git.html

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 540 <script type="text/javascript">
 541 /*<![CDATA[*/
 542 var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.
 543
 544 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 545 // Table Of Contents generator
 546 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 547
 548 /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
 549  * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
 550  *
 551  * Table Of Content generator
 552  * Version: 0.4
 553  *
 554  * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
 555  * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
 556  */
 557
 558  /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
 559  /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */
 560
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 637 },
 638
 639
 640 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 641 // Footnotes generator
 642 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 643
 644 /* Based on footnote generation code from:
 645  * http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
 646  */
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 648 footnotes: function () {
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 706 },
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 708 install: function(toclevels) {
 709   var timerId;
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 711   function reinstall() {
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 715     }
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 718   function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
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 723   timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
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 726   else
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 728 }
 729
 730 }
 731 asciidoc.install();
 732 /*]]>*/
 733 </script>
 734 </head>
 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git -
 743    the stupid content tracker
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git</em> [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C &lt;path&gt;] [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
 753     [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
 754     [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
 755     [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;]
 756     [--super-prefix=&lt;path&gt;] [--config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;]
 757     &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</pre>
 758 <div class="attribution">
 759 </div></div>
 760 </div>
 761 </div>
 762 <div class="sect1">
 763 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 764 <div class="sectionbody">
 765 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
 766 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
 767 and full access to internals.</p></div>
 768 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
 769 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a> for a useful minimum set of
 770 commands.  The <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> has a more
 771 in-depth introduction.</p></div>
 772 <div class="paragraph"><p>After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
 773 page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
 774 individual Git commands with "git help command".  <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
 775 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.</p></div>
 776 <div class="paragraph"><p>A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
 777 can be viewed at <a href="https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html">https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html</a>
 778 or <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs">https://git-scm.com/docs</a>.</p></div>
 779 </div>
 780 </div>
 781 <div class="sect1">
 782 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 783 <div class="sectionbody">
 784 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 785 <dt class="hdlist1">
 786 -v
 787 </dt>
 788 <dt class="hdlist1">
 789 --version
 790 </dt>
 791 <dd>
 792 <p>
 793         Prints the Git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
 794 </p>
 795 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option is internally converted to <code>git version ...</code> and accepts
 796 the same options as the <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a> command. If <code>--help</code> is
 797 also given, it takes precedence over <code>--version</code>.</p></div>
 798 </dd>
 799 <dt class="hdlist1">
 800 -h
 801 </dt>
 802 <dt class="hdlist1">
 803 --help
 804 </dt>
 805 <dd>
 806 <p>
 807         Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 808         commands. If the option <code>--all</code> or <code>-a</code> is given then all
 809         available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 810         option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 811 </p>
 812 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 813 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
 814 because <code>git --help ...</code> is converted internally into <code>git
 815 help ...</code>.</p></div>
 816 </dd>
 817 <dt class="hdlist1">
 818 -C &lt;path&gt;
 819 </dt>
 820 <dd>
 821 <p>
 822         Run as if git was started in <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> instead of the current working
 823         directory.  When multiple <code>-C</code> options are given, each subsequent
 824         non-absolute <code>-C &lt;path&gt;</code> is interpreted relative to the preceding <code>-C
 825         &lt;path&gt;</code>.  If <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> is present but empty, e.g. <code>-C ""</code>, then the
 826         current working directory is left unchanged.
 827 </p>
 828 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option affects options that expect path name like <code>--git-dir</code> and
 829 <code>--work-tree</code> in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 830 made relative to the working directory caused by the <code>-C</code> option. For
 831 example the following invocations are equivalent:</p></div>
 832 <div class="literalblock">
 833 <div class="content">
 834 <pre><code>git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 835 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status</code></pre>
 836 </div></div>
 837 </dd>
 838 <dt class="hdlist1">
 839 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
 840 </dt>
 841 <dd>
 842 <p>
 843         Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 844         given will override values from configuration files.
 845         The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
 846         <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
 847 </p>
 848 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that omitting the <code>=</code> in <code>git -c foo.bar ...</code> is allowed and sets
 849 <code>foo.bar</code> to the boolean true value (just like <code>[foo]bar</code> would in a
 850 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like <code>git -c
 851 foo.bar= ...</code>) sets <code>foo.bar</code> to the empty string which <code>git config
 852 --type=bool</code> will convert to <code>false</code>.</p></div>
 853 </dd>
 854 <dt class="hdlist1">
 855 --config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;
 856 </dt>
 857 <dd>
 858 <p>
 859         Like <code>-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;</code>, give configuration variable
 860         <em>&lt;name&gt;</em> a value, where &lt;envvar&gt; is the name of an
 861         environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike
 862         <code>-c</code> there is no shortcut for directly setting the value to an
 863         empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be
 864         set to the empty string.  It is an error if the <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> does not exist
 865         in the environment. <code>&lt;envvar&gt;</code> may not contain an equals sign
 866         to avoid ambiguity with <code>&lt;name&gt;</code> containing one.
 867 </p>
 868 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
 869 configuration options to git, but are doing so on OS&#8217;s where
 870 other processes might be able to read your cmdline
 871 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/cmdline</code>), but not your environ
 872 (e.g. <code>/proc/self/environ</code>). That behavior is the default on
 873 Linux, but may not be on your system.</p></div>
 874 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this might add security for variables such as
 875 <code>http.extraHeader</code> where the sensitive information is part of
 876 the value, but not e.g. <code>url.&lt;base&gt;.insteadOf</code> where the
 877 sensitive information can be part of the key.</p></div>
 878 </dd>
 879 <dt class="hdlist1">
 880 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
 881 </dt>
 882 <dd>
 883 <p>
 884         Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 885         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 886         environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
 887         the current setting and then exit.
 888 </p>
 889 </dd>
 890 <dt class="hdlist1">
 891 --html-path
 892 </dt>
 893 <dd>
 894 <p>
 895         Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git&#8217;s HTML
 896         documentation is installed and exit.
 897 </p>
 898 </dd>
 899 <dt class="hdlist1">
 900 --man-path
 901 </dt>
 902 <dd>
 903 <p>
 904         Print the manpath (see <code>man(1)</code>) for the man pages for
 905         this version of Git and exit.
 906 </p>
 907 </dd>
 908 <dt class="hdlist1">
 909 --info-path
 910 </dt>
 911 <dd>
 912 <p>
 913         Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 914         version of Git are installed and exit.
 915 </p>
 916 </dd>
 917 <dt class="hdlist1">
 918 -p
 919 </dt>
 920 <dt class="hdlist1">
 921 --paginate
 922 </dt>
 923 <dd>
 924 <p>
 925         Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 926         output is a terminal.  This overrides the <code>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</code>
 927         configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 928         below).
 929 </p>
 930 </dd>
 931 <dt class="hdlist1">
 932 -P
 933 </dt>
 934 <dt class="hdlist1">
 935 --no-pager
 936 </dt>
 937 <dd>
 938 <p>
 939         Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 940 </p>
 941 </dd>
 942 <dt class="hdlist1">
 943 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
 944 </dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>
 947         Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be
 948         controlled by setting the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable. It can be
 949         an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.
 950 </p>
 951 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
 952 option (or <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable) turns off the
 953 repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
 954 ".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
 955 top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
 956 that you are at the top level of the working tree.  If you
 957 are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you
 958 should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is,
 959 with the <code>--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;</code> option (or <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
 960 environment variable)</p></div>
 961 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you just want to run git as if it was started in <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> then use
 962 <code>git -C &lt;path&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 963 </dd>
 964 <dt class="hdlist1">
 965 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
 966 </dt>
 967 <dd>
 968 <p>
 969         Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 970         or a path relative to the current working directory.
 971         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 972         environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 973         variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
 974         more detailed discussion).
 975 </p>
 976 </dd>
 977 <dt class="hdlist1">
 978 --namespace=&lt;path&gt;
 979 </dt>
 980 <dd>
 981 <p>
 982         Set the Git namespace.  See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
 983         details.  Equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> environment
 984         variable.
 985 </p>
 986 </dd>
 987 <dt class="hdlist1">
 988 --super-prefix=&lt;path&gt;
 989 </dt>
 990 <dd>
 991 <p>
 992         Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 993         above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 994         context about the superproject that invoked it.
 995 </p>
 996 </dd>
 997 <dt class="hdlist1">
 998 --bare
 999 </dt>
1000 <dd>
1001 <p>
1002         Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
1003         environment is not set, it is set to the current working
1004         directory.
1005 </p>
1006 </dd>
1007 <dt class="hdlist1">
1008 --no-replace-objects
1009 </dt>
1010 <dd>
1011 <p>
1012         Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
1013         <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
1014 </p>
1015 </dd>
1016 <dt class="hdlist1">
1017 --literal-pathspecs
1018 </dt>
1019 <dd>
1020 <p>
1021         Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
1022         This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code> environment
1023         variable to <code>1</code>.
1024 </p>
1025 </dd>
1026 <dt class="hdlist1">
1027 --glob-pathspecs
1028 </dt>
1029 <dd>
1030 <p>
1031         Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1032         the <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Disabling
1033         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1034         magic ":(literal)"
1035 </p>
1036 </dd>
1037 <dt class="hdlist1">
1038 --noglob-pathspecs
1039 </dt>
1040 <dd>
1041 <p>
1042         Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1043         the <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Enabling
1044         globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
1045         magic ":(glob)"
1046 </p>
1047 </dd>
1048 <dt class="hdlist1">
1049 --icase-pathspecs
1050 </dt>
1051 <dd>
1052 <p>
1053         Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
1054         the <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>.
1055 </p>
1056 </dd>
1057 <dt class="hdlist1">
1058 --no-optional-locks
1059 </dt>
1060 <dd>
1061 <p>
1062         Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
1063         equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code> to <code>0</code>.
1064 </p>
1065 </dd>
1066 <dt class="hdlist1">
1067 --list-cmds=group[,group&#8230;]
1068 </dt>
1069 <dd>
1070 <p>
1071         List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
1072         option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
1073         groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
1074         parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
1075         others (all other commands in <code>$PATH</code> that have git- prefix),
1076         list-&lt;category&gt; (see categories in command-list.txt),
1077         nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
1078         (retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands)
1079 </p>
1080 </dd>
1081 </dl></div>
1082 </div>
1083 </div>
1084 <div class="sect1">
1085 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
1086 <div class="sectionbody">
1087 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
1088 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
1089 </div>
1090 </div>
1091 <div class="sect1">
1092 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
1093 <div class="sectionbody">
1094 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
1095 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
1096 <div class="sect2">
1097 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3>
1098 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1099 <dt class="hdlist1">
1100 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
1101 </dt>
1102 <dd>
1103 <p>
1104         Add file contents to the index.
1105 </p>
1106 </dd>
1107 <dt class="hdlist1">
1108 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
1109 </dt>
1110 <dd>
1111 <p>
1112         Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
1113 </p>
1114 </dd>
1115 <dt class="hdlist1">
1116 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
1117 </dt>
1118 <dd>
1119 <p>
1120         Create an archive of files from a named tree.
1121 </p>
1122 </dd>
1123 <dt class="hdlist1">
1124 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
1125 </dt>
1126 <dd>
1127 <p>
1128         Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.
1129 </p>
1130 </dd>
1131 <dt class="hdlist1">
1132 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
1133 </dt>
1134 <dd>
1135 <p>
1136         List, create, or delete branches.
1137 </p>
1138 </dd>
1139 <dt class="hdlist1">
1140 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
1141 </dt>
1142 <dd>
1143 <p>
1144         Move objects and refs by archive.
1145 </p>
1146 </dd>
1147 <dt class="hdlist1">
1148 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
1149 </dt>
1150 <dd>
1151 <p>
1152         Switch branches or restore working tree files.
1153 </p>
1154 </dd>
1155 <dt class="hdlist1">
1156 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
1157 </dt>
1158 <dd>
1159 <p>
1160         Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
1161 </p>
1162 </dd>
1163 <dt class="hdlist1">
1164 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
1165 </dt>
1166 <dd>
1167 <p>
1168         Graphical alternative to git-commit.
1169 </p>
1170 </dd>
1171 <dt class="hdlist1">
1172 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
1173 </dt>
1174 <dd>
1175 <p>
1176         Remove untracked files from the working tree.
1177 </p>
1178 </dd>
1179 <dt class="hdlist1">
1180 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
1181 </dt>
1182 <dd>
1183 <p>
1184         Clone a repository into a new directory.
1185 </p>
1186 </dd>
1187 <dt class="hdlist1">
1188 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
1189 </dt>
1190 <dd>
1191 <p>
1192         Record changes to the repository.
1193 </p>
1194 </dd>
1195 <dt class="hdlist1">
1196 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
1197 </dt>
1198 <dd>
1199 <p>
1200         Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.
1201 </p>
1202 </dd>
1203 <dt class="hdlist1">
1204 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
1205 </dt>
1206 <dd>
1207 <p>
1208         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
1209 </p>
1210 </dd>
1211 <dt class="hdlist1">
1212 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
1213 </dt>
1214 <dd>
1215 <p>
1216         Download objects and refs from another repository.
1217 </p>
1218 </dd>
1219 <dt class="hdlist1">
1220 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
1221 </dt>
1222 <dd>
1223 <p>
1224         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
1225 </p>
1226 </dd>
1227 <dt class="hdlist1">
1228 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
1229 </dt>
1230 <dd>
1231 <p>
1232         Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
1233 </p>
1234 </dd>
1235 <dt class="hdlist1">
1236 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
1237 </dt>
1238 <dd>
1239 <p>
1240         Print lines matching a pattern.
1241 </p>
1242 </dd>
1243 <dt class="hdlist1">
1244 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
1245 </dt>
1246 <dd>
1247 <p>
1248         A portable graphical interface to Git.
1249 </p>
1250 </dd>
1251 <dt class="hdlist1">
1252 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
1253 </dt>
1254 <dd>
1255 <p>
1256         Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
1257 </p>
1258 </dd>
1259 <dt class="hdlist1">
1260 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
1261 </dt>
1262 <dd>
1263 <p>
1264         Show commit logs.
1265 </p>
1266 </dd>
1267 <dt class="hdlist1">
1268 <a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a>
1269 </dt>
1270 <dd>
1271 <p>
1272         Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.
1273 </p>
1274 </dd>
1275 <dt class="hdlist1">
1276 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
1277 </dt>
1278 <dd>
1279 <p>
1280         Join two or more development histories together.
1281 </p>
1282 </dd>
1283 <dt class="hdlist1">
1284 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
1285 </dt>
1286 <dd>
1287 <p>
1288         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
1289 </p>
1290 </dd>
1291 <dt class="hdlist1">
1292 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
1293 </dt>
1294 <dd>
1295 <p>
1296         Add or inspect object notes.
1297 </p>
1298 </dd>
1299 <dt class="hdlist1">
1300 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
1301 </dt>
1302 <dd>
1303 <p>
1304         Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.
1305 </p>
1306 </dd>
1307 <dt class="hdlist1">
1308 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
1309 </dt>
1310 <dd>
1311 <p>
1312         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
1313 </p>
1314 </dd>
1315 <dt class="hdlist1">
1316 <a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a>
1317 </dt>
1318 <dd>
1319 <p>
1320         Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).
1321 </p>
1322 </dd>
1323 <dt class="hdlist1">
1324 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
1325 </dt>
1326 <dd>
1327 <p>
1328         Reapply commits on top of another base tip.
1329 </p>
1330 </dd>
1331 <dt class="hdlist1">
1332 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
1333 </dt>
1334 <dd>
1335 <p>
1336         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
1337 </p>
1338 </dd>
1339 <dt class="hdlist1">
1340 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a>
1341 </dt>
1342 <dd>
1343 <p>
1344         Restore working tree files.
1345 </p>
1346 </dd>
1347 <dt class="hdlist1">
1348 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
1349 </dt>
1350 <dd>
1351 <p>
1352         Revert some existing commits.
1353 </p>
1354 </dd>
1355 <dt class="hdlist1">
1356 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
1357 </dt>
1358 <dd>
1359 <p>
1360         Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
1361 </p>
1362 </dd>
1363 <dt class="hdlist1">
1364 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1365 </dt>
1366 <dd>
1367 <p>
1368         Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
1369 </p>
1370 </dd>
1371 <dt class="hdlist1">
1372 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
1373 </dt>
1374 <dd>
1375 <p>
1376         Show various types of objects.
1377 </p>
1378 </dd>
1379 <dt class="hdlist1">
1380 <a href="git-sparse-checkout.html">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a>
1381 </dt>
1382 <dd>
1383 <p>
1384         Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.
1385 </p>
1386 </dd>
1387 <dt class="hdlist1">
1388 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
1389 </dt>
1390 <dd>
1391 <p>
1392         Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
1393 </p>
1394 </dd>
1395 <dt class="hdlist1">
1396 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
1397 </dt>
1398 <dd>
1399 <p>
1400         Show the working tree status.
1401 </p>
1402 </dd>
1403 <dt class="hdlist1">
1404 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
1405 </dt>
1406 <dd>
1407 <p>
1408         Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
1409 </p>
1410 </dd>
1411 <dt class="hdlist1">
1412 <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a>
1413 </dt>
1414 <dd>
1415 <p>
1416         Switch branches.
1417 </p>
1418 </dd>
1419 <dt class="hdlist1">
1420 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
1421 </dt>
1422 <dd>
1423 <p>
1424         Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
1425 </p>
1426 </dd>
1427 <dt class="hdlist1">
1428 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>
1429 </dt>
1430 <dd>
1431 <p>
1432         Manage multiple working trees.
1433 </p>
1434 </dd>
1435 <dt class="hdlist1">
1436 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
1437 </dt>
1438 <dd>
1439 <p>
1440         The Git repository browser.
1441 </p>
1442 </dd>
1443 <dt class="hdlist1">
1444 <a href="scalar.html">scalar(1)</a>
1445 </dt>
1446 <dd>
1447 <p>
1448         A tool for managing large Git repositories.
1449 </p>
1450 </dd>
1451 </dl></div>
1452 </div>
1453 <div class="sect2">
1454 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3>
1455 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
1456 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1457 <dt class="hdlist1">
1458 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1459 </dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>
1462         Get and set repository or global options.
1463 </p>
1464 </dd>
1465 <dt class="hdlist1">
1466 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
1467 </dt>
1468 <dd>
1469 <p>
1470         Git data exporter.
1471 </p>
1472 </dd>
1473 <dt class="hdlist1">
1474 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
1475 </dt>
1476 <dd>
1477 <p>
1478         Backend for fast Git data importers.
1479 </p>
1480 </dd>
1481 <dt class="hdlist1">
1482 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
1483 </dt>
1484 <dd>
1485 <p>
1486         Rewrite branches.
1487 </p>
1488 </dd>
1489 <dt class="hdlist1">
1490 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
1491 </dt>
1492 <dd>
1493 <p>
1494         Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
1495 </p>
1496 </dd>
1497 <dt class="hdlist1">
1498 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
1499 </dt>
1500 <dd>
1501 <p>
1502         Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
1503 </p>
1504 </dd>
1505 <dt class="hdlist1">
1506 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
1507 </dt>
1508 <dd>
1509 <p>
1510         Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
1511 </p>
1512 </dd>
1513 <dt class="hdlist1">
1514 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
1515 </dt>
1516 <dd>
1517 <p>
1518         Manage reflog information.
1519 </p>
1520 </dd>
1521 <dt class="hdlist1">
1522 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
1523 </dt>
1524 <dd>
1525 <p>
1526         Manage set of tracked repositories.
1527 </p>
1528 </dd>
1529 <dt class="hdlist1">
1530 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
1531 </dt>
1532 <dd>
1533 <p>
1534         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1535 </p>
1536 </dd>
1537 <dt class="hdlist1">
1538 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1539 </dt>
1540 <dd>
1541 <p>
1542         Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1543 </p>
1544 </dd>
1545 </dl></div>
1546 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1547 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1548 <dt class="hdlist1">
1549 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1550 </dt>
1551 <dd>
1552 <p>
1553         Annotate file lines with commit information.
1554 </p>
1555 </dd>
1556 <dt class="hdlist1">
1557 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1558 </dt>
1559 <dd>
1560 <p>
1561         Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1562 </p>
1563 </dd>
1564 <dt class="hdlist1">
1565 <a href="git-bugreport.html">git-bugreport(1)</a>
1566 </dt>
1567 <dd>
1568 <p>
1569         Collect information for user to file a bug report.
1570 </p>
1571 </dd>
1572 <dt class="hdlist1">
1573 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1574 </dt>
1575 <dd>
1576 <p>
1577         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1578 </p>
1579 </dd>
1580 <dt class="hdlist1">
1581 <a href="git-diagnose.html">git-diagnose(1)</a>
1582 </dt>
1583 <dd>
1584 <p>
1585         Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.
1586 </p>
1587 </dd>
1588 <dt class="hdlist1">
1589 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1590 </dt>
1591 <dd>
1592 <p>
1593         Show changes using common diff tools.
1594 </p>
1595 </dd>
1596 <dt class="hdlist1">
1597 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1598 </dt>
1599 <dd>
1600 <p>
1601         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1602 </p>
1603 </dd>
1604 <dt class="hdlist1">
1605 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1606 </dt>
1607 <dd>
1608 <p>
1609         Display help information about Git.
1610 </p>
1611 </dd>
1612 <dt class="hdlist1">
1613 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1614 </dt>
1615 <dd>
1616 <p>
1617         Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1618 </p>
1619 </dd>
1620 <dt class="hdlist1">
1621 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1622 </dt>
1623 <dd>
1624 <p>
1625         Perform merge without touching index or working tree.
1626 </p>
1627 </dd>
1628 <dt class="hdlist1">
1629 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1630 </dt>
1631 <dd>
1632 <p>
1633         Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1634 </p>
1635 </dd>
1636 <dt class="hdlist1">
1637 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1638 </dt>
1639 <dd>
1640 <p>
1641         Show branches and their commits.
1642 </p>
1643 </dd>
1644 <dt class="hdlist1">
1645 <a href="git-verify-commit.html">git-verify-commit(1)</a>
1646 </dt>
1647 <dd>
1648 <p>
1649         Check the GPG signature of commits.
1650 </p>
1651 </dd>
1652 <dt class="hdlist1">
1653 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1654 </dt>
1655 <dd>
1656 <p>
1657         Check the GPG signature of tags.
1658 </p>
1659 </dd>
1660 <dt class="hdlist1">
1661 <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a>
1662 </dt>
1663 <dd>
1664 <p>
1665         Display version information about Git.
1666 </p>
1667 </dd>
1668 <dt class="hdlist1">
1669 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1670 </dt>
1671 <dd>
1672 <p>
1673         Show logs with difference each commit introduces.
1674 </p>
1675 </dd>
1676 <dt class="hdlist1">
1677 <a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a>
1678 </dt>
1679 <dd>
1680 <p>
1681         Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
1682 </p>
1683 </dd>
1684 </dl></div>
1685 </div>
1686 <div class="sect2">
1687 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3>
1688 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1689 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1690 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1691 <dt class="hdlist1">
1692 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1693 </dt>
1694 <dd>
1695 <p>
1696         Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.
1697 </p>
1698 </dd>
1699 <dt class="hdlist1">
1700 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1701 </dt>
1702 <dd>
1703 <p>
1704         Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1705 </p>
1706 </dd>
1707 <dt class="hdlist1">
1708 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1709 </dt>
1710 <dd>
1711 <p>
1712         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1713 </p>
1714 </dd>
1715 <dt class="hdlist1">
1716 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1717 </dt>
1718 <dd>
1719 <p>
1720         A CVS server emulator for Git.
1721 </p>
1722 </dd>
1723 <dt class="hdlist1">
1724 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1725 </dt>
1726 <dd>
1727 <p>
1728         Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1729 </p>
1730 </dd>
1731 <dt class="hdlist1">
1732 <a href="git-p4.html">git-p4(1)</a>
1733 </dt>
1734 <dd>
1735 <p>
1736         Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.
1737 </p>
1738 </dd>
1739 <dt class="hdlist1">
1740 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1741 </dt>
1742 <dd>
1743 <p>
1744         Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1745 </p>
1746 </dd>
1747 <dt class="hdlist1">
1748 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1749 </dt>
1750 <dd>
1751 <p>
1752         Generates a summary of pending changes.
1753 </p>
1754 </dd>
1755 <dt class="hdlist1">
1756 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1757 </dt>
1758 <dd>
1759 <p>
1760         Send a collection of patches as emails.
1761 </p>
1762 </dd>
1763 <dt class="hdlist1">
1764 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1765 </dt>
1766 <dd>
1767 <p>
1768         Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.
1769 </p>
1770 </dd>
1771 </dl></div>
1772 </div>
1773 <div class="sect2">
1774 <h3 id="_reset_restore_and_revert">Reset, restore and revert</h3>
1775 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are three commands with similar names: <code>git reset</code>,
1776 <code>git restore</code> and <code>git revert</code>.</p></div>
1777 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1778 <li>
1779 <p>
1780 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> is about making a new commit that reverts the
1781   changes made by other commits.
1782 </p>
1783 </li>
1784 <li>
1785 <p>
1786 <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> is about restoring files in the working tree
1787   from either the index or another commit. This command does not
1788   update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in
1789   the index from another commit.
1790 </p>
1791 </li>
1792 <li>
1793 <p>
1794 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a> is about updating your branch, moving the tip
1795   in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation
1796   changes the commit history.
1797 </p>
1798 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>git reset</code> can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with
1799 <code>git restore</code>.</p></div>
1800 </li>
1801 </ul></div>
1802 </div>
1803 </div>
1804 </div>
1805 <div class="sect1">
1806 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1807 <div class="sectionbody">
1808 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although Git includes its
1809 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1810 development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
1811 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1812 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1813 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1814 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1815 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1816 primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
1817 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1818 end user experience.</p></div>
1819 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1820 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1821 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1822 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1823 repositories.</p></div>
1824 <div class="sect2">
1825 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3>
1826 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1827 <dt class="hdlist1">
1828 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1829 </dt>
1830 <dd>
1831 <p>
1832         Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1833 </p>
1834 </dd>
1835 <dt class="hdlist1">
1836 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1837 </dt>
1838 <dd>
1839 <p>
1840         Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1841 </p>
1842 </dd>
1843 <dt class="hdlist1">
1844 <a href="git-commit-graph.html">git-commit-graph(1)</a>
1845 </dt>
1846 <dd>
1847 <p>
1848         Write and verify Git commit-graph files.
1849 </p>
1850 </dd>
1851 <dt class="hdlist1">
1852 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1853 </dt>
1854 <dd>
1855 <p>
1856         Create a new commit object.
1857 </p>
1858 </dd>
1859 <dt class="hdlist1">
1860 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1861 </dt>
1862 <dd>
1863 <p>
1864         Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
1865 </p>
1866 </dd>
1867 <dt class="hdlist1">
1868 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1869 </dt>
1870 <dd>
1871 <p>
1872         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1873 </p>
1874 </dd>
1875 <dt class="hdlist1">
1876 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1877 </dt>
1878 <dd>
1879 <p>
1880         Run a three-way file merge.
1881 </p>
1882 </dd>
1883 <dt class="hdlist1">
1884 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1885 </dt>
1886 <dd>
1887 <p>
1888         Run a merge for files needing merging.
1889 </p>
1890 </dd>
1891 <dt class="hdlist1">
1892 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1893 </dt>
1894 <dd>
1895 <p>
1896         Creates a tag object with extra validation.
1897 </p>
1898 </dd>
1899 <dt class="hdlist1">
1900 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1901 </dt>
1902 <dd>
1903 <p>
1904         Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1905 </p>
1906 </dd>
1907 <dt class="hdlist1">
1908 <a href="git-multi-pack-index.html">git-multi-pack-index(1)</a>
1909 </dt>
1910 <dd>
1911 <p>
1912         Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.
1913 </p>
1914 </dd>
1915 <dt class="hdlist1">
1916 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1917 </dt>
1918 <dd>
1919 <p>
1920         Create a packed archive of objects.
1921 </p>
1922 </dd>
1923 <dt class="hdlist1">
1924 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1925 </dt>
1926 <dd>
1927 <p>
1928         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1929 </p>
1930 </dd>
1931 <dt class="hdlist1">
1932 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1933 </dt>
1934 <dd>
1935 <p>
1936         Reads tree information into the index.
1937 </p>
1938 </dd>
1939 <dt class="hdlist1">
1940 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1941 </dt>
1942 <dd>
1943 <p>
1944         Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.
1945 </p>
1946 </dd>
1947 <dt class="hdlist1">
1948 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1949 </dt>
1950 <dd>
1951 <p>
1952         Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1953 </p>
1954 </dd>
1955 <dt class="hdlist1">
1956 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1957 </dt>
1958 <dd>
1959 <p>
1960         Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1961 </p>
1962 </dd>
1963 <dt class="hdlist1">
1964 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1965 </dt>
1966 <dd>
1967 <p>
1968         Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1969 </p>
1970 </dd>
1971 <dt class="hdlist1">
1972 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1973 </dt>
1974 <dd>
1975 <p>
1976         Create a tree object from the current index.
1977 </p>
1978 </dd>
1979 </dl></div>
1980 </div>
1981 <div class="sect2">
1982 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3>
1983 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1984 <dt class="hdlist1">
1985 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1986 </dt>
1987 <dd>
1988 <p>
1989         Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.
1990 </p>
1991 </dd>
1992 <dt class="hdlist1">
1993 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
1994 </dt>
1995 <dd>
1996 <p>
1997         Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.
1998 </p>
1999 </dd>
2000 <dt class="hdlist1">
2001 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
2002 </dt>
2003 <dd>
2004 <p>
2005         Compares files in the working tree and the index.
2006 </p>
2007 </dd>
2008 <dt class="hdlist1">
2009 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
2010 </dt>
2011 <dd>
2012 <p>
2013         Compare a tree to the working tree or index.
2014 </p>
2015 </dd>
2016 <dt class="hdlist1">
2017 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
2018 </dt>
2019 <dd>
2020 <p>
2021         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
2022 </p>
2023 </dd>
2024 <dt class="hdlist1">
2025 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
2026 </dt>
2027 <dd>
2028 <p>
2029         Output information on each ref.
2030 </p>
2031 </dd>
2032 <dt class="hdlist1">
2033 <a href="git-for-each-repo.html">git-for-each-repo(1)</a>
2034 </dt>
2035 <dd>
2036 <p>
2037         Run a Git command on a list of repositories.
2038 </p>
2039 </dd>
2040 <dt class="hdlist1">
2041 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
2042 </dt>
2043 <dd>
2044 <p>
2045         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
2046 </p>
2047 </dd>
2048 <dt class="hdlist1">
2049 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
2050 </dt>
2051 <dd>
2052 <p>
2053         Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
2054 </p>
2055 </dd>
2056 <dt class="hdlist1">
2057 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
2058 </dt>
2059 <dd>
2060 <p>
2061         List references in a remote repository.
2062 </p>
2063 </dd>
2064 <dt class="hdlist1">
2065 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
2066 </dt>
2067 <dd>
2068 <p>
2069         List the contents of a tree object.
2070 </p>
2071 </dd>
2072 <dt class="hdlist1">
2073 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
2074 </dt>
2075 <dd>
2076 <p>
2077         Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
2078 </p>
2079 </dd>
2080 <dt class="hdlist1">
2081 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
2082 </dt>
2083 <dd>
2084 <p>
2085         Find symbolic names for given revs.
2086 </p>
2087 </dd>
2088 <dt class="hdlist1">
2089 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
2090 </dt>
2091 <dd>
2092 <p>
2093         Find redundant pack files.
2094 </p>
2095 </dd>
2096 <dt class="hdlist1">
2097 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
2098 </dt>
2099 <dd>
2100 <p>
2101         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
2102 </p>
2103 </dd>
2104 <dt class="hdlist1">
2105 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
2106 </dt>
2107 <dd>
2108 <p>
2109         Pick out and massage parameters.
2110 </p>
2111 </dd>
2112 <dt class="hdlist1">
2113 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
2114 </dt>
2115 <dd>
2116 <p>
2117         Show packed archive index.
2118 </p>
2119 </dd>
2120 <dt class="hdlist1">
2121 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
2122 </dt>
2123 <dd>
2124 <p>
2125         List references in a local repository.
2126 </p>
2127 </dd>
2128 <dt class="hdlist1">
2129 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
2130 </dt>
2131 <dd>
2132 <p>
2133         Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
2134 </p>
2135 </dd>
2136 <dt class="hdlist1">
2137 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
2138 </dt>
2139 <dd>
2140 <p>
2141         Show a Git logical variable.
2142 </p>
2143 </dd>
2144 <dt class="hdlist1">
2145 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
2146 </dt>
2147 <dd>
2148 <p>
2149         Validate packed Git archive files.
2150 </p>
2151 </dd>
2152 </dl></div>
2153 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
2154 the working tree.</p></div>
2155 </div>
2156 <div class="sect2">
2157 <h3 id="_syncing_repositories">Syncing repositories</h3>
2158 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2159 <dt class="hdlist1">
2160 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
2161 </dt>
2162 <dd>
2163 <p>
2164         A really simple server for Git repositories.
2165 </p>
2166 </dd>
2167 <dt class="hdlist1">
2168 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
2169 </dt>
2170 <dd>
2171 <p>
2172         Receive missing objects from another repository.
2173 </p>
2174 </dd>
2175 <dt class="hdlist1">
2176 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
2177 </dt>
2178 <dd>
2179 <p>
2180         Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
2181 </p>
2182 </dd>
2183 <dt class="hdlist1">
2184 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
2185 </dt>
2186 <dd>
2187 <p>
2188         Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.
2189 </p>
2190 </dd>
2191 <dt class="hdlist1">
2192 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
2193 </dt>
2194 <dd>
2195 <p>
2196         Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
2197 </p>
2198 </dd>
2199 </dl></div>
2200 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
2201 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2202 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2203 <dt class="hdlist1">
2204 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
2205 </dt>
2206 <dd>
2207 <p>
2208         Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.
2209 </p>
2210 </dd>
2211 <dt class="hdlist1">
2212 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
2213 </dt>
2214 <dd>
2215 <p>
2216         Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
2217 </p>
2218 </dd>
2219 <dt class="hdlist1">
2220 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
2221 </dt>
2222 <dd>
2223 <p>
2224         Receive what is pushed into the repository.
2225 </p>
2226 </dd>
2227 <dt class="hdlist1">
2228 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
2229 </dt>
2230 <dd>
2231 <p>
2232         Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
2233 </p>
2234 </dd>
2235 <dt class="hdlist1">
2236 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
2237 </dt>
2238 <dd>
2239 <p>
2240         Send archive back to git-archive.
2241 </p>
2242 </dd>
2243 <dt class="hdlist1">
2244 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
2245 </dt>
2246 <dd>
2247 <p>
2248         Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
2249 </p>
2250 </dd>
2251 </dl></div>
2252 </div>
2253 <div class="sect2">
2254 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3>
2255 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
2256 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
2257 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2258 <dt class="hdlist1">
2259 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
2260 </dt>
2261 <dd>
2262 <p>
2263         Display gitattributes information.
2264 </p>
2265 </dd>
2266 <dt class="hdlist1">
2267 <a href="git-check-ignore.html">git-check-ignore(1)</a>
2268 </dt>
2269 <dd>
2270 <p>
2271         Debug gitignore / exclude files.
2272 </p>
2273 </dd>
2274 <dt class="hdlist1">
2275 <a href="git-check-mailmap.html">git-check-mailmap(1)</a>
2276 </dt>
2277 <dd>
2278 <p>
2279         Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.
2280 </p>
2281 </dd>
2282 <dt class="hdlist1">
2283 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
2284 </dt>
2285 <dd>
2286 <p>
2287         Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
2288 </p>
2289 </dd>
2290 <dt class="hdlist1">
2291 <a href="git-column.html">git-column(1)</a>
2292 </dt>
2293 <dd>
2294 <p>
2295         Display data in columns.
2296 </p>
2297 </dd>
2298 <dt class="hdlist1">
2299 <a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a>
2300 </dt>
2301 <dd>
2302 <p>
2303         Retrieve and store user credentials.
2304 </p>
2305 </dd>
2306 <dt class="hdlist1">
2307 <a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a>
2308 </dt>
2309 <dd>
2310 <p>
2311         Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.
2312 </p>
2313 </dd>
2314 <dt class="hdlist1">
2315 <a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a>
2316 </dt>
2317 <dd>
2318 <p>
2319         Helper to store credentials on disk.
2320 </p>
2321 </dd>
2322 <dt class="hdlist1">
2323 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
2324 </dt>
2325 <dd>
2326 <p>
2327         Produce a merge commit message.
2328 </p>
2329 </dd>
2330 <dt class="hdlist1">
2331 <a href="git-hook.html">git-hook(1)</a>
2332 </dt>
2333 <dd>
2334 <p>
2335         Run git hooks.
2336 </p>
2337 </dd>
2338 <dt class="hdlist1">
2339 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>
2340 </dt>
2341 <dd>
2342 <p>
2343         Add or parse structured information in commit messages.
2344 </p>
2345 </dd>
2346 <dt class="hdlist1">
2347 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
2348 </dt>
2349 <dd>
2350 <p>
2351         Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
2352 </p>
2353 </dd>
2354 <dt class="hdlist1">
2355 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
2356 </dt>
2357 <dd>
2358 <p>
2359         Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
2360 </p>
2361 </dd>
2362 <dt class="hdlist1">
2363 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
2364 </dt>
2365 <dd>
2366 <p>
2367         The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
2368 </p>
2369 </dd>
2370 <dt class="hdlist1">
2371 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
2372 </dt>
2373 <dd>
2374 <p>
2375         Compute unique ID for a patch.
2376 </p>
2377 </dd>
2378 <dt class="hdlist1">
2379 <a href="git-sh-i18n.html">git-sh-i18n(1)</a>
2380 </dt>
2381 <dd>
2382 <p>
2383         Git&#8217;s i18n setup code for shell scripts.
2384 </p>
2385 </dd>
2386 <dt class="hdlist1">
2387 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
2388 </dt>
2389 <dd>
2390 <p>
2391         Common Git shell script setup code.
2392 </p>
2393 </dd>
2394 <dt class="hdlist1">
2395 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
2396 </dt>
2397 <dd>
2398 <p>
2399         Remove unnecessary whitespace.
2400 </p>
2401 </dd>
2402 </dl></div>
2403 </div>
2404 </div>
2405 </div>
2406 <div class="sect1">
2407 <h2 id="_guides">Guides</h2>
2408 <div class="sectionbody">
2409 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.</p></div>
2410 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2411 <dt class="hdlist1">
2412 <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>
2413 </dt>
2414 <dd>
2415 <p>
2416         A Git core tutorial for developers.
2417 </p>
2418 </dd>
2419 <dt class="hdlist1">
2420 <a href="gitcredentials.html">gitcredentials(7)</a>
2421 </dt>
2422 <dd>
2423 <p>
2424         Providing usernames and passwords to Git.
2425 </p>
2426 </dd>
2427 <dt class="hdlist1">
2428 <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>
2429 </dt>
2430 <dd>
2431 <p>
2432         Git for CVS users.
2433 </p>
2434 </dd>
2435 <dt class="hdlist1">
2436 <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>
2437 </dt>
2438 <dd>
2439 <p>
2440         Tweaking diff output.
2441 </p>
2442 </dd>
2443 <dt class="hdlist1">
2444 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>
2445 </dt>
2446 <dd>
2447 <p>
2448         A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.
2449 </p>
2450 </dd>
2451 <dt class="hdlist1">
2452 <a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a>
2453 </dt>
2454 <dd>
2455 <p>
2456         Frequently asked questions about using Git.
2457 </p>
2458 </dd>
2459 <dt class="hdlist1">
2460 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>
2461 </dt>
2462 <dd>
2463 <p>
2464         A Git Glossary.
2465 </p>
2466 </dd>
2467 <dt class="hdlist1">
2468 <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a>
2469 </dt>
2470 <dd>
2471 <p>
2472         Git namespaces.
2473 </p>
2474 </dd>
2475 <dt class="hdlist1">
2476 <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a>
2477 </dt>
2478 <dd>
2479 <p>
2480         Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.
2481 </p>
2482 </dd>
2483 <dt class="hdlist1">
2484 <a href="gitsubmodules.html">gitsubmodules(7)</a>
2485 </dt>
2486 <dd>
2487 <p>
2488         Mounting one repository inside another.
2489 </p>
2490 </dd>
2491 <dt class="hdlist1">
2492 <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>
2493 </dt>
2494 <dd>
2495 <p>
2496         A tutorial introduction to Git.
2497 </p>
2498 </dd>
2499 <dt class="hdlist1">
2500 <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>
2501 </dt>
2502 <dd>
2503 <p>
2504         A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.
2505 </p>
2506 </dd>
2507 <dt class="hdlist1">
2508 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>
2509 </dt>
2510 <dd>
2511 <p>
2512         An overview of recommended workflows with Git.
2513 </p>
2514 </dd>
2515 </dl></div>
2516 </div>
2517 </div>
2518 <div class="sect1">
2519 <h2 id="_repository_command_and_file_interfaces">Repository, command and file interfaces</h2>
2520 <div class="sectionbody">
2521 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which
2522 users are expected to interact with directly. See <code>--user-formats</code> in
2523 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more details on the criteria.</p></div>
2524 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2525 <dt class="hdlist1">
2526 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>
2527 </dt>
2528 <dd>
2529 <p>
2530         Defining attributes per path.
2531 </p>
2532 </dd>
2533 <dt class="hdlist1">
2534 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
2535 </dt>
2536 <dd>
2537 <p>
2538         Git command-line interface and conventions.
2539 </p>
2540 </dd>
2541 <dt class="hdlist1">
2542 <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>
2543 </dt>
2544 <dd>
2545 <p>
2546         Hooks used by Git.
2547 </p>
2548 </dd>
2549 <dt class="hdlist1">
2550 <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>
2551 </dt>
2552 <dd>
2553 <p>
2554         Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.
2555 </p>
2556 </dd>
2557 <dt class="hdlist1">
2558 <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>
2559 </dt>
2560 <dd>
2561 <p>
2562         Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.
2563 </p>
2564 </dd>
2565 <dt class="hdlist1">
2566 <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>
2567 </dt>
2568 <dd>
2569 <p>
2570         Defining submodule properties.
2571 </p>
2572 </dd>
2573 <dt class="hdlist1">
2574 <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a>
2575 </dt>
2576 <dd>
2577 <p>
2578         Git Repository Layout.
2579 </p>
2580 </dd>
2581 <dt class="hdlist1">
2582 <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>
2583 </dt>
2584 <dd>
2585 <p>
2586         Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.
2587 </p>
2588 </dd>
2589 </dl></div>
2590 </div>
2591 </div>
2592 <div class="sect1">
2593 <h2 id="_file_formats_protocols_and_other_developer_interfaces">File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces</h2>
2594 <div class="sectionbody">
2595 <div class="paragraph"><p>This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and
2596 other git developer interfaces. See <code>--developer-interfaces</code> in
2597 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>.</p></div>
2598 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2599 <dt class="hdlist1">
2600 <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>
2601 </dt>
2602 <dd>
2603 <p>
2604         The bundle file format.
2605 </p>
2606 </dd>
2607 <dt class="hdlist1">
2608 <a href="gitformat-chunk.html">gitformat-chunk(5)</a>
2609 </dt>
2610 <dd>
2611 <p>
2612         Chunk-based file formats.
2613 </p>
2614 </dd>
2615 <dt class="hdlist1">
2616 <a href="gitformat-commit-graph.html">gitformat-commit-graph(5)</a>
2617 </dt>
2618 <dd>
2619 <p>
2620         Git commit graph format.
2621 </p>
2622 </dd>
2623 <dt class="hdlist1">
2624 <a href="gitformat-index.html">gitformat-index(5)</a>
2625 </dt>
2626 <dd>
2627 <p>
2628         Git index format.
2629 </p>
2630 </dd>
2631 <dt class="hdlist1">
2632 <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a>
2633 </dt>
2634 <dd>
2635 <p>
2636         Git pack format.
2637 </p>
2638 </dd>
2639 <dt class="hdlist1">
2640 <a href="gitformat-signature.html">gitformat-signature(5)</a>
2641 </dt>
2642 <dd>
2643 <p>
2644         Git cryptographic signature formats.
2645 </p>
2646 </dd>
2647 <dt class="hdlist1">
2648 <a href="gitprotocol-capabilities.html">gitprotocol-capabilities(5)</a>
2649 </dt>
2650 <dd>
2651 <p>
2652         Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.
2653 </p>
2654 </dd>
2655 <dt class="hdlist1">
2656 <a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>
2657 </dt>
2658 <dd>
2659 <p>
2660         Things common to various protocols.
2661 </p>
2662 </dd>
2663 <dt class="hdlist1">
2664 <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>
2665 </dt>
2666 <dd>
2667 <p>
2668         Git HTTP-based protocols.
2669 </p>
2670 </dd>
2671 <dt class="hdlist1">
2672 <a href="gitprotocol-pack.html">gitprotocol-pack(5)</a>
2673 </dt>
2674 <dd>
2675 <p>
2676         How packs are transferred over-the-wire.
2677 </p>
2678 </dd>
2679 <dt class="hdlist1">
2680 <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a>
2681 </dt>
2682 <dd>
2683 <p>
2684         Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.
2685 </p>
2686 </dd>
2687 </dl></div>
2688 </div>
2689 </div>
2690 <div class="sect1">
2691 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
2692 <div class="sectionbody">
2693 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
2694 repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
2695 like this:</p></div>
2696 <div class="listingblock">
2697 <div class="content">
2698 <pre><code>#
2699 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
2700 #
2701
2702 ; core variables
2703 [core]
2704         ; Don't trust file modes
2705         filemode = false
2706
2707 ; user identity
2708 [user]
2709         name = "Junio C Hamano"
2710         email = "gitster@pobox.com"</code></pre>
2711 </div></div>
2712 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
2713 their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
2714 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.</p></div>
2715 </div>
2716 </div>
2717 <div class="sect1">
2718 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
2719 <div class="sectionbody">
2720 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2721 <dt class="hdlist1">
2722 &lt;object&gt;
2723 </dt>
2724 <dd>
2725 <p>
2726         Indicates the object name for any type of object.
2727 </p>
2728 </dd>
2729 <dt class="hdlist1">
2730 &lt;blob&gt;
2731 </dt>
2732 <dd>
2733 <p>
2734         Indicates a blob object name.
2735 </p>
2736 </dd>
2737 <dt class="hdlist1">
2738 &lt;tree&gt;
2739 </dt>
2740 <dd>
2741 <p>
2742         Indicates a tree object name.
2743 </p>
2744 </dd>
2745 <dt class="hdlist1">
2746 &lt;commit&gt;
2747 </dt>
2748 <dd>
2749 <p>
2750         Indicates a commit object name.
2751 </p>
2752 </dd>
2753 <dt class="hdlist1">
2754 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
2755 </dt>
2756 <dd>
2757 <p>
2758         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
2759         command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2760         operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2761         &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
2762 </p>
2763 </dd>
2764 <dt class="hdlist1">
2765 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
2766 </dt>
2767 <dd>
2768 <p>
2769         Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
2770         command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
2771         operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
2772         &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
2773 </p>
2774 </dd>
2775 <dt class="hdlist1">
2776 &lt;type&gt;
2777 </dt>
2778 <dd>
2779 <p>
2780         Indicates that an object type is required.
2781         Currently one of: <code>blob</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>commit</code>, or <code>tag</code>.
2782 </p>
2783 </dd>
2784 <dt class="hdlist1">
2785 &lt;file&gt;
2786 </dt>
2787 <dd>
2788 <p>
2789         Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
2790         root of the tree structure <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code> describes.
2791 </p>
2792 </dd>
2793 </dl></div>
2794 </div>
2795 </div>
2796 <div class="sect1">
2797 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
2798 <div class="sectionbody">
2799 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any Git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
2800 symbolic notation:</p></div>
2801 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2802 <dt class="hdlist1">
2803 HEAD
2804 </dt>
2805 <dd>
2806 <p>
2807         indicates the head of the current branch.
2808 </p>
2809 </dd>
2810 <dt class="hdlist1">
2811 &lt;tag&gt;
2812 </dt>
2813 <dd>
2814 <p>
2815         a valid tag <em>name</em>
2816         (i.e. a <code>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</code> reference).
2817 </p>
2818 </dd>
2819 <dt class="hdlist1">
2820 &lt;head&gt;
2821 </dt>
2822 <dd>
2823 <p>
2824         a valid head <em>name</em>
2825         (i.e. a <code>refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</code> reference).
2826 </p>
2827 </dd>
2828 </dl></div>
2829 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
2830 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
2831 </div>
2832 </div>
2833 <div class="sect1">
2834 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
2835 <div class="sectionbody">
2836 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
2837 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
2838 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
2839 <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.</p></div>
2840 </div>
2841 </div>
2842 <div class="sect1">
2843 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
2844 <div class="sectionbody">
2845 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
2846 </div>
2847 </div>
2848 <div class="sect1">
2849 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
2850 <div class="sectionbody">
2851 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change
2852 their behavior.  The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take
2853 their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables, e.g.
2854 "true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes".</p></div>
2855 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here are the variables:</p></div>
2856 <div class="sect2">
2857 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The Git Repository</h3>
2858 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core Git commands. Nb: it
2859 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
2860 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.</p></div>
2861 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2862 <dt class="hdlist1">
2863 <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code>
2864 </dt>
2865 <dd>
2866 <p>
2867         This environment variable specifies an alternate
2868         index file. If not specified, the default of <code>$GIT_DIR/index</code>
2869         is used.
2870 </p>
2871 </dd>
2872 <dt class="hdlist1">
2873 <code>GIT_INDEX_VERSION</code>
2874 </dt>
2875 <dd>
2876 <p>
2877         This environment variable specifies what index version is used
2878         when writing the index file out.  It won&#8217;t affect existing index
2879         files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
2880         <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> for more information.
2881 </p>
2882 </dd>
2883 <dt class="hdlist1">
2884 <code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code>
2885 </dt>
2886 <dd>
2887 <p>
2888         If the object storage directory is specified via this
2889         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
2890         underneath - otherwise the default <code>$GIT_DIR/objects</code>
2891         directory is used.
2892 </p>
2893 </dd>
2894 <dt class="hdlist1">
2895 <code>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code>
2896 </dt>
2897 <dd>
2898 <p>
2899         Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
2900         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
2901         specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
2902         of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
2903         objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
2904 </p>
2905 <div class="paragraph"><p>Entries that begin with <code>"</code> (double-quote) will be interpreted
2906 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
2907 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
2908 <code>"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path</code> has two paths:
2909 <code>path-with-"-and-:-in-it</code> and <code>vanilla-path</code>.</p></div>
2910 </dd>
2911 <dt class="hdlist1">
2912 <code>GIT_DIR</code>
2913 </dt>
2914 <dd>
2915 <p>
2916         If the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable is set then it
2917         specifies a path to use instead of the default <code>.git</code>
2918         for the base of the repository.
2919         The <code>--git-dir</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2920 </p>
2921 </dd>
2922 <dt class="hdlist1">
2923 <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
2924 </dt>
2925 <dd>
2926 <p>
2927         Set the path to the root of the working tree.
2928         This can also be controlled by the <code>--work-tree</code> command-line
2929         option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
2930 </p>
2931 </dd>
2932 <dt class="hdlist1">
2933 <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code>
2934 </dt>
2935 <dd>
2936 <p>
2937         Set the Git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
2938         The <code>--namespace</code> command-line option also sets this value.
2939 </p>
2940 </dd>
2941 <dt class="hdlist1">
2942 <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>
2943 </dt>
2944 <dd>
2945 <p>
2946         This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
2947         set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
2948         into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
2949         excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
2950         exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
2951         command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
2952         the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
2953         might be present in order to compare them with the current
2954         directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
2955         can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
2956         subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn&#8217;t be resolved;
2957         e.g.,
2958         <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink</code>.
2959 </p>
2960 </dd>
2961 <dt class="hdlist1">
2962 <code>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</code>
2963 </dt>
2964 <dd>
2965 <p>
2966         When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
2967         directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
2968         directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
2969         does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This Boolean environment variable
2970         can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
2971         boundaries.  Like <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>, this will not affect
2972         an explicit repository directory set via <code>GIT_DIR</code> or on the
2973         command line.
2974 </p>
2975 </dd>
2976 <dt class="hdlist1">
2977 <code>GIT_COMMON_DIR</code>
2978 </dt>
2979 <dd>
2980 <p>
2981         If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
2982         normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
2983         instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
2984         taken from $GIT_DIR. See <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> and
2985         <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> for
2986         details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
2987         variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY&#8230;
2988 </p>
2989 </dd>
2990 <dt class="hdlist1">
2991 <code>GIT_DEFAULT_HASH</code>
2992 </dt>
2993 <dd>
2994 <p>
2995         If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
2996         repositories will be set to this value. This value is currently
2997         ignored when cloning; the setting of the remote repository
2998         is used instead. The default is "sha1". THIS VARIABLE IS
2999         EXPERIMENTAL! See <code>--object-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.
3000 </p>
3001 </dd>
3002 </dl></div>
3003 </div>
3004 <div class="sect2">
3005 <h3 id="_git_commits">Git Commits</h3>
3006 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3007 <dt class="hdlist1">
3008 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code>
3009 </dt>
3010 <dd>
3011 <p>
3012         The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or
3013         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3014         <code>author.name</code> configuration settings.
3015 </p>
3016 </dd>
3017 <dt class="hdlist1">
3018 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</code>
3019 </dt>
3020 <dd>
3021 <p>
3022         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3023         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3024         <code>author.email</code> configuration settings.
3025 </p>
3026 </dd>
3027 <dt class="hdlist1">
3028 <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code>
3029 </dt>
3030 <dd>
3031 <p>
3032         The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3033         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3034 </p>
3035 </dd>
3036 <dt class="hdlist1">
3037 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</code>
3038 </dt>
3039 <dd>
3040 <p>
3041         The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or
3042         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
3043         <code>committer.name</code> configuration settings.
3044 </p>
3045 </dd>
3046 <dt class="hdlist1">
3047 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</code>
3048 </dt>
3049 <dd>
3050 <p>
3051         The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
3052         tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
3053         <code>committer.email</code> configuration settings.
3054 </p>
3055 </dd>
3056 <dt class="hdlist1">
3057 <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code>
3058 </dt>
3059 <dd>
3060 <p>
3061         The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
3062         when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.
3063 </p>
3064 </dd>
3065 <dt class="hdlist1">
3066 <code>EMAIL</code>
3067 </dt>
3068 <dd>
3069 <p>
3070         The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other
3071         relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set.
3072 </p>
3073 </dd>
3074 </dl></div>
3075 </div>
3076 <div class="sect2">
3077 <h3 id="_git_diffs">Git Diffs</h3>
3078 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3079 <dt class="hdlist1">
3080 <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code>
3081 </dt>
3082 <dd>
3083 <p>
3084         Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
3085         number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
3086         This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
3087         value passed on the Git diff command line.
3088 </p>
3089 </dd>
3090 <dt class="hdlist1">
3091 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code>
3092 </dt>
3093 <dd>
3094 <p>
3095         When the environment variable <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is set, the
3096         program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git
3097         does not use its builtin diff machinery.
3098         For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
3099         <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 7 parameters:
3100 </p>
3101 <div class="literalblock">
3102 <div class="content">
3103 <pre><code>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</code></pre>
3104 </div></div>
3105 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
3106 </dd>
3107 <dt class="hdlist1">
3108 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
3109 </dt>
3110 <dd>
3111 <p>
3112 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
3113                          contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
3114 </p>
3115 </dd>
3116 <dt class="hdlist1">
3117 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
3118 </dt>
3119 <dd>
3120 <p>
3121 are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
3122 </p>
3123 </dd>
3124 <dt class="hdlist1">
3125 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
3126 </dt>
3127 <dd>
3128 <p>
3129 are the octal representation of the file modes.
3130 </p>
3131 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
3132 (e.g. <code>new-file</code> in "git-diff-files"), <code>/dev/null</code> (e.g. <code>old-file</code>
3133 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <code>old-file</code> in the
3134 index).  <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> should not worry about unlinking the
3135 temporary file --- it is removed when <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> exits.</p></div>
3136 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 1
3137 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
3138 <div class="paragraph"><p>For each path <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called, two environment variables,
3139 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code> and <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code> are set.</p></div>
3140 </dd>
3141 <dt class="hdlist1">
3142 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code>
3143 </dt>
3144 <dd>
3145 <p>
3146         A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
3147 </p>
3148 </dd>
3149 <dt class="hdlist1">
3150 <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code>
3151 </dt>
3152 <dd>
3153 <p>
3154         The total number of paths.
3155 </p>
3156 </dd>
3157 </dl></div>
3158 </div>
3159 <div class="sect2">
3160 <h3 id="_other">other</h3>
3161 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3162 <dt class="hdlist1">
3163 <code>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</code>
3164 </dt>
3165 <dd>
3166 <p>
3167         A number controlling the amount of output shown by
3168         the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
3169         See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
3170 </p>
3171 </dd>
3172 <dt class="hdlist1">
3173 <code>GIT_PAGER</code>
3174 </dt>
3175 <dd>
3176 <p>
3177         This environment variable overrides <code>$PAGER</code>. If it is set
3178         to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
3179         a pager.  See also the <code>core.pager</code> option in
3180         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3181 </p>
3182 </dd>
3183 <dt class="hdlist1">
3184 <code>GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY</code>
3185 </dt>
3186 <dd>
3187 <p>
3188         A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
3189         optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.
3190 </p>
3191 </dd>
3192 <dt class="hdlist1">
3193 <code>GIT_EDITOR</code>
3194 </dt>
3195 <dd>
3196 <p>
3197         This environment variable overrides <code>$EDITOR</code> and <code>$VISUAL</code>.
3198         It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
3199         an editor is to be launched. See also <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
3200         and the <code>core.editor</code> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3201 </p>
3202 </dd>
3203 <dt class="hdlist1">
3204 <code>GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR</code>
3205 </dt>
3206 <dd>
3207 <p>
3208         This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
3209         when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
3210         <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> and the <code>sequence.editor</code> option in
3211         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3212 </p>
3213 </dd>
3214 <dt class="hdlist1">
3215 <code>GIT_SSH</code>
3216 </dt>
3217 <dt class="hdlist1">
3218 <code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>
3219 </dt>
3220 <dd>
3221 <p>
3222         If either of these environment variables is set then <em>git fetch</em>
3223         and <em>git push</em> will use the specified command instead of <em>ssh</em>
3224         when they need to connect to a remote system.
3225         The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
3226         determined by the ssh variant.  See <code>ssh.variant</code> option in
3227         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.
3228 </p>
3229 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>$GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code> takes precedence over <code>$GIT_SSH</code>, and is interpreted
3230 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
3231 <code>$GIT_SSH</code> on the other hand must be just the path to a program
3232 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
3233 needed).</p></div>
3234 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
3235 personal <code>.ssh/config</code> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
3236 for further details.</p></div>
3237 </dd>
3238 <dt class="hdlist1">
3239 <code>GIT_SSH_VARIANT</code>
3240 </dt>
3241 <dd>
3242 <p>
3243         If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git&#8217;s autodetection
3244         whether <code>GIT_SSH</code>/<code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>/<code>core.sshCommand</code> refer to OpenSSH,
3245         plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
3246         <code>ssh.variant</code> that serves the same purpose.
3247 </p>
3248 </dd>
3249 <dt class="hdlist1">
3250 <code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code>
3251 </dt>
3252 <dd>
3253 <p>
3254         Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
3255         tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
3256         pushing over HTTPS.
3257 </p>
3258 </dd>
3259 <dt class="hdlist1">
3260 <code>GIT_ASKPASS</code>
3261 </dt>
3262 <dd>
3263 <p>
3264         If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
3265         acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
3266         will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
3267         and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <code>core.askPass</code>
3268         option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
3269 </p>
3270 </dd>
3271 <dt class="hdlist1">
3272 <code>GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT</code>
3273 </dt>
3274 <dd>
3275 <p>
3276         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not prompt
3277         on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
3278 </p>
3279 </dd>
3280 <dt class="hdlist1">
3281 <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code>
3282 </dt>
3283 <dt class="hdlist1">
3284 <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code>
3285 </dt>
3286 <dd>
3287 <p>
3288         Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or
3289         system-level configuration files. If <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code> is set, the
3290         system config file defined at build time (usually <code>/etc/gitconfig</code>)
3291         will not be read. Likewise, if <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code> is set, neither
3292         <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> nor <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> will be read. Can
3293         be set to <code>/dev/null</code> to skip reading configuration files of the
3294         respective level.
3295 </p>
3296 </dd>
3297 <dt class="hdlist1">
3298 <code>GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM</code>
3299 </dt>
3300 <dd>
3301 <p>
3302         Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
3303         <code>$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig</code> file.  This Boolean environment variable can
3304         be used along with <code>$HOME</code> and <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> to create a
3305         predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
3306         to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy <code>/etc/gitconfig</code> file while
3307         waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
3308 </p>
3309 </dd>
3310 <dt class="hdlist1">
3311 <code>GIT_FLUSH</code>
3312 </dt>
3313 <dd>
3314 <p>
3315
3316         If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
3317         as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
3318         <em>git check-attr</em> and <em>git check-ignore</em> will
3319         force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
3320         flushed. If this
3321         variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
3322         using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
3323         not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
3324         based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
3325 </p>
3326 </dd>
3327 <dt class="hdlist1">
3328 <code>GIT_TRACE</code>
3329 </dt>
3330 <dd>
3331 <p>
3332         Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
3333         command execution and external command execution.
3334 </p>
3335 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3336 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3337 stderr.</p></div>
3338 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3339 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3340 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3341 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3342 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3343 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3344 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3345 to it.</p></div>
3346 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3347 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3348 </dd>
3349 <dt class="hdlist1">
3350 <code>GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR</code>
3351 </dt>
3352 <dd>
3353 <p>
3354         Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
3355         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3356 </p>
3357 </dd>
3358 <dt class="hdlist1">
3359 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS</code>
3360 </dt>
3361 <dd>
3362 <p>
3363         Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
3364         access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
3365         recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
3366         pack-related performance problems.
3367         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3368 </p>
3369 </dd>
3370 <dt class="hdlist1">
3371 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKET</code>
3372 </dt>
3373 <dd>
3374 <p>
3375         Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
3376         given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
3377         or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
3378         starting with "PACK" (but see <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code> below).
3379         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3380 </p>
3381 </dd>
3382 <dt class="hdlist1">
3383 <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code>
3384 </dt>
3385 <dd>
3386 <p>
3387         Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
3388         given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
3389         verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
3390         certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
3391         <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack</code>) rather than displaying it on
3392         the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
3393 </p>
3394 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
3395 of clones and fetches.</p></div>
3396 </dd>
3397 <dt class="hdlist1">
3398 <code>GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE</code>
3399 </dt>
3400 <dd>
3401 <p>
3402         Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
3403         time of each Git command.
3404         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3405 </p>
3406 </dd>
3407 <dt class="hdlist1">
3408 <code>GIT_TRACE_REFS</code>
3409 </dt>
3410 <dd>
3411 <p>
3412         Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database.
3413         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3414 </p>
3415 </dd>
3416 <dt class="hdlist1">
3417 <code>GIT_TRACE_SETUP</code>
3418 </dt>
3419 <dd>
3420 <p>
3421         Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
3422         working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
3423         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3424 </p>
3425 </dd>
3426 <dt class="hdlist1">
3427 <code>GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW</code>
3428 </dt>
3429 <dd>
3430 <p>
3431         Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
3432         cloning of shallow repositories.
3433         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3434 </p>
3435 </dd>
3436 <dt class="hdlist1">
3437 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code>
3438 </dt>
3439 <dd>
3440 <p>
3441         Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
3442         including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
3443         This is similar to doing curl <code>--trace-ascii</code> on the command line.
3444         See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.
3445 </p>
3446 </dd>
3447 <dt class="hdlist1">
3448 <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA</code>
3449 </dt>
3450 <dd>
3451 <p>
3452         When a curl trace is enabled (see <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code> above), do not dump
3453         data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
3454 </p>
3455 </dd>
3456 <dt class="hdlist1">
3457 <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>
3458 </dt>
3459 <dd>
3460 <p>
3461         Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
3462         Output from <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> is a simple text-based format for human
3463         readability.
3464 </p>
3465 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
3466 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
3467 stderr.</p></div>
3468 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
3469 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
3470 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
3471 trace messages into this file descriptor.</p></div>
3472 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
3473 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
3474 as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
3475 to it.  If the path already exists and is a directory, the
3476 trace messages will be written to files (one per process)
3477 in that directory, named according to the last component
3478 of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename
3479 collisions).</p></div>
3480 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, if the variable is set to
3481 <code>af_unix:[&lt;socket_type&gt;:]&lt;absolute-pathname&gt;</code>, Git will try
3482 to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket.  The socket type
3483 can be either <code>stream</code> or <code>dgram</code>.</p></div>
3484 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
3485 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p></div>
3486 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a>
3487 for full details.</p></div>
3488 </dd>
3489 <dt class="hdlist1">
3490 <code>GIT_TRACE2_EVENT</code>
3491 </dt>
3492 <dd>
3493 <p>
3494         This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
3495         interpretation.
3496         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3497         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3498 </p>
3499 </dd>
3500 <dt class="hdlist1">
3501 <code>GIT_TRACE2_PERF</code>
3502 </dt>
3503 <dd>
3504 <p>
3505         In addition to the text-based messages available in <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>, this
3506         setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
3507         regions.
3508         See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
3509         <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.
3510 </p>
3511 </dd>
3512 <dt class="hdlist1">
3513 <code>GIT_TRACE_REDACT</code>
3514 </dt>
3515 <dd>
3516 <p>
3517         By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
3518         cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
3519         header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
3520         redaction.
3521 </p>
3522 </dd>
3523 <dt class="hdlist1">
3524 <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code>
3525 </dt>
3526 <dd>
3527 <p>
3528         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3529         pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
3530         running <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'</code> will search
3531         for commits that touch the path <code>*.c</code>, not any paths that the
3532         glob <code>*.c</code> matches. You might want this if you are feeding
3533         literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
3534         <code>git ls-tree</code>, <code>--raw</code> diff output, etc).
3535 </p>
3536 </dd>
3537 <dt class="hdlist1">
3538 <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3539 </dt>
3540 <dd>
3541 <p>
3542         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3543         pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
3544 </p>
3545 </dd>
3546 <dt class="hdlist1">
3547 <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code>
3548 </dt>
3549 <dd>
3550 <p>
3551         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3552         pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
3553 </p>
3554 </dd>
3555 <dt class="hdlist1">
3556 <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code>
3557 </dt>
3558 <dd>
3559 <p>
3560         Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
3561         pathspecs as case-insensitive.
3562 </p>
3563 </dd>
3564 <dt class="hdlist1">
3565 <code>GIT_REFLOG_ACTION</code>
3566 </dt>
3567 <dd>
3568 <p>
3569         When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
3570         track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
3571         typically the name of the high-level command that updated
3572         the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
3573         A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
3574         helper function in <code>git-sh-setup</code> to set its name to this
3575         variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
3576         end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
3577 </p>
3578 </dd>
3579 <dt class="hdlist1">
3580 <code>GIT_REF_PARANOIA</code>
3581 </dt>
3582 <dd>
3583 <p>
3584         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating
3585         over lists of refs. Normally Git will try to include any such
3586         refs, which may cause some operations to fail. This is usually
3587         preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g.,
3588         <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>) are better off aborting rather than
3589         ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they
3590         point to as not worth saving). The default value is <code>1</code> (i.e.,
3591         be paranoid about detecting and aborting all operations). You
3592         should not normally need to set this to <code>0</code>, but it may be
3593         useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.
3594 </p>
3595 </dd>
3596 <dt class="hdlist1">
3597 <code>GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL</code>
3598 </dt>
3599 <dd>
3600 <p>
3601         If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
3602         <code>protocol.allow</code> is set to <code>never</code>, and each of the listed
3603         protocols has <code>protocol.&lt;name&gt;.allow</code> set to <code>always</code>
3604         (overriding any existing configuration). See the description of
3605         <code>protocol.allow</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3606 </p>
3607 </dd>
3608 <dt class="hdlist1">
3609 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER</code>
3610 </dt>
3611 <dd>
3612 <p>
3613         Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
3614         configured to the <code>user</code> state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
3615         submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
3616         which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
3617         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.
3618 </p>
3619 </dd>
3620 <dt class="hdlist1">
3621 <code>GIT_PROTOCOL</code>
3622 </dt>
3623 <dd>
3624 <p>
3625         For internal use only.  Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
3626         Contains a colon <em>:</em> separated list of keys with optional values
3627         <em>key[=value]</em>.  Presence of unknown keys and values must be
3628         ignored.
3629 </p>
3630 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to
3631 pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically when
3632 accessing local repositories (i.e., <code>file://</code> or a filesystem path), as
3633 well as over the <code>git://</code> protocol. For git-over-http, it should work
3634 automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in
3635 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>. For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need
3636 to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using
3637 <code>AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL</code> with OpenSSH).</p></div>
3638 <div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then
3639 clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out
3640 on some performance improvements or features). This variable currently
3641 only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may
3642 be in the future).</p></div>
3643 </dd>
3644 <dt class="hdlist1">
3645 <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code>
3646 </dt>
3647 <dd>
3648 <p>
3649         If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will complete any requested operation without
3650         performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock.
3651         For example, this will prevent <code>git status</code> from refreshing the
3652         index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in
3653         the background which do not want to cause lock contention with
3654         other operations on the repository.  Defaults to <code>1</code>.
3655 </p>
3656 </dd>
3657 <dt class="hdlist1">
3658 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN</code>
3659 </dt>
3660 <dt class="hdlist1">
3661 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT</code>
3662 </dt>
3663 <dt class="hdlist1">
3664 <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code>
3665 </dt>
3666 <dd>
3667 <p>
3668         Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error
3669         handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is
3670         particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the
3671         canonical way to pass standard handles via <code>CreateProcess()</code> is
3672         not an option because it would require the handles to be marked
3673         inheritable (and consequently <strong>every</strong> spawned process would
3674         inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The
3675         primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
3676         (e.g. <code>\\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123</code>).
3677 </p>
3678 <div class="paragraph"><p>Two special values are supported: <code>off</code> will simply close the
3679 corresponding standard handle, and if <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code> is
3680 <code>2&gt;&amp;1</code>, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
3681 standard output.</p></div>
3682 </dd>
3683 <dt class="hdlist1">
3684 <code>GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS</code> (deprecated)
3685 </dt>
3686 <dd>
3687 <p>
3688         If set to <code>yes</code>, print an ellipsis following an
3689         (abbreviated) SHA-1 value.  This affects indications of
3690         detached HEADs (<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>) and the raw
3691         diff output (<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>).  Printing an
3692         ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered
3693         adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the
3694         foreseeable future (along with the variable).
3695 </p>
3696 </dd>
3697 </dl></div>
3698 </div>
3699 </div>
3700 </div>
3701 <div class="sect1">
3702 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
3703 <div class="sectionbody">
3704 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
3705 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3706 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
3707 <div class="paragraph"><p>A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
3708 subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
3709 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
3710 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
3711 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
3712 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
3713 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
3714 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
3715 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
3716 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
3717 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
3718 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
3719 represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
3720 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
3721 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
3722 written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
3723 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
3724 just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
3725 purpose.</p></div>
3726 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
3727 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
3728 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
3729 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
3730 with names beginning <code>ref/head/</code> contain the SHA-1 name of the most
3731 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
3732 tags of interest are stored under <code>ref/tags/</code>.  A special ref named
3733 <code>HEAD</code> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
3734 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
3735 path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
3736 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
3737 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
3738 corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
3739 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
3740 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
3741 content stored in the index.</p></div>
3742 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
3743 for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
3744 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
3745 </div>
3746 </div>
3747 <div class="sect1">
3748 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
3749 <div class="sectionbody">
3750 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references in the "description" section to get started
3751 using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
3752 for a first-time user.</p></div>
3753 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
3754 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
3755 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.</p></div>
3756 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
3757 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
3758 examples.</p></div>
3759 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
3760 <a href="technical/api-index.html">Git API documentation</a>.</p></div>
3761 <div class="paragraph"><p>Users migrating from CVS may also want to
3762 read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p></div>
3763 </div>
3764 </div>
3765 <div class="sect1">
3766 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
3767 <div class="sectionbody">
3768 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
3769 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
3770 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;.  <a href="http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary">http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary</a>
3771 gives you a more complete list of contributors.</p></div>
3772 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
3773 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
3774 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
3775 </div>
3776 </div>
3777 <div class="sect1">
3778 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
3779 <div class="sectionbody">
3780 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
3781 development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
3782 subscribed to the list to send a message there.  See the list archive
3783 at <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">https://lore.kernel.org/git</a> for previous bug reports and other
3784 discussions.</p></div>
3785 <div class="paragraph"><p>Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to
3786 the Git Security mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com">git-security@googlegroups.com</a>&gt;.</p></div>
3787 </div>
3788 </div>
3789 <div class="sect1">
3790 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
3791 <div class="sectionbody">
3792 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
3793 <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
3794 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
3795 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
3796 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
3797 </div>
3798 </div>
3799 <div class="sect1">
3800 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
3801 <div class="sectionbody">
3802 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
3803 </div>
3804 </div>
3805 </div>
3806 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
3807 <div id="footer">
3808 <div id="footer-text">
3809 Last updated
3810  2022-10-10 14:40:17 PDT
3811 </div>
3812 </div>
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