.
 762 The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
 763 the prefix argument of <code>parse_options</code>() to <code>prefix_filename</code>().</p>
 764 </dd>
 765 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK</code>(&amp;var, <code>description,</code> <code>func_ptr</code>)</dt>
 766 <dd>
 767 <p>Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
 768 if it was an argument to the function given by <code>func_ptr</code>.
 769 The result will be put into <code>var</code>.  There can be only one such
 770 option definition.  It cannot be negated and it takes no
 771 arguments.  Short options that happen to be digits take
 772 precedence over it.</p>
 773 </dd>
 774 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_COLOR_FLAG</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description</code>)</dt>
 775 <dd>
 776 <p>Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can
 777 have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto".  If the
 778 argument is not given, it defaults to "always".  The <code>--no-</code> form
 779 works like <code>--long=never</code>; it cannot take an argument.  If
 780 "always", set <code>int_var</code> to 1; if "never", set <code>int_var</code> to 0; if
 781 "auto", set <code>int_var</code> to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager,
 782 0 otherwise.</p>
 783 </dd>
 784 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_NOOP_NOARG</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long</code>)</dt>
 785 <dd>
 786 <p>Introduce an option that has no effect and takes no arguments.
 787 Use it to hide deprecated options that are still to be recognized
 788 and ignored silently.</p>
 789 </dd>
 790 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_PASSTHRU</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;char_var, <code>arg_str,</code> <code>description,</code> <code>flags</code>)</dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>Introduce an option that will be reconstructed into a char* string,
 793 which must be initialized to NULL. This is useful when you need to
 794 pass the command-line option to another command. Any previous value
 795 will be overwritten, so this should only be used for options where
 796 the last one specified on the command line wins.</p>
 797 </dd>
 798 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;strvec_var, <code>arg_str,</code> <code>description,</code> <code>flags</code>)</dt>
 799 <dd>
 800 <p>Introduce an option where all instances of it on the command-line will
 801 be reconstructed into a strvec. This is useful when you need to
 802 pass the command-line option, which can be specified multiple times,
 803 to another command.</p>
 804 </dd>
 805 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_CMDMODE</code>(<code>short,</code> <code>long,</code> &amp;int_var, <code>description,</code> <code>enum_val</code>)</dt>
 806 <dd>
 807 <p>Define an "operation mode" option, only one of which in the same
 808 group of "operating mode" options that share the same <code>int_var</code>
 809 can be given by the user. <code>int_var</code> is set to <code>enum_val</code> when the
 810 option is used, but an error is reported if other "operating mode"
 811 option has already set its value to the same <code>int_var</code>.
 812 In new commands consider using subcommands instead.</p>
 813 </dd>
 814 <dt class="hdlist1"><code>OPT_SUBCOMMAND</code>(<code>long,</code> &amp;fn_ptr, <code>subcommand_fn</code>)</dt>
 815 <dd>
 816 <p>Define a subcommand.  <code>subcommand_fn</code> is put into <code>fn_ptr</code> when
 817 this subcommand is used.</p>
 818 </dd>
 819 </dl>
 820 </div>
 821 <div class="paragraph">
 822 <p>The last element of the array must be <code>OPT_END</code>().</p>
 823 </div>
 824 <div class="paragraph">
 825 <p>If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:</p>
 826 </div>
 827 <div class="ulist">
 828 <ul>
 829 <li>
 830 <p><code>short</code> is a character for the short option
 831 (e.g. 'e' for <code>-e</code>, use <code>0</code> to omit),</p>
 832 </li>
 833 <li>
 834 <p><code>long</code> is a string for the long option
 835 (e.g. "example" for <code>--example</code>, use <code>NULL</code> to omit),</p>
 836 </li>
 837 <li>
 838 <p><code>int_var</code> is an integer variable,</p>
 839 </li>
 840 <li>
 841 <p><code>str_var</code> is a string variable (<code>char</code> *),</p>
 842 </li>
 843 <li>
 844 <p><code>arg_str</code> is the string that is shown as argument
 845 (e.g. "branch" will result in <em>&lt;branch&gt;</em>).
 846 If set to <code>NULL</code>, three dots (...) will be displayed.</p>
 847 </li>
 848 <li>
 849 <p><code>description</code> is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
 850 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (.) shall be
 851 omitted at the end.</p>
 852 </li>
 853 </ul>
 854 </div>
 855 </div>
 856 </div>
 857 <div class="sect1">
 858 <h2 id="_option_callbacks">Option Callbacks</h2>
 859 <div class="sectionbody">
 860 <div class="paragraph">
 861 <p>The function must be defined in this form:</p>
 862 </div>
 863 <div class="literalblock">
 864 <div class="content">
 865 <pre>int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)</pre>
 866 </div>
 867 </div>
 868 <div class="paragraph">
 869 <p>The callback mechanism is as follows:</p>
 870 </div>
 871 <div class="ulist">
 872 <ul>
 873 <li>
 874 <p>Inside <code>func</code>, the only interesting member of the structure
 875 given by <code>opt</code> is the void pointer <code>opt-</code>&gt;<code>value</code>.
 876 *opt-&gt;<code>value</code> will be the value that is saved into <code>var</code>, if you
 877 use <code>OPT_CALLBACK</code>().
 878 For example, do *(<code>unsigned</code> <code>long</code> *)<code>opt-</code>&gt;<code>value</code> <code>=</code> <code>42</code>; to get 42
 879 into an <code>unsigned</code> <code>long</code> variable.</p>
 880 </li>
 881 <li>
 882 <p>Return value <code>0</code> indicates success and non-zero return
 883 value will invoke <code>usage_with_options</code>() and, thus, die.</p>
 884 </li>
 885 <li>
 886 <p>If the user negates the option, <code>arg</code> is <code>NULL</code> and <code>unset</code> is 1.</p>
 887 </li>
 888 </ul>
 889 </div>
 890 </div>
 891 </div>
 892 <div class="sect1">
 893 <h2 id="_sophisticated_option_parsing">Sophisticated option parsing</h2>
 894 <div class="sectionbody">
 895 <div class="paragraph">
 896 <p>If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
 897 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
 898 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
 899 members of the <code>option</code> structure manually.</p>
 900 </div>
 901 <div class="paragraph">
 902 <p>This is not covered in this document, but well documented
 903 in <code>parse-options.h</code> itself.</p>
 904 </div>
 905 </div>
 906 </div>
 907 <div class="sect1">
 908 <h2 id="_examples">Examples</h2>
 909 <div class="sectionbody">
 910 <div class="paragraph">
 911 <p>See <code>test-parse-options.c</code> and
 912 <code>builtin/add.c</code>,
 913 <code>builtin/clone.c</code>,
 914 <code>builtin/commit.c</code>,
 915 <code>builtin/fetch.c</code>,
 916 <code>builtin/fsck.c</code>,
 917 <code>builtin/rm.c</code>
 918 for real-world examples.</p>
 919 </div>
 920 </div>
 921 </div>
 922 </div>
 923 <div id="footer">
 924 <div id="footer-text">
 925 Last updated 2022-09-21 15:44:34 -0700
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