git-rev-list.html

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 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-rev-list(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git rev-list</em> [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;commit&gt;&#8230;&#8203; [--] [&lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
 455 </div>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="sect1">
 459 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 460 <div class="sectionbody">
 461 <div class="paragraph">
 462 <p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the
 463 given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
 464 given with a <em>^</em> in front of them.  The output is given in reverse
 465 chronological order by default.</p>
 466 </div>
 467 <div class="paragraph">
 468 <p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
 469 the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable
 470 from any of the ones given with <em>^</em> in front are subtracted from that
 471 set.  The remaining commits are what comes out in the command&#8217;s output.
 472 Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the
 473 result.</p>
 474 </div>
 475 <div class="paragraph">
 476 <p>Thus, the following command:</p>
 477 </div>
 478 <div class="listingblock">
 479 <div class="content">
 480 <pre>$ git rev-list foo bar ^baz</pre>
 481 </div>
 482 </div>
 483 <div class="paragraph">
 484 <p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but
 485 not from <em>baz</em>".</p>
 486 </div>
 487 <div class="paragraph">
 488 <p>A special notation "<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em>..<em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>" can be used as a
 489 short-hand for "^<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em> <em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>". For example, either of
 490 the following may be used interchangeably:</p>
 491 </div>
 492 <div class="listingblock">
 493 <div class="content">
 494 <pre>$ git rev-list origin..HEAD
 495 $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin</pre>
 496 </div>
 497 </div>
 498 <div class="paragraph">
 499 <p>Another special notation is "<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em>&#8230;&#8203;<em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>" which is useful
 500 for merges.  The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
 501 between the two operands.  The following two commands are equivalent:</p>
 502 </div>
 503 <div class="listingblock">
 504 <div class="content">
 505 <pre>$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
 506 $ git rev-list A...B</pre>
 507 </div>
 508 </div>
 509 <div class="paragraph">
 510 <p><em>rev-list</em> is an essential Git command, since it
 511 provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
 512 this reason, it has a lot of different options that enable it to be
 513 used by commands as different as <em>git bisect</em> and
 514 <em>git repack</em>.</p>
 515 </div>
 516 </div>
 517 </div>
 518 <div class="sect1">
 519 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 520 <div class="sectionbody">
 521 <div class="sect2">
 522 <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
 523 <div class="paragraph">
 524 <p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
 525 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
 526 limiting may be applied.</p>
 527 </div>
 528 <div class="paragraph">
 529 <p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
 530 <code>--since=</code><em>&lt;date1&gt;</em> limits to commits newer than <em>&lt;date1&gt;</em>, and using it
 531 with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> further limits to commits whose log message
 532 has a line that matches <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
 533 </div>
 534 <div class="paragraph">
 535 <p>Note that these are applied before commit
 536 ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
 537 </div>
 538 <div class="dlist">
 539 <dl>
 540 <dt class="hdlist1">-&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 541 <dt class="hdlist1">-n &lt;number&gt;</dt>
 542 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 543 <dd>
 544 <p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p>
 545 </dd>
 546 <dt class="hdlist1">--skip=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 547 <dd>
 548 <p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
 549 </dd>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">--since=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 551 <dt class="hdlist1">--after=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 552 <dd>
 553 <p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p>
 554 </dd>
 555 <dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 556 <dd>
 557 <p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
 558 all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
 559 is older than a specific date.</p>
 560 </dd>
 561 <dt class="hdlist1">--until=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 562 <dt class="hdlist1">--before=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 563 <dd>
 564 <p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p>
 565 </dd>
 566 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-age=&lt;timestamp&gt;</dt>
 567 <dt class="hdlist1">--min-age=&lt;timestamp&gt;</dt>
 568 <dd>
 569 <p>Limit the commits output to specified time range.</p>
 570 </dd>
 571 <dt class="hdlist1">--author=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 572 <dt class="hdlist1">--committer=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 573 <dd>
 574 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
 575 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
 576 expression).  With more than one <code>--author=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>,
 577 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
 578 chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>).</p>
 579 </dd>
 580 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 581 <dd>
 582 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
 583 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
 584 more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
 585 matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
 586 error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
 587 </dd>
 588 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 589 <dd>
 590 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
 591 matches the specified pattern (regular expression).  With
 592 more than one <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>, commits whose message
 593 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
 594 <code>--all-match</code>).</p>
 595 </dd>
 596 <dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt>
 597 <dd>
 598 <p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
 599 instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
 600 </dd>
 601 <dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt>
 602 <dd>
 603 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
 604 match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>.</p>
 605 </dd>
 606 <dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
 607 <dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt>
 608 <dd>
 609 <p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
 610 case.</p>
 611 </dd>
 612 <dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt>
 613 <dd>
 614 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
 615 this is the default.</p>
 616 </dd>
 617 <dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt>
 618 <dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt>
 619 <dd>
 620 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
 621 instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
 622 </dd>
 623 <dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt>
 624 <dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt>
 625 <dd>
 626 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don&#8217;t interpret
 627 pattern as a regular expression).</p>
 628 </dd>
 629 <dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
 630 <dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt>
 631 <dd>
 632 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
 633 expressions.</p>
 634 <div class="paragraph">
 635 <p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
 636 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn&#8217;t compiled with support for them
 637 providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
 638 </div>
 639 </dd>
 640 <dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt>
 641 <dd>
 642 <p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
 643 </dd>
 644 <dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt>
 645 <dd>
 646 <p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
 647 </dd>
 648 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt>
 649 <dd>
 650 <p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
 651 exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
 652 </dd>
 653 <dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 654 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 655 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt>
 656 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt>
 657 <dd>
 658 <p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
 659 commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
 660 <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>.  <code>--max-parents=0</code>
 661 gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
 662 <div class="paragraph">
 663 <p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
 664 again.  Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
 665 parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
 666 </div>
 667 </dd>
 668 <dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
 669 <dd>
 670 <p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
 671 parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
 672 can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
 673 a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
 674 branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
 675 from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
 676 the individual commits brought in to your history by such
 677 a merge.</p>
 678 </dd>
 679 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt>
 680 <dd>
 681 <p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
 682 the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
 683 This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
 684 from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
 685 that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
 686 </dd>
 687 <dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt>
 688 <dd>
 689 <p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
 690 for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
 691 When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
 692 through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
 693 via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
 694 not be affected by it.</p>
 695 </dd>
 696 <dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
 697 <dd>
 698 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
 699 listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 700 </dd>
 701 <dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 702 <dd>
 703 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
 704 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 705 branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
 706 <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 707 </dd>
 708 <dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 709 <dd>
 710 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
 711 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 712 tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 713 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 714 </dd>
 715 <dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 716 <dd>
 717 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
 718 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 719 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
 720 If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 721 </dd>
 722 <dt class="hdlist1">--glob=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 723 <dd>
 724 <p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em>
 725 are listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
 726 is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 727 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 728 </dd>
 729 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 730 <dd>
 731 <p>Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
 732 <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
 733 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
 734 up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
 735 <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
 736 accumulated patterns).</p>
 737 <div class="paragraph">
 738 <p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
 739 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
 740 respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
 741 or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
 742 explicitly.</p>
 743 </div>
 744 </dd>
 745 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]</dt>
 746 <dd>
 747 <p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
 748 <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
 749 <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
 750 configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
 751 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
 752 <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
 753 </dd>
 754 <dt class="hdlist1">--reflog</dt>
 755 <dd>
 756 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
 757 command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 758 </dd>
 759 <dt class="hdlist1">--alternate-refs</dt>
 760 <dd>
 761 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
 762 repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
 763 repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
 764 in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>.  The set of included objects may
 765 be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
 766 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
 767 </dd>
 768 <dt class="hdlist1">--single-worktree</dt>
 769 <dd>
 770 <p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
 771 following options when there are more than one (see
 772 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
 773 <code>--indexed-objects</code>.
 774 This option forces them to examine the current working tree
 775 only.</p>
 776 </dd>
 777 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-missing</dt>
 778 <dd>
 779 <p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
 780 the bad input was not given.</p>
 781 </dd>
 782 <dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
 783 <dd>
 784 <p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
 785 them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
 786 pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
 787 is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
 788 limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
 789 are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
 790 influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
 791 </dd>
 792 <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
 793 <dd>
 794 <p>Don&#8217;t print anything to standard output.  This form
 795 is primarily meant to allow the caller to
 796 test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
 797 connected (or not).  It is faster than redirecting stdout
 798 to <code>/dev/null</code> as the output does not have to be formatted.</p>
 799 </dd>
 800 <dt class="hdlist1">--disk-usage</dt>
 801 <dt class="hdlist1">--disk-usage=human</dt>
 802 <dd>
 803 <p>Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
 804 for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
 805 equivalent to piping the output into <code>git</code> <code>cat-file</code>
 806 <code>--batch-check=</code>'%(<code>objectsize:disk</code>)', except that it runs much
 807 faster (especially with <code>--use-bitmap-index</code>). See the <code>CAVEATS</code>
 808 section in <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a> for the limitations of what
 809 "on-disk storage" means.
 810 With the optional value <code>human</code>, on-disk storage size is shown
 811 in human-readable string(e.g. 12.24 Kib, 3.50 Mib).</p>
 812 </dd>
 813 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-mark</dt>
 814 <dd>
 815 <p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
 816 with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
 817 </dd>
 818 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-pick</dt>
 819 <dd>
 820 <p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
 821 another commit on the &#8220;other side&#8221; when the set of
 822 commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
 823 <div class="paragraph">
 824 <p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
 825 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
 826 <code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
 827 the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
 828 cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, &#8220;3rd on b&#8221; may be
 829 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
 830 excluded from the output.</p>
 831 </div>
 832 </dd>
 833 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
 834 <dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
 835 <dd>
 836 <p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
 837 i.e. only those which would be marked &lt; resp. &gt; by
 838 <code>--left-right</code>.</p>
 839 <div class="paragraph">
 840 <p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
 841 commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
 842 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
 843 More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
 844 list.</p>
 845 </div>
 846 </dd>
 847 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry</dt>
 848 <dd>
 849 <p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
 850 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
 851 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
 852 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
 853 <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
 854 </dd>
 855 <dt class="hdlist1">-g</dt>
 856 <dt class="hdlist1">--walk-reflogs</dt>
 857 <dd>
 858 <p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
 859 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
 860 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
 861 exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
 862 and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
 863 <div class="paragraph">
 864 <p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
 865 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
 866 taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
 867 as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>} (where <em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
 868 reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em>} (with the <em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em> for that entry),
 869 depending on a few rules:</p>
 870 </div>
 871 <div class="openblock">
 872 <div class="content">
 873 <div class="olist arabic">
 874 <ol class="arabic">
 875 <li>
 876 <p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>}, show the index
 877 format.</p>
 878 </li>
 879 <li>
 880 <p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
 881 timestamp format.</p>
 882 </li>
 883 <li>
 884 <p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
 885 the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
 886 </li>
 887 <li>
 888 <p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
 889 </li>
 890 </ol>
 891 </div>
 892 </div>
 893 </div>
 894 <div class="paragraph">
 895 <p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
 896 prefixed with this information on the same line.
 897 This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
 898 See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
 899 </div>
 900 <div class="paragraph">
 901 <p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
 902 </div>
 903 </dd>
 904 <dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
 905 <dd>
 906 <p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em>&lt;other&gt;</em>,
 907 where <em>&lt;other&gt;</em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
 908 <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
 909 when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
 910 relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
 911 </dd>
 912 <dt class="hdlist1">--boundary</dt>
 913 <dd>
 914 <p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
 915 prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
 916 </dd>
 917 <dt class="hdlist1">--use-bitmap-index</dt>
 918 <dd>
 919 <p>Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
 920 one is available). Note that when traversing with <code>--objects</code>,
 921 trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.</p>
 922 </dd>
 923 <dt class="hdlist1">--progress=&lt;header&gt;</dt>
 924 <dd>
 925 <p>Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
 926 <em>&lt;header&gt;</em> text will be printed with each progress update.</p>
 927 </dd>
 928 </dl>
 929 </div>
 930 </div>
 931 <div class="sect2">
 932 <h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
 933 <div class="paragraph">
 934 <p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
 935 commits modifying a particular &lt;path&gt;. But there are two parts of
 936 <em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
 937 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
 938 </div>
 939 <div class="paragraph">
 940 <p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
 941 </div>
 942 <div class="dlist">
 943 <dl>
 944 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;paths&gt;</dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>Commits modifying the given &lt;paths&gt; are selected.</p>
 947 </dd>
 948 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-by-decoration</dt>
 949 <dd>
 950 <p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
 951 </dd>
 952 </dl>
 953 </div>
 954 <div class="paragraph">
 955 <p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
 956 </div>
 957 <div class="paragraph">
 958 <p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
 959 </div>
 960 <div class="dlist">
 961 <dl>
 962 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
 963 <dd>
 964 <p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
 965 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
 966 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
 967 with the same content)</p>
 968 </dd>
 969 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
 970 <dd>
 971 <p>Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
 972 commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
 973 TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
 974 the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.</p>
 975 </dd>
 976 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history</dt>
 977 <dd>
 978 <p>Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.</p>
 979 </dd>
 980 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
 981 <dd>
 982 <p>Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
 983 meaningful history.</p>
 984 </dd>
 985 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
 986 <dd>
 987 <p>All commits in the simplified history are shown.</p>
 988 </dd>
 989 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
 990 <dd>
 991 <p>Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
 992 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
 993 commits contributing to this merge.</p>
 994 </dd>
 995 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
 996 <dd>
 997 <p>When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>commit1..commit2</em>
 998 or <em>commit2 ^commit1</em>), and a commit &lt;commit&gt; in that range,
 999 only display commits in that range
1000 that are ancestors of &lt;commit&gt;, descendants of &lt;commit&gt;, or
1001 &lt;commit&gt; itself.  If no commit is specified, use <em>commit1</em> (the
1002 excluded part of the range) as &lt;commit&gt;.  Can be passed multiple
1003 times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
1004 given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.</p>
1005 </dd>
1006 </dl>
1007 </div>
1008 <div class="paragraph">
1009 <p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p>
1010 </div>
1011 <div class="paragraph">
1012 <p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the &lt;paths&gt;.  We shall call commits
1013 that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
1014 filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p>
1015 </div>
1016 <div class="paragraph">
1017 <p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
1018 illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
1019 that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p>
1020 </div>
1021 <div class="listingblock">
1022 <div class="content">
1023 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1024          /     /   /   /   /   /
1025         I     B   C   D   E   Y
1026          \   /   /   /   /   /
1027           `-------------'   X</pre>
1028 </div>
1029 </div>
1030 <div class="paragraph">
1031 <p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
1032 each merge.  The commits are:</p>
1033 </div>
1034 <div class="ulist">
1035 <ul>
1036 <li>
1037 <p><code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
1038 &#8220;asdf&#8221;, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents &#8220;quux&#8221;. Initial
1039 commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1040 </li>
1041 <li>
1042 <p>In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just &#8220;foo&#8221;.</p>
1043 </li>
1044 <li>
1045 <p><code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>.  Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1046 hence TREESAME to all parents.</p>
1047 </li>
1048 <li>
1049 <p><code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to &#8220;foobar&#8221;,
1050 so it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1051 </li>
1052 <li>
1053 <p><code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to &#8220;baz&#8221;. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1054 <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to &#8220;foobarbaz&#8221;; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1055 </li>
1056 <li>
1057 <p><code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to &#8220;xyzzy&#8221;, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1058 strings to &#8220;quux xyzzy&#8221;. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.</p>
1059 </li>
1060 <li>
1061 <p><code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1062 modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1063 <code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.</p>
1064 </li>
1065 </ul>
1066 </div>
1067 <div class="paragraph">
1068 <p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1069 commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
1070 (via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
1071 are available.</p>
1072 </div>
1073 <div class="dlist">
1074 <dl>
1075 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
1076 <dd>
1077 <p>Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1078 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).  If the
1079 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1080 only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
1081 parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
1082 parents.</p>
1083 <div class="paragraph">
1084 <p>This results in:</p>
1085 </div>
1086 <div class="listingblock">
1087 <div class="content">
1088 <pre>          .-A---N---O
1089          /     /   /
1090         I---------D</pre>
1091 </div>
1092 </div>
1093 <div class="paragraph">
1094 <p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
1095 available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely.  <code>C</code> was
1096 considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
1097 empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1098 </div>
1099 <div class="paragraph">
1100 <p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1101 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1102 parent lines.</p>
1103 </div>
1104 </dd>
1105 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history without parent rewriting</dt>
1106 <dd>
1107 <p>This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1108 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1109 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1110 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
1111 the example, we get</p>
1112 <div class="listingblock">
1113 <div class="content">
1114 <pre>        I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q</pre>
1115 </div>
1116 </div>
1117 <div class="paragraph">
1118 <p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  <code>E</code>,
1119 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1120 do not appear.</p>
1121 </div>
1122 <div class="paragraph">
1123 <p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1124 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1125 them disconnected.</p>
1126 </div>
1127 </dd>
1128 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history with parent rewriting</dt>
1129 <dd>
1130 <p>Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1131 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).</p>
1132 <div class="paragraph">
1133 <p>Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
1134 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1135 themselves.  This results in</p>
1136 </div>
1137 <div class="listingblock">
1138 <div class="content">
1139 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1140          /     /   /   /   /
1141         I     B   /   D   /
1142          \   /   /   /   /
1143           `-------------'</pre>
1144 </div>
1145 </div>
1146 <div class="paragraph">
1147 <p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above.  Note that <code>E</code>
1148 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1149 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>.  The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1150 <code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p>
1151 </div>
1152 </dd>
1153 </dl>
1154 </div>
1155 <div class="paragraph">
1156 <p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
1157 affects inclusion:</p>
1158 </div>
1159 <div class="dlist">
1160 <dl>
1161 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
1162 <dd>
1163 <p>Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1164 to any parent.</p>
1165 </dd>
1166 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
1167 <dd>
1168 <p>All commits that are walked are included.</p>
1169 <div class="paragraph">
1170 <p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1171 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1172 sides of the merge are never walked.</p>
1173 </div>
1174 </dd>
1175 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
1176 <dd>
1177 <p>First, build a history graph in the same way that
1178 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).</p>
1179 <div class="paragraph">
1180 <p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C</code>' in the final
1181 history according to the following rules:</p>
1182 </div>
1183 <div class="openblock">
1184 <div class="content">
1185 <div class="ulist">
1186 <ul>
1187 <li>
1188 <p>Set <code>C</code>' to <code>C</code>.</p>
1189 </li>
1190 <li>
1191 <p>Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C</code>' with its simplification <code>P</code>'.  In
1192 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1193 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1194 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.</p>
1195 </li>
1196 <li>
1197 <p>If after this parent rewriting, <code>C</code>' is a root or merge commit (has
1198 zero or &gt;1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
1199 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.</p>
1200 </li>
1201 </ul>
1202 </div>
1203 </div>
1204 </div>
1205 <div class="paragraph">
1206 <p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
1207 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:</p>
1208 </div>
1209 <div class="listingblock">
1210 <div class="content">
1211 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O
1212          /     /       /
1213         I     B       D
1214          \   /       /
1215           `---------'</pre>
1216 </div>
1217 </div>
1218 <div class="paragraph">
1219 <p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p>
1220 </div>
1221 <div class="openblock">
1222 <div class="content">
1223 <div class="ulist">
1224 <ul>
1225 <li>
1226 <p><code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
1227 other parent <code>M</code>.  Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.</p>
1228 </li>
1229 <li>
1230 <p><code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed.  <code>P</code> was then
1231 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1232 </li>
1233 <li>
1234 <p><code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1235 was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
1236 parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1237 </li>
1238 </ul>
1239 </div>
1240 </div>
1241 </div>
1242 </dd>
1243 </dl>
1244 </div>
1245 <div class="paragraph">
1246 <p>There is another simplification mode available:</p>
1247 </div>
1248 <div class="dlist">
1249 <dl>
1250 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
1251 <dd>
1252 <p>Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1253 &lt;commit&gt;, or which are a descendant of &lt;commit&gt;, or are &lt;commit&gt;
1254 itself.</p>
1255 <div class="paragraph">
1256 <p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p>
1257 </div>
1258 <div class="listingblock">
1259 <div class="content">
1260 <pre>            D---E-------F
1261            /     \       \
1262           B---C---G---H---I---J
1263          /                     \
1264         A-------K---------------L--M</pre>
1265 </div>
1266 </div>
1267 <div class="paragraph">
1268 <p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1269 but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
1270 what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
1271 that &#8220;what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>&#8221;. The result in this
1272 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1273 of course).</p>
1274 </div>
1275 <div class="paragraph">
1276 <p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1277 bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
1278 only the subset of <em>D..M</em> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
1279 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1280 option does. Applied to the <em>D..M</em> range, it results in:</p>
1281 </div>
1282 <div class="listingblock">
1283 <div class="content">
1284 <pre>                E-------F
1285                  \       \
1286                   G---H---I---J
1287                                \
1288                                 L--M</pre>
1289 </div>
1290 </div>
1291 <div class="paragraph">
1292 <p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1293 means the same thing when applied to the <em>D..M</em> range but is just more
1294 explicit.</p>
1295 </div>
1296 <div class="paragraph">
1297 <p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1298 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1299 <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
1300 <code>--ancestry-path=H</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> for example would result in:</p>
1301 </div>
1302 <div class="listingblock">
1303 <div class="content">
1304 <pre>                E
1305                  \
1306                   G---H---I---J
1307                                \
1308                                 L--M</pre>
1309 </div>
1310 </div>
1311 <div class="paragraph">
1312 <p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> would result in</p>
1313 </div>
1314 <div class="listingblock">
1315 <div class="content">
1316 <pre>                K---------------L--M</pre>
1317 </div>
1318 </div>
1319 </dd>
1320 </dl>
1321 </div>
1322 <div class="paragraph">
1323 <p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1324 create a new example history.</p>
1325 </div>
1326 <div class="paragraph">
1327 <p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1328 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file&#8217;s
1329 simplified history. Let&#8217;s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1330 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p>
1331 </div>
1332 <div class="listingblock">
1333 <div class="content">
1334 <pre>          .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1335          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1336         I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
1337          \   /     \/         /
1338           \ /      /\        /
1339            `---X--'  `---Y--'</pre>
1340 </div>
1341 </div>
1342 <div class="paragraph">
1343 <p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1344 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1345 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1346 resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
1347 and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
1348 created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
1349 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1350 <code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
1351 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1352 The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
1353 not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p>
1354 </div>
1355 <div class="paragraph">
1356 <p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1357 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1358 graph is:</p>
1359 </div>
1360 <div class="listingblock">
1361 <div class="content">
1362 <pre>        I---X</pre>
1363 </div>
1364 </div>
1365 <div class="paragraph">
1366 <p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1367 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1368 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p>
1369 </div>
1370 <div class="listingblock">
1371 <div class="content">
1372 <pre>          .-A---M--------N---O---P
1373          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1374         I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
1375          \   /     \/         /
1376           \ /      /\        /
1377            `---X--'  `------'</pre>
1378 </div>
1379 </div>
1380 <div class="paragraph">
1381 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1382 not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
1383 that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
1384 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1385 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1386 unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p>
1387 </div>
1388 <div class="paragraph">
1389 <p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1390 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1391 of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
1392 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1393 TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
1394 in a history view as follows:</p>
1395 </div>
1396 <div class="listingblock">
1397 <div class="content">
1398 <pre>          .-A---M--.
1399          /     /    \
1400         I     B      R
1401          \   /      /
1402           \ /      /
1403            `---X--'</pre>
1404 </div>
1405 </div>
1406 <div class="paragraph">
1407 <p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
1408 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1409 not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
1410 to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
1411 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p>
1412 </div>
1413 <div class="paragraph">
1414 <p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
1415 <code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
1416 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1417 use for very large repositories.</p>
1418 </div>
1419 <div class="paragraph">
1420 <p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1421 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1422 a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
1423 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1424 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1425 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1426 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1427 commit message.</p>
1428 </div>
1429 <div class="dlist">
1430 <dl>
1431 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
1432 <dd>
1433 <p>In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1434 each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1435 is TREESAME to a later parent.</p>
1436 <div class="paragraph">
1437 <p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1438 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1439 <code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
1440 graph is:</p>
1441 </div>
1442 <div class="listingblock">
1443 <div class="content">
1444 <pre>        I---X---R---N</pre>
1445 </div>
1446 </div>
1447 <div class="paragraph">
1448 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1449 the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
1450 merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
1451 default history.</p>
1452 </div>
1453 <div class="paragraph">
1454 <p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1455 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p>
1456 </div>
1457 <div class="listingblock">
1458 <div class="content">
1459 <pre>          .-A---M--.   N
1460          /     /    \ /
1461         I     B      R
1462          \   /      /
1463           \ /      /
1464            `---X--'</pre>
1465 </div>
1466 </div>
1467 <div class="paragraph">
1468 <p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
1469 was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
1470 important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
1471 branch.</p>
1472 </div>
1473 </dd>
1474 </dl>
1475 </div>
1476 <div class="paragraph">
1477 <p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
1478 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
1479 that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
1480 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
1481 above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
1482 contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
1483 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p>
1484 </div>
1485 </div>
1486 <div class="sect2">
1487 <h3 id="_bisection_helpers">Bisection Helpers</h3>
1488 <div class="dlist">
1489 <dl>
1490 <dt class="hdlist1">--bisect</dt>
1491 <dd>
1492 <p>Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
1493 included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
1494 <code>refs/bisect/bad</code> is added to the included commits (if it
1495 exists) and the good bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-</code>* are
1496 added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
1497 are no refs in <code>refs/bisect/</code>, if</p>
1498 <div class="listingblock">
1499 <div class="content">
1500 <pre>        $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz</pre>
1501 </div>
1502 </div>
1503 <div class="paragraph">
1504 <p>outputs <em>midpoint</em>, the output of the two commands</p>
1505 </div>
1506 <div class="listingblock">
1507 <div class="content">
1508 <pre>        $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
1509         $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz</pre>
1510 </div>
1511 </div>
1512 <div class="paragraph">
1513 <p>would be of roughly the same length.  Finding the change which
1514 introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
1515 generate and test new 'midpoint&#8217;s until the commit chain is of length
1516 one.</p>
1517 </div>
1518 </dd>
1519 <dt class="hdlist1">--bisect-vars</dt>
1520 <dd>
1521 <p>This calculates the same as <code>--bisect</code>, except that refs in
1522 <code>refs/bisect/</code> are not used, and except that this outputs
1523 text ready to be eval&#8217;ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
1524 name of the midpoint revision to the variable <code>bisect_rev</code>, and the
1525 expected number of commits to be tested after <code>bisect_rev</code> is tested
1526 to <code>bisect_nr</code>, the expected number of commits to be tested if
1527 <code>bisect_rev</code> turns out to be good to <code>bisect_good</code>, the expected
1528 number of commits to be tested if <code>bisect_rev</code> turns out to be bad to
1529 <code>bisect_bad</code>, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
1530 <code>bisect_all</code>.</p>
1531 </dd>
1532 <dt class="hdlist1">--bisect-all</dt>
1533 <dd>
1534 <p>This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
1535 commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
1536 commits. Refs in <code>refs/bisect/</code> are not used. The farthest
1537 from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
1538 <code>--bisect</code>.)</p>
1539 <div class="paragraph">
1540 <p>This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
1541 test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
1542 may not compile for example).</p>
1543 </div>
1544 <div class="paragraph">
1545 <p>This option can be used along with <code>--bisect-vars</code>, in this case,
1546 after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
1547 <code>--bisect-vars</code> had been used alone.</p>
1548 </div>
1549 </dd>
1550 </dl>
1551 </div>
1552 </div>
1553 <div class="sect2">
1554 <h3 id="_commit_ordering">Commit Ordering</h3>
1555 <div class="paragraph">
1556 <p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p>
1557 </div>
1558 <div class="dlist">
1559 <dl>
1560 <dt class="hdlist1">--date-order</dt>
1561 <dd>
1562 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
1563 otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.</p>
1564 </dd>
1565 <dt class="hdlist1">--author-date-order</dt>
1566 <dd>
1567 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
1568 otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.</p>
1569 </dd>
1570 <dt class="hdlist1">--topo-order</dt>
1571 <dd>
1572 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
1573 avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
1574 intermixed.</p>
1575 <div class="paragraph">
1576 <p>For example, in a commit history like this:</p>
1577 </div>
1578 <div class="listingblock">
1579 <div class="content">
1580 <pre>    ---1----2----4----7
1581         \              \
1582          3----5----6----8---</pre>
1583 </div>
1584 </div>
1585 <div class="paragraph">
1586 <p>where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, <code>git</code>
1587 <code>rev-list</code> and friends with <code>--date-order</code> show the commits in the
1588 timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.</p>
1589 </div>
1590 <div class="paragraph">
1591 <p>With <code>--topo-order</code>, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
1592 3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
1593 avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
1594 together.</p>
1595 </div>
1596 </dd>
1597 <dt class="hdlist1">--reverse</dt>
1598 <dd>
1599 <p>Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
1600 section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
1601 <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
1602 </dd>
1603 </dl>
1604 </div>
1605 </div>
1606 <div class="sect2">
1607 <h3 id="_object_traversal">Object Traversal</h3>
1608 <div class="paragraph">
1609 <p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.</p>
1610 </div>
1611 <div class="dlist">
1612 <dl>
1613 <dt class="hdlist1">--objects</dt>
1614 <dd>
1615 <p>Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
1616 commits.  <code>--objects</code> <code>foo</code> <code>^bar</code> thus means &#8220;send me
1617 all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
1618 object <em>bar</em> but not <em>foo</em>&#8221;. See also <code>--object-names</code> below.</p>
1619 </dd>
1620 <dt class="hdlist1">--in-commit-order</dt>
1621 <dd>
1622 <p>Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree
1623 and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced
1624 by a commit.</p>
1625 </dd>
1626 <dt class="hdlist1">--objects-edge</dt>
1627 <dd>
1628 <p>Similar to <code>--objects</code>, but also print the IDs of excluded
1629 commits prefixed with a &#8220;-&#8221; character.  This is used by
1630 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a> to build a &#8220;thin&#8221; pack, which records
1631 objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
1632 excluded commits to reduce network traffic.</p>
1633 </dd>
1634 <dt class="hdlist1">--objects-edge-aggressive</dt>
1635 <dd>
1636 <p>Similar to <code>--objects-edge</code>, but it tries harder to find excluded
1637 commits at the cost of increased time.  This is used instead of
1638 <code>--objects-edge</code> to build &#8220;thin&#8221; packs for shallow repositories.</p>
1639 </dd>
1640 <dt class="hdlist1">--indexed-objects</dt>
1641 <dd>
1642 <p>Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed
1643 on the command line.  Note that you probably want to use
1644 <code>--objects</code>, too.</p>
1645 </dd>
1646 <dt class="hdlist1">--unpacked</dt>
1647 <dd>
1648 <p>Only useful with <code>--objects</code>; print the object IDs that are not
1649 in packs.</p>
1650 </dd>
1651 <dt class="hdlist1">--object-names</dt>
1652 <dd>
1653 <p>Only useful with <code>--objects</code>; print the names of the object IDs
1654 that are found. This is the default behavior. Note that the
1655 "name" of each object is ambiguous, and mostly intended as a
1656 hint for packing objects. In particular: no distinction is made between
1657 the names of tags, trees, and blobs; path names may be modified
1658 to remove newlines; and if an object would appear multiple times
1659 with different names, only one name is shown.</p>
1660 </dd>
1661 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-object-names</dt>
1662 <dd>
1663 <p>Only useful with <code>--objects</code>; does not print the names of the object
1664 IDs that are found. This inverts <code>--object-names</code>. This flag allows
1665 the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as
1666 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>.</p>
1667 </dd>
1668 <dt class="hdlist1">--filter=&lt;filter-spec&gt;</dt>
1669 <dd>
1670 <p>Only useful with one of the <code>--objects</code>*; omits objects (usually
1671 blobs) from the list of printed objects.  The <em>&lt;filter-spec&gt;</em>
1672 may be one of the following:</p>
1673 <div class="paragraph">
1674 <p>The form <em>--filter=blob:none</em> omits all blobs.</p>
1675 </div>
1676 <div class="paragraph">
1677 <p>The form <em>--filter=blob:limit=&lt;n&gt;[kmg]</em> omits blobs of size at least n
1678 bytes or units.  n may be zero.  The suffixes k, m, and g can be used
1679 to name units in KiB, MiB, or GiB.  For example, <em>blob:limit=1k</em>
1680 is the same as <em>blob:limit=1024</em>.</p>
1681 </div>
1682 <div class="paragraph">
1683 <p>The form <em>--filter=object:type=(tag|commit|tree|blob)</em> omits all objects
1684 which are not of the requested type.</p>
1685 </div>
1686 <div class="paragraph">
1687 <p>The form <em>--filter=sparse:oid=&lt;blob-ish&gt;</em> uses a sparse-checkout
1688 specification contained in the blob (or blob-expression) <em>&lt;blob-ish&gt;</em>
1689 to omit blobs that would not be required for a sparse checkout on
1690 the requested refs.</p>
1691 </div>
1692 <div class="paragraph">
1693 <p>The form <em>--filter=tree:&lt;depth&gt;</em> omits all blobs and trees whose depth
1694 from the root tree is &gt;= &lt;depth&gt; (minimum depth if an object is located
1695 at multiple depths in the commits traversed). &lt;depth&gt;=0 will not include
1696 any trees or blobs unless included explicitly in the command-line (or
1697 standard input when --stdin is used). &lt;depth&gt;=1 will include only the
1698 tree and blobs which are referenced directly by a commit reachable from
1699 &lt;commit&gt; or an explicitly-given object. &lt;depth&gt;=2 is like &lt;depth&gt;=1
1700 while also including trees and blobs one more level removed from an
1701 explicitly-given commit or tree.</p>
1702 </div>
1703 <div class="paragraph">
1704 <p>Note that the form <em>--filter=sparse:path=&lt;path&gt;</em> that wants to read
1705 from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security
1706 reasons.</p>
1707 </div>
1708 <div class="paragraph">
1709 <p>Multiple <em>--filter=</em> flags can be specified to combine filters. Only
1710 objects which are accepted by every filter are included.</p>
1711 </div>
1712 <div class="paragraph">
1713 <p>The form <em>--filter=combine:&lt;filter1&gt;+&lt;filter2&gt;+&#8230;&#8203;&lt;filterN&gt;</em> can also be
1714 used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating
1715 the <em>--filter</em> flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by
1716 <em>&#43;</em> and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded).
1717 Besides the <em>&#43;</em> and <em>%</em> characters, the following characters are
1718 reserved and also must be encoded: <code>~</code>!@#$^&amp;*()[]{}\;",&lt;&gt;?&#39;&#96;
1719 as well as all characters with ASCII code &lt;= <code>0x20</code>, which includes
1720 space and newline.</p>
1721 </div>
1722 <div class="paragraph">
1723 <p>Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance,
1724 <em>combine:tree:3+blob:none</em> and <em>combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone</em> are
1725 equivalent.</p>
1726 </div>
1727 </dd>
1728 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-filter</dt>
1729 <dd>
1730 <p>Turn off any previous <code>--filter=</code> argument.</p>
1731 </dd>
1732 <dt class="hdlist1">--filter-provided-objects</dt>
1733 <dd>
1734 <p>Filter the list of explicitly provided objects, which would otherwise
1735 always be printed even if they did not match any of the filters. Only
1736 useful with <code>--filter=</code>.</p>
1737 </dd>
1738 <dt class="hdlist1">--filter-print-omitted</dt>
1739 <dd>
1740 <p>Only useful with <code>--filter=</code>; prints a list of the objects omitted
1741 by the filter.  Object IDs are prefixed with a &#8220;~&#8221; character.</p>
1742 </dd>
1743 <dt class="hdlist1">--missing=&lt;missing-action&gt;</dt>
1744 <dd>
1745 <p>A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development.
1746 This option specifies how missing objects are handled.</p>
1747 <div class="paragraph">
1748 <p>The form <em>--missing=error</em> requests that rev-list stop with an error if
1749 a missing object is encountered.  This is the default action.</p>
1750 </div>
1751 <div class="paragraph">
1752 <p>The form <em>--missing=allow-any</em> will allow object traversal to continue
1753 if a missing object is encountered.  Missing objects will silently be
1754 omitted from the results.</p>
1755 </div>
1756 <div class="paragraph">
1757 <p>The form <em>--missing=allow-promisor</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will only
1758 allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects.
1759 Unexpected missing objects will raise an error.</p>
1760 </div>
1761 <div class="paragraph">
1762 <p>The form <em>--missing=print</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will also print a
1763 list of the missing objects.  Object IDs are prefixed with a &#8220;?&#8221; character.</p>
1764 </div>
1765 <div class="paragraph">
1766 <p>If some tips passed to the traversal are missing, they will be
1767 considered as missing too, and the traversal will ignore them. In case
1768 we cannot get their Object ID though, an error will be raised.</p>
1769 </div>
1770 </dd>
1771 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-promisor-objects</dt>
1772 <dd>
1773 <p>(For internal use only.)  Prefilter object traversal at
1774 promisor boundary.  This is used with partial clone.  This is
1775 stronger than <code>--missing=allow-promisor</code> because it limits the
1776 traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing
1777 objects.</p>
1778 </dd>
1779 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]</dt>
1780 <dd>
1781 <p>Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
1782 This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
1783 <code>unsorted</code> is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
1784 given on the command line. Otherwise (if <code>sorted</code> or no argument
1785 was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
1786 by commit time.
1787 Cannot be combined with <code>--graph</code>.</p>
1788 </dd>
1789 <dt class="hdlist1">--do-walk</dt>
1790 <dd>
1791 <p>Overrides a previous <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
1792 </dd>
1793 </dl>
1794 </div>
1795 </div>
1796 <div class="sect2">
1797 <h3 id="_commit_formatting">Commit Formatting</h3>
1798 <div class="paragraph">
1799 <p>Using these options, <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> will act similar to the
1800 more specialized family of commit log tools: <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
1801 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></p>
1802 </div>
1803 <div class="dlist">
1804 <dl>
1805 <dt class="hdlist1">--pretty[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
1806 <dt class="hdlist1">--format=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
1807 <dd>
1808 <p>Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
1809 where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
1810 <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>
1811 and <em>tformat:&lt;string&gt;</em>.  When <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> is none of the above,
1812 and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
1813 <em>--pretty=tformat:&lt;format&gt;</em> were given.</p>
1814 <div class="paragraph">
1815 <p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
1816 format.  When <em>=&lt;format&gt;</em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p>
1817 </div>
1818 <div class="paragraph">
1819 <p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
1820 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
1821 </div>
1822 </dd>
1823 <dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev-commit</dt>
1824 <dd>
1825 <p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
1826 name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
1827 "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed)
1828 option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.</p>
1829 <div class="paragraph">
1830 <p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
1831 people using 80-column terminals.</p>
1832 </div>
1833 </dd>
1834 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-abbrev-commit</dt>
1835 <dd>
1836 <p>Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
1837 <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
1838 as "--oneline". It also overrides the <code>log.abbrevCommit</code> variable.</p>
1839 </dd>
1840 <dt class="hdlist1">--oneline</dt>
1841 <dd>
1842 <p>This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
1843 used together.</p>
1844 </dd>
1845 <dt class="hdlist1">--encoding=&lt;encoding&gt;</dt>
1846 <dd>
1847 <p>Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
1848 in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
1849 command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
1850 preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
1851 defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
1852 in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
1853 verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
1854 commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
1855 to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
1856 object verbatim.</p>
1857 </dd>
1858 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs=&lt;n&gt;</dt>
1859 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs</dt>
1860 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-expand-tabs</dt>
1861 <dd>
1862 <p>Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
1863 to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>)
1864 in the log message before showing it in the output.
1865 <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
1866 <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
1867 which disables tab expansion.</p>
1868 <div class="paragraph">
1869 <p>By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
1870 message by 4 spaces (i.e.  <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
1871 and <em>fuller</em>).</p>
1872 </div>
1873 </dd>
1874 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-signature</dt>
1875 <dd>
1876 <p>Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
1877 to <code>gpg</code> <code>--verify</code> and show the output.</p>
1878 </dd>
1879 <dt class="hdlist1">--relative-date</dt>
1880 <dd>
1881 <p>Synonym for <code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
1882 </dd>
1883 <dt class="hdlist1">--date=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
1884 <dd>
1885 <p>Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
1886 as when using <code>--pretty</code>. <code>log.date</code> config variable sets a default
1887 value for the log command&#8217;s <code>--date</code> option. By default, dates
1888 are shown in the original time zone (either committer&#8217;s or
1889 author&#8217;s). If <code>-local</code> is appended to the format (e.g.,
1890 <code>iso-local</code>), the user&#8217;s local time zone is used instead.</p>
1891 <div class="openblock">
1892 <div class="content">
1893 <div class="paragraph">
1894 <p><code>--date=relative</code> shows dates relative to the current time,
1895 e.g. &#8220;2 hours ago&#8221;. The <code>-local</code> option has no effect for
1896 <code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
1897 </div>
1898 <div class="paragraph">
1899 <p><code>--date=local</code> is an alias for <code>--date=default-local</code>.</p>
1900 </div>
1901 <div class="paragraph">
1902 <p><code>--date=iso</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601</code>) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
1903 The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:</p>
1904 </div>
1905 <div class="ulist">
1906 <ul>
1907 <li>
1908 <p>a space instead of the <code>T</code> date/time delimiter</p>
1909 </li>
1910 <li>
1911 <p>a space between time and time zone</p>
1912 </li>
1913 <li>
1914 <p>no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone</p>
1915 </li>
1916 </ul>
1917 </div>
1918 <div class="paragraph">
1919 <p><code>--date=iso-strict</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601-strict</code>) shows timestamps in strict
1920 ISO 8601 format.</p>
1921 </div>
1922 <div class="paragraph">
1923 <p><code>--date=rfc</code> (or <code>--date=rfc2822</code>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
1924 format, often found in email messages.</p>
1925 </div>
1926 <div class="paragraph">
1927 <p><code>--date=short</code> shows only the date, but not the time, in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format.</p>
1928 </div>
1929 <div class="paragraph">
1930 <p><code>--date=raw</code> shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
1931 00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
1932 from UTC (a <code>+</code> or <code>-</code> with four digits; the first two are hours, and
1933 the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
1934 with <code>strftime</code>("%s %z")).
1935 Note that the <code>-local</code> option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
1936 value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
1937 timezone value.</p>
1938 </div>
1939 <div class="paragraph">
1940 <p><code>--date=human</code> shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
1941 current time-zone, and doesn&#8217;t print the whole date if that matches
1942 (ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also skip
1943 the whole date itself if it&#8217;s in the last few days and we can just say
1944 what weekday it was).  For older dates the hour and minute is also
1945 omitted.</p>
1946 </div>
1947 <div class="paragraph">
1948 <p><code>--date=unix</code> shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
1949 1970).  As with <code>--raw</code>, this is always in UTC and therefore <code>-local</code>
1950 has no effect.</p>
1951 </div>
1952 <div class="paragraph">
1953 <p><code>--date=format:..</code>. feeds the format ... to your system <code>strftime</code>,
1954 except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
1955 Use <code>--date=format:</code>%c to show the date in your system locale&#8217;s
1956 preferred format.  See the <code>strftime</code> manual for a complete list of
1957 format placeholders. When using <code>-local</code>, the correct syntax is
1958 <code>--date=format-local:..</code>..</p>
1959 </div>
1960 <div class="paragraph">
1961 <p><code>--date=default</code> is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
1962 output.  It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
1963 three-letter month, day-of-month, hour-minute-seconds in "HH:MM:SS"
1964 format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
1965 the local time zone is used, e.g. <code>Thu</code> <code>Jan</code> <code>1</code> <code>00:00:00</code> <code>1970</code> <code>+0000</code>.</p>
1966 </div>
1967 </div>
1968 </div>
1969 </dd>
1970 <dt class="hdlist1">--header</dt>
1971 <dd>
1972 <p>Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
1973 separated with a NUL character.</p>
1974 </dd>
1975 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-commit-header</dt>
1976 <dd>
1977 <p>Suppress the header line containing "commit" and the object ID printed before
1978 the specified format.  This has no effect on the built-in formats; only custom
1979 formats are affected.</p>
1980 </dd>
1981 <dt class="hdlist1">--commit-header</dt>
1982 <dd>
1983 <p>Overrides a previous <code>--no-commit-header</code>.</p>
1984 </dd>
1985 <dt class="hdlist1">--parents</dt>
1986 <dd>
1987 <p>Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent&#8230;&#8203;").
1988 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
1989 </dd>
1990 <dt class="hdlist1">--children</dt>
1991 <dd>
1992 <p>Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child&#8230;&#8203;").
1993 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
1994 </dd>
1995 <dt class="hdlist1">--timestamp</dt>
1996 <dd>
1997 <p>Print the raw commit timestamp.</p>
1998 </dd>
1999 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-right</dt>
2000 <dd>
2001 <p>Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
2002 Commits from the left side are prefixed with &lt; and those from
2003 the right with &gt;.  If combined with <code>--boundary</code>, those
2004 commits are prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
2005 <div class="paragraph">
2006 <p>For example, if you have this topology:</p>
2007 </div>
2008 <div class="listingblock">
2009 <div class="content">
2010 <pre>             y---b---b  branch B
2011             / \ /
2012            /   .
2013           /   / \
2014          o---x---a---a  branch A</pre>
2015 </div>
2016 </div>
2017 <div class="paragraph">
2018 <p>you would get an output like this:</p>
2019 </div>
2020 <div class="listingblock">
2021 <div class="content">
2022 <pre>        $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
2023
2024         &gt;bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
2025         &gt;bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
2026         &lt;aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
2027         &lt;aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
2028         -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
2029         -xxxxxxx... 1st on a</pre>
2030 </div>
2031 </div>
2032 </dd>
2033 <dt class="hdlist1">--graph</dt>
2034 <dd>
2035 <p>Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
2036 on the left hand side of the output.  This may cause extra lines
2037 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
2038 to be drawn properly.
2039 Cannot be combined with <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
2040 <div class="paragraph">
2041 <p>This enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
2042 </div>
2043 <div class="paragraph">
2044 <p>This implies the <code>--topo-order</code> option by default, but the
2045 <code>--date-order</code> option may also be specified.</p>
2046 </div>
2047 </dd>
2048 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-linear-break[=&lt;barrier&gt;]</dt>
2049 <dd>
2050 <p>When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
2051 which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
2052 do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
2053 in between them in that case. If <em>&lt;barrier&gt;</em> is specified, it
2054 is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.</p>
2055 </dd>
2056 <dt class="hdlist1">--count</dt>
2057 <dd>
2058 <p>Print a number stating how many commits would have been
2059 listed, and suppress all other output.  When used together
2060 with <code>--left-right</code>, instead print the counts for left and
2061 right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
2062 <code>--cherry-mark</code>, omit patch equivalent commits from these
2063 counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
2064 by a tab.</p>
2065 </dd>
2066 </dl>
2067 </div>
2068 </div>
2069 </div>
2070 </div>
2071 <div class="sect1">
2072 <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
2073 <div class="sectionbody">
2074 <div class="paragraph">
2075 <p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
2076 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
2077 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line.  This line begins with
2078 "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
2079 separated by spaces.  Note that the listed commits may not
2080 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
2081 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
2082 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
2083 file.</p>
2084 </div>
2085 <div class="paragraph">
2086 <p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
2087 additional formats by setting a pretty.&lt;name&gt;
2088 config option to either another format name, or a
2089 <em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
2090 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
2091 built-in formats:</p>
2092 </div>
2093 <div class="ulist">
2094 <ul>
2095 <li>
2096 <p><em>oneline</em></p>
2097 <div class="literalblock">
2098 <div class="content">
2099 <pre>&lt;hash&gt; &lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2100 </div>
2101 </div>
2102 <div class="paragraph">
2103 <p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
2104 </div>
2105 </li>
2106 <li>
2107 <p><em>short</em></p>
2108 <div class="literalblock">
2109 <div class="content">
2110 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2111 Author: &lt;author&gt;</pre>
2112 </div>
2113 </div>
2114 <div class="literalblock">
2115 <div class="content">
2116 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2117 </div>
2118 </div>
2119 </li>
2120 <li>
2121 <p><em>medium</em></p>
2122 <div class="literalblock">
2123 <div class="content">
2124 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2125 Author: &lt;author&gt;
2126 Date:   &lt;author-date&gt;</pre>
2127 </div>
2128 </div>
2129 <div class="literalblock">
2130 <div class="content">
2131 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2132 </div>
2133 </div>
2134 <div class="literalblock">
2135 <div class="content">
2136 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
2137 </div>
2138 </div>
2139 </li>
2140 <li>
2141 <p><em>full</em></p>
2142 <div class="literalblock">
2143 <div class="content">
2144 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2145 Author: &lt;author&gt;
2146 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</pre>
2147 </div>
2148 </div>
2149 <div class="literalblock">
2150 <div class="content">
2151 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2152 </div>
2153 </div>
2154 <div class="literalblock">
2155 <div class="content">
2156 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
2157 </div>
2158 </div>
2159 </li>
2160 <li>
2161 <p><em>fuller</em></p>
2162 <div class="literalblock">
2163 <div class="content">
2164 <pre>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2165 Author:     &lt;author&gt;
2166 AuthorDate: &lt;author-date&gt;
2167 Commit:     &lt;committer&gt;
2168 CommitDate: &lt;committer-date&gt;</pre>
2169 </div>
2170 </div>
2171 <div class="literalblock">
2172 <div class="content">
2173 <pre>&lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2174 </div>
2175 </div>
2176 <div class="literalblock">
2177 <div class="content">
2178 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
2179 </div>
2180 </div>
2181 </li>
2182 <li>
2183 <p><em>reference</em></p>
2184 <div class="literalblock">
2185 <div class="content">
2186 <pre>&lt;abbrev-hash&gt; (&lt;title-line&gt;, &lt;short-author-date&gt;)</pre>
2187 </div>
2188 </div>
2189 <div class="paragraph">
2190 <p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
2191 is the same as <code>--pretty=</code>'format:%C(<code>auto</code>)%h (%s, %ad)'.  By default,
2192 the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
2193 is explicitly specified.  As with any <code>format:</code> with format
2194 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
2195 <code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
2196 </div>
2197 </li>
2198 <li>
2199 <p><em>email</em></p>
2200 <div class="literalblock">
2201 <div class="content">
2202 <pre>From &lt;hash&gt; &lt;date&gt;
2203 From: &lt;author&gt;
2204 Date: &lt;author-date&gt;
2205 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title-line&gt;</pre>
2206 </div>
2207 </div>
2208 <div class="literalblock">
2209 <div class="content">
2210 <pre>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</pre>
2211 </div>
2212 </div>
2213 </li>
2214 <li>
2215 <p><em>mboxrd</em></p>
2216 <div class="paragraph">
2217 <p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
2218 (preceded by zero or more "&gt;") are quoted with "&gt;" so they aren&#8217;t
2219 confused as starting a new commit.</p>
2220 </div>
2221 </li>
2222 <li>
2223 <p><em>raw</em></p>
2224 <div class="paragraph">
2225 <p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
2226 stored in the commit object.  Notably, the hashes are
2227 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
2228 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
2229 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
2230 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
2231 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
2232 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
2233 use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p>
2234 </div>
2235 </li>
2236 <li>
2237 <p><em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em></p>
2238 <div class="paragraph">
2239 <p>The <em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em> format allows you to specify which information
2240 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
2241 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
2242 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
2243 </div>
2244 <div class="paragraph">
2245 <p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
2246 would show something like this:</p>
2247 </div>
2248 <div class="listingblock">
2249 <div class="content">
2250 <pre>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
2251 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;</pre>
2252 </div>
2253 </div>
2254 <div class="paragraph">
2255 <p>The placeholders are:</p>
2256 </div>
2257 <div class="ulist">
2258 <ul>
2259 <li>
2260 <p>Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:</p>
2261 <div class="dlist">
2262 <dl>
2263 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%n</em></dt>
2264 <dd>
2265 <p>newline</p>
2266 </dd>
2267 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%%</em></dt>
2268 <dd>
2269 <p>a raw <em>%</em></p>
2270 </dd>
2271 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%x00</em></dt>
2272 <dd>
2273 <p><em>%x</em> followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a
2274 byte with the hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this
2275 "literal formatting code" in the rest of this document).</p>
2276 </dd>
2277 </dl>
2278 </div>
2279 </li>
2280 <li>
2281 <p>Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:</p>
2282 <div class="dlist">
2283 <dl>
2284 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cred</em></dt>
2285 <dd>
2286 <p>switch color to red</p>
2287 </dd>
2288 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cgreen</em></dt>
2289 <dd>
2290 <p>switch color to green</p>
2291 </dd>
2292 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cblue</em></dt>
2293 <dd>
2294 <p>switch color to blue</p>
2295 </dd>
2296 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Creset</em></dt>
2297 <dd>
2298 <p>reset color</p>
2299 </dd>
2300 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%C(&#8230;&#8203;)</em></dt>
2301 <dd>
2302 <p>color specification, as described under Values in the
2303 "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.  By
2304 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
2305 (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
2306 the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
2307 terminal). %C(<code>auto,</code><code>...</code>) is accepted as a historical
2308 synonym for the default (e.g., %C(<code>auto,red</code>)). Specifying
2309 %C(<code>always,</code><code>...</code>) will show the colors even when color is
2310 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
2311 <code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
2312 including this format and anything else git might color).
2313 <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. %C(<code>auto</code>)) will turn on auto coloring
2314 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
2315 again.</p>
2316 </dd>
2317 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%m</em></dt>
2318 <dd>
2319 <p>left (&lt;), right (&gt;) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark</p>
2320 </dd>
2321 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%w([&lt;w&gt;[,&lt;i1&gt;[,&lt;i2&gt;]]])</em></dt>
2322 <dd>
2323 <p>switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
2324 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.</p>
2325 </dd>
2326 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em></dt>
2327 <dd>
2328 <p>make the next placeholder take at
2329 least N column widths, padding spaces on
2330 the right if necessary.  Optionally
2331 truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..</code><code>ft</code>,
2332 the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi</code><code>..</code><code>le</code>, or the end
2333 (trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
2334 N columns.
2335 Note 1: that truncating
2336 only works correctly with N &gt;= 2.
2337 Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
2338 values are optional.
2339 Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
2340 will take two display columns, which may
2341 over-run column boundaries.
2342 Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
2343 may be misplaced at padding boundaries.</p>
2344 </dd>
2345 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
2346 <dd>
2347 <p>make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
2348 display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
2349 Use negative M values for column positions measured
2350 from the right hand edge of the terminal window.</p>
2351 </dd>
2352 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
2353 <dd>
2354 <p>similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em> respectively,
2355 but padding spaces on the left</p>
2356 </dd>
2357 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
2358 <dd>
2359 <p>similar to <em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2360 respectively, except that if the next
2361 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
2362 there are spaces on its left, use those
2363 spaces</p>
2364 </dd>
2365 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%&gt;&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em></dt>
2366 <dd>
2367 <p>similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2368 respectively, but padding both sides
2369 (i.e. the text is centered)</p>
2370 </dd>
2371 </dl>
2372 </div>
2373 </li>
2374 <li>
2375 <p>Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:</p>
2376 <div class="dlist">
2377 <dl>
2378 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%H</em></dt>
2379 <dd>
2380 <p>commit hash</p>
2381 </dd>
2382 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%h</em></dt>
2383 <dd>
2384 <p>abbreviated commit hash</p>
2385 </dd>
2386 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%T</em></dt>
2387 <dd>
2388 <p>tree hash</p>
2389 </dd>
2390 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%t</em></dt>
2391 <dd>
2392 <p>abbreviated tree hash</p>
2393 </dd>
2394 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%P</em></dt>
2395 <dd>
2396 <p>parent hashes</p>
2397 </dd>
2398 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%p</em></dt>
2399 <dd>
2400 <p>abbreviated parent hashes</p>
2401 </dd>
2402 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%an</em></dt>
2403 <dd>
2404 <p>author name</p>
2405 </dd>
2406 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aN</em></dt>
2407 <dd>
2408 <p>author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
2409 or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2410 </dd>
2411 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ae</em></dt>
2412 <dd>
2413 <p>author email</p>
2414 </dd>
2415 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aE</em></dt>
2416 <dd>
2417 <p>author email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
2418 or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2419 </dd>
2420 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%al</em></dt>
2421 <dd>
2422 <p>author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
2423 </dd>
2424 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aL</em></dt>
2425 <dd>
2426 <p>author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
2427 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2428 </dd>
2429 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ad</em></dt>
2430 <dd>
2431 <p>author date (format respects --date= option)</p>
2432 </dd>
2433 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aD</em></dt>
2434 <dd>
2435 <p>author date, RFC2822 style</p>
2436 </dd>
2437 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ar</em></dt>
2438 <dd>
2439 <p>author date, relative</p>
2440 </dd>
2441 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%at</em></dt>
2442 <dd>
2443 <p>author date, UNIX timestamp</p>
2444 </dd>
2445 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ai</em></dt>
2446 <dd>
2447 <p>author date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
2448 </dd>
2449 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aI</em></dt>
2450 <dd>
2451 <p>author date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
2452 </dd>
2453 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%as</em></dt>
2454 <dd>
2455 <p>author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
2456 </dd>
2457 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ah</em></dt>
2458 <dd>
2459 <p>author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
2460 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
2461 </dd>
2462 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cn</em></dt>
2463 <dd>
2464 <p>committer name</p>
2465 </dd>
2466 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cN</em></dt>
2467 <dd>
2468 <p>committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
2469 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2470 </dd>
2471 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ce</em></dt>
2472 <dd>
2473 <p>committer email</p>
2474 </dd>
2475 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cE</em></dt>
2476 <dd>
2477 <p>committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
2478 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2479 </dd>
2480 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cl</em></dt>
2481 <dd>
2482 <p>committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
2483 </dd>
2484 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cL</em></dt>
2485 <dd>
2486 <p>committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
2487 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2488 </dd>
2489 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cd</em></dt>
2490 <dd>
2491 <p>committer date (format respects --date= option)</p>
2492 </dd>
2493 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cD</em></dt>
2494 <dd>
2495 <p>committer date, RFC2822 style</p>
2496 </dd>
2497 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cr</em></dt>
2498 <dd>
2499 <p>committer date, relative</p>
2500 </dd>
2501 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ct</em></dt>
2502 <dd>
2503 <p>committer date, UNIX timestamp</p>
2504 </dd>
2505 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ci</em></dt>
2506 <dd>
2507 <p>committer date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
2508 </dd>
2509 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cI</em></dt>
2510 <dd>
2511 <p>committer date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
2512 </dd>
2513 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cs</em></dt>
2514 <dd>
2515 <p>committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
2516 </dd>
2517 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ch</em></dt>
2518 <dd>
2519 <p>committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
2520 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
2521 </dd>
2522 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%d</em></dt>
2523 <dd>
2524 <p>ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></p>
2525 </dd>
2526 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%D</em></dt>
2527 <dd>
2528 <p>ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.</p>
2529 </dd>
2530 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(decorate[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2531 <dd>
2532 <p>ref names with custom decorations. The <code>decorate</code> string may be followed by a
2533 colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
2534 literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (%x2C) and closing
2535 parentheses (%x29), due to their role in the option syntax.</p>
2536 <div class="ulist">
2537 <ul>
2538 <li>
2539 <p><em>prefix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before the list of ref names.  Defaults to "&#160;(".</p>
2540 </li>
2541 <li>
2542 <p><em>suffix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown after the list of ref names.  Defaults to ")".</p>
2543 </li>
2544 <li>
2545 <p><em>separator=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between ref names.  Defaults to "<code>,</code>&#160;".</p>
2546 </li>
2547 <li>
2548 <p><em>pointer=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
2549 Defaults to "&#160;<code>-</code>&gt;&#160;".</p>
2550 </li>
2551 <li>
2552 <p><em>tag=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before tag names. Defaults to "<code>tag:</code>&#160;".</p>
2553 </li>
2554 </ul>
2555 </div>
2556 </dd>
2557 </dl>
2558 </div>
2559 </li>
2560 </ul>
2561 </div>
2562 <div class="paragraph">
2563 <p>For example, to produce decorations with no wrapping
2564 or tag annotations, and spaces as separators:</p>
2565 </div>
2566 <div class="paragraph">
2567 <p>+
2568 %(<code>decorate:prefix=,suffix=,tag=,separator=</code> )</p>
2569 </div>
2570 <div class="dlist">
2571 <dl>
2572 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(describe[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2573 <dd>
2574 <p>human-readable name, like <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>; empty string for
2575 undescribable commits.  The <code>describe</code> string may be followed by a colon and
2576 zero or more comma-separated options.  Descriptions can be inconsistent when
2577 tags are added or removed at the same time.</p>
2578 <div class="ulist">
2579 <ul>
2580 <li>
2581 <p><em>tags[=&lt;bool-value&gt;]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
2582 consider lightweight tags as well.</p>
2583 </li>
2584 <li>
2585 <p><em>abbrev=&lt;number&gt;</em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
2586 (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
2587 default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use &lt;number&gt; digits, or as many
2588 digits as needed to form a unique object name.</p>
2589 </li>
2590 <li>
2591 <p><em>match=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Only consider tags matching the given
2592 <code>glob</code>(<code>7</code>) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
2593 </li>
2594 <li>
2595 <p><em>exclude=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
2596 <code>glob</code>(<code>7</code>) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
2597 </li>
2598 </ul>
2599 </div>
2600 </dd>
2601 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%S</em></dt>
2602 <dd>
2603 <p>ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
2604 (like <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--source</code>), only works with <code>git</code> <code>log</code></p>
2605 </dd>
2606 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%e</em></dt>
2607 <dd>
2608 <p>encoding</p>
2609 </dd>
2610 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%s</em></dt>
2611 <dd>
2612 <p>subject</p>
2613 </dd>
2614 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%f</em></dt>
2615 <dd>
2616 <p>sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename</p>
2617 </dd>
2618 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%b</em></dt>
2619 <dd>
2620 <p>body</p>
2621 </dd>
2622 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%B</em></dt>
2623 <dd>
2624 <p>raw body (unwrapped subject and body)</p>
2625 </dd>
2626 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GG</em></dt>
2627 <dd>
2628 <p>raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit</p>
2629 </dd>
2630 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%G?</em></dt>
2631 <dd>
2632 <p>show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
2633 "B" for a bad signature,
2634 "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
2635 "X" for a good signature that has expired,
2636 "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
2637 "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
2638 "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
2639 and "N" for no signature</p>
2640 </dd>
2641 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GS</em></dt>
2642 <dd>
2643 <p>show the name of the signer for a signed commit</p>
2644 </dd>
2645 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GK</em></dt>
2646 <dd>
2647 <p>show the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2648 </dd>
2649 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GF</em></dt>
2650 <dd>
2651 <p>show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2652 </dd>
2653 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GP</em></dt>
2654 <dd>
2655 <p>show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
2656 to sign a signed commit</p>
2657 </dd>
2658 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GT</em></dt>
2659 <dd>
2660 <p>show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
2661 </dd>
2662 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gD</em></dt>
2663 <dd>
2664 <p>reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@</code>{1} or <code>refs/stash@</code>{2
2665 <code>minutes</code> <code>ago</code>}; the format follows the rules described for the
2666 <code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
2667 given on the command line (so <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-g</code> <code>refs/heads/master</code>
2668 would yield <code>refs/heads/master@</code>{0}).</p>
2669 </dd>
2670 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gd</em></dt>
2671 <dd>
2672 <p>shortened reflog selector; same as %gD, but the refname
2673 portion is shortened for human readability (so
2674 <code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).</p>
2675 </dd>
2676 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gn</em></dt>
2677 <dd>
2678 <p>reflog identity name</p>
2679 </dd>
2680 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gN</em></dt>
2681 <dd>
2682 <p>reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
2683 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2684 </dd>
2685 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ge</em></dt>
2686 <dd>
2687 <p>reflog identity email</p>
2688 </dd>
2689 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gE</em></dt>
2690 <dd>
2691 <p>reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
2692 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
2693 </dd>
2694 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gs</em></dt>
2695 <dd>
2696 <p>reflog subject</p>
2697 </dd>
2698 <dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(trailers[:&lt;options&gt;])</em></dt>
2699 <dd>
2700 <p>display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
2701 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>. The <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by
2702 a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided
2703 multiple times, the last occurrence wins.</p>
2704 <div class="ulist">
2705 <ul>
2706 <li>
2707 <p><em>key=&lt;key&gt;</em>: only show trailers with specified &lt;key&gt;. Matching is done
2708 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
2709 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
2710 shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
2711 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
2712 desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>.  E.g.,
2713 %(<code>trailers:key=Reviewed-by</code>) shows trailer lines with key
2714 <code>Reviewed-by</code>.</p>
2715 </li>
2716 <li>
2717 <p><em>only[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
2718 block should be included.</p>
2719 </li>
2720 <li>
2721 <p><em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between trailer
2722 lines. Defaults to a line feed character. The string &lt;sep&gt; may contain
2723 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
2724 separator one must use %x2C as it would otherwise be parsed as
2725 next option. E.g., %(<code>trailers:key=Ticket,separator=</code>%x2C )
2726 shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
2727 and a space.</p>
2728 </li>
2729 <li>
2730 <p><em>unfold[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer&#8217;s <code>--unfold</code>
2731 option was given. E.g.,
2732 %(<code>trailers:only,unfold=true</code>) unfolds and shows all trailer lines.</p>
2733 </li>
2734 <li>
2735 <p><em>keyonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.</p>
2736 </li>
2737 <li>
2738 <p><em>valueonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.</p>
2739 </li>
2740 <li>
2741 <p><em>key_value_separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between
2742 the key and value of each trailer. Defaults to ": ". Otherwise it
2743 shares the same semantics as <em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em> above.</p>
2744 </li>
2745 </ul>
2746 </div>
2747 </dd>
2748 </dl>
2749 </div>
2750 </li>
2751 </ul>
2752 </div>
2753 <div class="admonitionblock note">
2754 <table>
2755 <tr>
2756 <td class="icon">
2757 <div class="title">Note</div>
2758 </td>
2759 <td class="content">
2760 Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
2761 revision traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will
2762 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
2763 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-g</code>). The %d and %D placeholders will use the "short"
2764 decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
2765 line.
2766 </td>
2767 </tr>
2768 </table>
2769 </div>
2770 <div class="paragraph">
2771 <p>The boolean options accept an optional value [<code>=</code><em>&lt;bool-value&gt;</em>]. The values
2772 <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>on</code>, <code>off</code> etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
2773 sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. If a boolean
2774 option is given with no value, it&#8217;s enabled.</p>
2775 </div>
2776 <div class="paragraph">
2777 <p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
2778 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
2779 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
2780 </div>
2781 <div class="paragraph">
2782 <p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
2783 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
2784 placeholder expands to an empty string.</p>
2785 </div>
2786 <div class="paragraph">
2787 <p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
2788 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
2789 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
2790 </div>
2791 <div class="ulist">
2792 <ul>
2793 <li>
2794 <p><em>tformat:</em></p>
2795 <div class="paragraph">
2796 <p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
2797 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
2798 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
2799 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
2800 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
2801 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
2802 For example:</p>
2803 </div>
2804 <div class="listingblock">
2805 <div class="content">
2806 <pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
2807   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
2808 4da45be
2809 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
2810
2811 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
2812   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
2813 4da45be
2814 7134973</pre>
2815 </div>
2816 </div>
2817 <div class="paragraph">
2818 <p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted
2819 as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it.  For example, these two are
2820 equivalent:</p>
2821 </div>
2822 <div class="listingblock">
2823 <div class="content">
2824 <pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
2825 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</pre>
2826 </div>
2827 </div>
2828 </li>
2829 </ul>
2830 </div>
2831 </div>
2832 </div>
2833 <div class="sect1">
2834 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
2835 <div class="sectionbody">
2836 <div class="ulist">
2837 <ul>
2838 <li>
2839 <p>Print the list of commits reachable from the current branch.</p>
2840 <div class="listingblock">
2841 <div class="content">
2842 <pre>git rev-list HEAD</pre>
2843 </div>
2844 </div>
2845 </li>
2846 <li>
2847 <p>Print the list of commits on this branch, but not present in the
2848 upstream branch.</p>
2849 <div class="listingblock">
2850 <div class="content">
2851 <pre>git rev-list @{upstream}..HEAD</pre>
2852 </div>
2853 </div>
2854 </li>
2855 <li>
2856 <p>Format commits with their author and commit message (see also the
2857 porcelain <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>).</p>
2858 <div class="listingblock">
2859 <div class="content">
2860 <pre>git rev-list --format=medium HEAD</pre>
2861 </div>
2862 </div>
2863 </li>
2864 <li>
2865 <p>Format commits along with their diffs (see also the porcelain
2866 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, which can do this in a single process).</p>
2867 <div class="listingblock">
2868 <div class="content">
2869 <pre>git rev-list HEAD |
2870 git diff-tree --stdin --format=medium -p</pre>
2871 </div>
2872 </div>
2873 </li>
2874 <li>
2875 <p>Print the list of commits on the current branch that touched any
2876 file in the <code>Documentation</code> directory.</p>
2877 <div class="listingblock">
2878 <div class="content">
2879 <pre>git rev-list HEAD -- Documentation/</pre>
2880 </div>
2881 </div>
2882 </li>
2883 <li>
2884 <p>Print the list of commits authored by you in the past year, on
2885 any branch, tag, or other ref.</p>
2886 <div class="listingblock">
2887 <div class="content">
2888 <pre>git rev-list --author=you@example.com --since=1.year.ago --all</pre>
2889 </div>
2890 </div>
2891 </li>
2892 <li>
2893 <p>Print the list of objects reachable from the current branch (i.e., all
2894 commits and the blobs and trees they contain).</p>
2895 <div class="listingblock">
2896 <div class="content">
2897 <pre>git rev-list --objects HEAD</pre>
2898 </div>
2899 </div>
2900 </li>
2901 <li>
2902 <p>Compare the disk size of all reachable objects, versus those
2903 reachable from reflogs, versus the total packed size. This can tell
2904 you whether running <code>git</code> <code>repack</code> <code>-ad</code> might reduce the repository size
2905 (by dropping unreachable objects), and whether expiring reflogs might
2906 help.</p>
2907 <div class="listingblock">
2908 <div class="content">
2909 <pre># reachable objects
2910 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all
2911 # plus reflogs
2912 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all --reflog
2913 # total disk size used
2914 du -c .git/objects/pack/*.pack .git/objects/??/*
2915 # alternative to du: add up "size" and "size-pack" fields
2916 git count-objects -v</pre>
2917 </div>
2918 </div>
2919 </li>
2920 <li>
2921 <p>Report the disk size of each branch, not including objects used by the
2922 current branch. This can find outliers that are contributing to a
2923 bloated repository size (e.g., because somebody accidentally committed
2924 large build artifacts).</p>
2925 <div class="listingblock">
2926 <div class="content">
2927 <pre>git for-each-ref --format='%(refname)' |
2928 while read branch
2929 do
2930         size=$(git rev-list --disk-usage --objects HEAD..$branch)
2931         echo "$size $branch"
2932 done |
2933 sort -n</pre>
2934 </div>
2935 </div>
2936 </li>
2937 <li>
2938 <p>Compare the on-disk size of branches in one group of refs, excluding
2939 another. If you co-mingle objects from multiple remotes in a single
2940 repository, this can show which remotes are contributing to the
2941 repository size (taking the size of <code>origin</code> as a baseline).</p>
2942 <div class="listingblock">
2943 <div class="content">
2944 <pre>git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --remotes=$suspect --not --remotes=origin</pre>
2945 </div>
2946 </div>
2947 </li>
2948 </ul>
2949 </div>
2950 </div>
2951 </div>
2952 <div class="sect1">
2953 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2954 <div class="sectionbody">
2955 <div class="paragraph">
2956 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
2957 </div>
2958 </div>
2959 </div>
2960 </div>
2961 <div id="footer">
2962 <div id="footer-text">
2963 Last updated 2023-10-23 14:43:46 -0700
2964 </div>
2965 </div>
2966 </body>
2967 </html>