gitrepository-layout.html

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 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>gitrepository-layout(5) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>gitrepository-layout - Git Repository Layout</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="paragraph">
 454 <p>$GIT_DIR/*</p>
 455 </div>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="sect1">
 459 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 460 <div class="sectionbody">
 461 <div class="paragraph">
 462 <p>A Git repository comes in two different flavours:</p>
 463 </div>
 464 <div class="ulist">
 465 <ul>
 466 <li>
 467 <p>a .<code>git</code> directory at the root of the working tree;</p>
 468 </li>
 469 <li>
 470 <p>a <em>&lt;project&gt;</em><code>.git</code> directory that is a <em>bare</em> repository
 471 (i.e. without its own working tree), that is typically used for
 472 exchanging histories with others by pushing into it and fetching
 473 from it.</p>
 474 </li>
 475 </ul>
 476 </div>
 477 <div class="paragraph">
 478 <p><strong>Note</strong>: Also you can have a plain text file .<code>git</code> at the root of
 479 your working tree, containing <code>gitdir:</code> <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> to point at the real
 480 directory that has the repository.
 481 This mechanism is called a <em>gitfile</em> and is usually managed via the
 482 <code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> and <code>git</code> <code>worktree</code> commands. It is often used for
 483 a working tree of a submodule checkout, to allow you in the
 484 containing superproject to <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> a branch that does not
 485 have the submodule.  The <code>checkout</code> has to remove the entire
 486 submodule working tree, without losing the submodule repository.</p>
 487 </div>
 488 <div class="paragraph">
 489 <p>These things may exist in a Git repository.</p>
 490 </div>
 491 <div class="dlist">
 492 <dl>
 493 <dt class="hdlist1">objects</dt>
 494 <dd>
 495 <p>Object store associated with this repository.  Usually
 496 an object store is self sufficient (i.e. all the objects
 497 that are referred to by an object found in it are also
 498 found in it), but there are a few ways to violate it.</p>
 499 <div class="olist arabic">
 500 <ol class="arabic">
 501 <li>
 502 <p>You could have an incomplete but locally usable repository
 503 by creating a shallow clone.  See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>.</p>
 504 </li>
 505 <li>
 506 <p>You could be using the <code>objects/info/alternates</code> or
 507 <code>$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code> mechanisms to <em>borrow</em>
 508 objects from other object stores.  A repository with this kind
 509 of incomplete object store is not suitable to be published for
 510 use with dumb transports but otherwise is OK as long as
 511 <code>objects/info/alternates</code> points at the object stores it
 512 borrows from.</p>
 513 <div class="paragraph">
 514 <p>This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
 515 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/objects" will be used instead.</p>
 516 </div>
 517 </li>
 518 </ol>
 519 </div>
 520 </dd>
 521 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]</dt>
 522 <dd>
 523 <p>A newly created object is stored in its own file.
 524 The objects are splayed over 256 subdirectories using
 525 the first two characters of the sha1 object name to
 526 keep the number of directory entries in <code>objects</code>
 527 itself to a manageable number. Objects found
 528 here are often called <em>unpacked</em> (or <em>loose</em>) objects.</p>
 529 </dd>
 530 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/pack</dt>
 531 <dd>
 532 <p>Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form,
 533 along with index files to allow them to be randomly
 534 accessed) are found in this directory.</p>
 535 </dd>
 536 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/info</dt>
 537 <dd>
 538 <p>Additional information about the object store is
 539 recorded in this directory.</p>
 540 </dd>
 541 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/packs</dt>
 542 <dd>
 543 <p>This file is to help dumb transports discover what packs
 544 are available in this object store.  Whenever a pack is
 545 added or removed, <code>git</code> <code>update-server-info</code> should be run
 546 to keep this file up to date if the repository is
 547 published for dumb transports.  <em>git repack</em> does this
 548 by default.</p>
 549 </dd>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/alternates</dt>
 551 <dd>
 552 <p>This file records paths to alternate object stores that
 553 this object store borrows objects from, one pathname per
 554 line. Note that not only native Git tools use it locally,
 555 but the HTTP fetcher also tries to use it remotely; this
 556 will usually work if you have relative paths (relative
 557 to the object database, not to the repository!) in your
 558 alternates file, but it will not work if you use absolute
 559 paths unless the absolute path in filesystem and web URL
 560 is the same. See also <code>objects/info/http-alternates</code>.</p>
 561 </dd>
 562 <dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/http-alternates</dt>
 563 <dd>
 564 <p>This file records URLs to alternate object stores that
 565 this object store borrows objects from, to be used when
 566 the repository is fetched over HTTP.</p>
 567 </dd>
 568 <dt class="hdlist1">refs</dt>
 569 <dd>
 570 <p>References are stored in subdirectories of this
 571 directory.  The <em>git prune</em> command knows to preserve
 572 objects reachable from refs found in this directory and
 573 its subdirectories.
 574 This directory is ignored (except refs/bisect,
 575 refs/rewritten and refs/worktree) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
 576 set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead.</p>
 577 </dd>
 578 <dt class="hdlist1">refs/heads/<code>name</code></dt>
 579 <dd>
 580 <p>records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branch <code>name</code></p>
 581 </dd>
 582 <dt class="hdlist1">refs/tags/<code>name</code></dt>
 583 <dd>
 584 <p>records any object name (not necessarily a commit
 585 object, or a tag object that points at a commit object).</p>
 586 </dd>
 587 <dt class="hdlist1">refs/remotes/<code>name</code></dt>
 588 <dd>
 589 <p>records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branches copied
 590 from a remote repository.</p>
 591 </dd>
 592 <dt class="hdlist1">refs/replace/<em>&lt;obj-sha1&gt;</em></dt>
 593 <dd>
 594 <p>records the SHA-1 of the object that replaces <em>&lt;obj-sha1&gt;</em>.
 595 This is similar to info/grafts and is internally used and
 596 maintained by <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>. Such refs can be exchanged
 597 between repositories while grafts are not.</p>
 598 </dd>
 599 <dt class="hdlist1">packed-refs</dt>
 600 <dd>
 601 <p>records the same information as refs/heads/, refs/tags/,
 602 and friends record in a more efficient way.  See
 603 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>. This file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
 604 is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/packed-refs" will be used instead.</p>
 605 </dd>
 606 <dt class="hdlist1">HEAD</dt>
 607 <dd>
 608 <p>A symref (see glossary) to the <code>refs/heads/</code> namespace
 609 describing the currently active branch.  It does not mean
 610 much if the repository is not associated with any working tree
 611 (i.e. a <em>bare</em> repository), but a valid Git repository
 612 <strong>must</strong> have the HEAD file; some porcelains may use it to
 613 guess the designated "default" branch of the repository
 614 (usually <em>master</em>).  It is legal if the named branch
 615 <em>name</em> does not (yet) exist.  In some legacy setups, it is
 616 a symbolic link instead of a symref that points at the current
 617 branch.</p>
 618 <div class="paragraph">
 619 <p>HEAD can also record a specific commit directly, instead of
 620 being a symref to point at the current branch.  Such a state
 621 is often called <em>detached HEAD.</em>  See <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
 622 for details.</p>
 623 </div>
 624 </dd>
 625 <dt class="hdlist1">config</dt>
 626 <dd>
 627 <p>Repository specific configuration file. This file is ignored
 628 if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/config" will be
 629 used instead.</p>
 630 </dd>
 631 <dt class="hdlist1">config.worktree</dt>
 632 <dd>
 633 <p>Working directory specific configuration file for the main
 634 working directory in multiple working directory setup (see
 635 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>).</p>
 636 </dd>
 637 <dt class="hdlist1">branches</dt>
 638 <dd>
 639 <p>A deprecated way to store shorthands to be used
 640 to specify a URL to <em>git fetch</em>, <em>git pull</em> and <em>git push</em>.
 641 A file can be stored as <code>branches/</code><em>&lt;name&gt;</em> and then
 642 <em>name</em> can be given to these commands in place of
 643 <em>repository</em> argument.  See the REMOTES section in
 644 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details.  This mechanism is legacy
 645 and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
 646 directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
 647 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches" will be used instead.</p>
 648 <div class="paragraph">
 649 <p>Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.</p>
 650 </div>
 651 </dd>
 652 <dt class="hdlist1">hooks</dt>
 653 <dd>
 654 <p>Hooks are customization scripts used by various Git
 655 commands.  A handful of sample hooks are installed when
 656 <em>git init</em> is run, but all of them are disabled by
 657 default.  To enable, the .<code>sample</code> suffix has to be
 658 removed from the filename by renaming.
 659 Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about
 660 each hook. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set
 661 and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/hooks" will be used instead.</p>
 662 </dd>
 663 <dt class="hdlist1">common</dt>
 664 <dd>
 665 <p>When multiple working trees are used, most of files in
 666 $GIT_DIR are per-worktree with a few known exceptions. All
 667 files under <em>common</em> however will be shared between all
 668 working trees.</p>
 669 </dd>
 670 <dt class="hdlist1">index</dt>
 671 <dd>
 672 <p>The current index file for the repository.  It is
 673 usually not found in a bare repository.</p>
 674 </dd>
 675 <dt class="hdlist1">sharedindex.&lt;SHA-1&gt;</dt>
 676 <dd>
 677 <p>The shared index part, to be referenced by $GIT_DIR/index and
 678 other temporary index files. Only valid in split index mode.</p>
 679 </dd>
 680 <dt class="hdlist1">info</dt>
 681 <dd>
 682 <p>Additional information about the repository is recorded
 683 in this directory. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
 684 is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/info" will be used instead.</p>
 685 </dd>
 686 <dt class="hdlist1">info/refs</dt>
 687 <dd>
 688 <p>This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are
 689 available in this repository.  If the repository is
 690 published for dumb transports, this file should be
 691 regenerated by <em>git update-server-info</em> every time a tag
 692 or branch is created or modified.  This is normally done
 693 from the <code>hooks/update</code> hook, which is run by the
 694 <em>git-receive-pack</em> command when you <em>git push</em> into the
 695 repository.</p>
 696 </dd>
 697 <dt class="hdlist1">info/grafts</dt>
 698 <dd>
 699 <p>This file records fake commit ancestry information, to
 700 pretend the set of parents a commit has is different
 701 from how the commit was actually created.  One record
 702 per line describes a commit and its fake parents by
 703 listing their 40-byte hexadecimal object names separated
 704 by a space and terminated by a newline.</p>
 705 <div class="paragraph">
 706 <p>Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems
 707 transferring objects between repositories; see <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
 708 for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing.</p>
 709 </div>
 710 </dd>
 711 <dt class="hdlist1">info/exclude</dt>
 712 <dd>
 713 <p>This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the
 714 exclude pattern list. .<code>gitignore</code> is the per-directory
 715 ignore file.  <em>git status</em>, <em>git add</em>, <em>git rm</em> and
 716 <em>git clean</em> look at it but the core Git commands do not look
 717 at it.  See also: <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>.</p>
 718 </dd>
 719 <dt class="hdlist1">info/attributes</dt>
 720 <dd>
 721 <p>Defines which attributes to assign to a path, similar to per-directory
 722 .<code>gitattributes</code> files.   See also: <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>.</p>
 723 </dd>
 724 <dt class="hdlist1">info/sparse-checkout</dt>
 725 <dd>
 726 <p>This file stores sparse checkout patterns.
 727 See also: <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p>
 728 </dd>
 729 <dt class="hdlist1">remotes</dt>
 730 <dd>
 731 <p>Stores shorthands for URL and default refnames for use
 732 when interacting with remote repositories via <em>git fetch</em>,
 733 <em>git pull</em> and <em>git push</em> commands.  See the REMOTES section
 734 in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details.  This mechanism is legacy
 735 and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
 736 directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
 737 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes" will be used instead.</p>
 738 <div class="paragraph">
 739 <p>Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.</p>
 740 </div>
 741 </dd>
 742 <dt class="hdlist1">logs</dt>
 743 <dd>
 744 <p>Records of changes made to refs are stored in this directory.
 745 See <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a> for more information. This
 746 directory is ignored (except logs/HEAD) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
 747 set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead.</p>
 748 </dd>
 749 <dt class="hdlist1">logs/refs/heads/<code>name</code></dt>
 750 <dd>
 751 <p>Records all changes made to the branch tip named <code>name</code>.</p>
 752 </dd>
 753 <dt class="hdlist1">logs/refs/tags/<code>name</code></dt>
 754 <dd>
 755 <p>Records all changes made to the tag named <code>name</code>.</p>
 756 </dd>
 757 <dt class="hdlist1">shallow</dt>
 758 <dd>
 759 <p>This is similar to <code>info/grafts</code> but is internally used
 760 and maintained by shallow clone mechanism.  See <code>--depth</code>
 761 option to <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> and <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>. This
 762 file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
 763 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/shallow" will be used instead.</p>
 764 </dd>
 765 <dt class="hdlist1">commondir</dt>
 766 <dd>
 767 <p>If this file exists, $GIT_COMMON_DIR (see <a href="git.html">git(1)</a>) will
 768 be set to the path specified in this file if it is not
 769 explicitly set. If the specified path is relative, it is
 770 relative to $GIT_DIR. The repository with commondir is
 771 incomplete without the repository pointed by "commondir".</p>
 772 </dd>
 773 <dt class="hdlist1">modules</dt>
 774 <dd>
 775 <p>Contains the git-repositories of the submodules.</p>
 776 </dd>
 777 <dt class="hdlist1">worktrees</dt>
 778 <dd>
 779 <p>Contains administrative data for linked
 780 working trees. Each subdirectory contains the working tree-related
 781 part of a linked working tree. This directory is ignored if
 782 $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set, in which case
 783 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees" will be used instead.</p>
 784 </dd>
 785 <dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/&lt;id&gt;/gitdir</dt>
 786 <dd>
 787 <p>A text file containing the absolute path back to the .git file
 788 that points to here. This is used to check if the linked
 789 repository has been manually removed and there is no need to
 790 keep this directory any more. The mtime of this file should be
 791 updated every time the linked repository is accessed.</p>
 792 </dd>
 793 <dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/&lt;id&gt;/locked</dt>
 794 <dd>
 795 <p>If this file exists, the linked working tree may be on a
 796 portable device and not available. The presence of this file
 797 prevents <code>worktrees/</code><em>&lt;id&gt;</em> from being pruned either automatically
 798 or manually by <code>git</code> <code>worktree</code> <code>prune</code>. The file may contain a string
 799 explaining why the repository is locked.</p>
 800 </dd>
 801 <dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/&lt;id&gt;/config.worktree</dt>
 802 <dd>
 803 <p>Working directory specific configuration file.</p>
 804 </dd>
 805 </dl>
 806 </div>
 807 </div>
 808 </div>
 809 <div class="sect1">
 810 <h2 id="_git_repository_format_versions">Git Repository Format Versions</h2>
 811 <div class="sectionbody">
 812 <div class="paragraph">
 813 <p>Every git repository is marked with a numeric version in the
 814 <code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> key of its <code>config</code> file. This version
 815 specifies the rules for operating on the on-disk repository data. An
 816 implementation of git which does not understand a particular version
 817 advertised by an on-disk repository MUST NOT operate on that repository;
 818 doing so risks not only producing wrong results, but actually losing
 819 data.</p>
 820 </div>
 821 <div class="paragraph">
 822 <p>Because of this rule, version bumps should be kept to an absolute
 823 minimum. Instead, we generally prefer these strategies:</p>
 824 </div>
 825 <div class="ulist">
 826 <ul>
 827 <li>
 828 <p>bumping format version numbers of individual data files (e.g.,
 829 index, packfiles, etc). This restricts the incompatibilities only to
 830 those files.</p>
 831 </li>
 832 <li>
 833 <p>introducing new data that gracefully degrades when used by older
 834 clients (e.g., pack bitmap files are ignored by older clients, which
 835 simply do not take advantage of the optimization they provide).</p>
 836 </li>
 837 </ul>
 838 </div>
 839 <div class="paragraph">
 840 <p>A whole-repository format version bump should only be part of a change
 841 that cannot be independently versioned. For instance, if one were to
 842 change the reachability rules for objects, or the rules for locking
 843 refs, that would require a bump of the repository format version.</p>
 844 </div>
 845 <div class="paragraph">
 846 <p>Note that this applies only to accessing the repository&#8217;s disk contents
 847 directly. An older client which understands only format <code>0</code> may still
 848 connect via <code>git://</code> to a repository using format <code>1</code>, as long as the
 849 server process understands format <code>1</code>.</p>
 850 </div>
 851 <div class="paragraph">
 852 <p>The preferred strategy for rolling out a version bump (whether whole
 853 repository or for a single file) is to teach git to read the new format,
 854 and allow writing the new format with a config switch or command line
 855 option (for experimentation or for those who do not care about backwards
 856 compatibility with older gits). Then after a long period to allow the
 857 reading capability to become common, we may switch to writing the new
 858 format by default.</p>
 859 </div>
 860 <div class="paragraph">
 861 <p>The currently defined format versions are:</p>
 862 </div>
 863 <div class="sect2">
 864 <h3 id="_version_0">Version <code>0</code></h3>
 865 <div class="paragraph">
 866 <p>This is the format defined by the initial version of git, including but
 867 not limited to the format of the repository directory, the repository
 868 configuration file, and the object and ref storage. Specifying the
 869 complete behavior of git is beyond the scope of this document.</p>
 870 </div>
 871 </div>
 872 <div class="sect2">
 873 <h3 id="_version_1">Version <code>1</code></h3>
 874 <div class="paragraph">
 875 <p>This format is identical to version <code>0</code>, with the following exceptions:</p>
 876 </div>
 877 <div class="olist arabic">
 878 <ol class="arabic">
 879 <li>
 880 <p>When reading the <code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> variable, a git
 881 implementation which supports version 1 MUST also read any
 882 configuration keys found in the <code>extensions</code> section of the
 883 configuration file.</p>
 884 </li>
 885 <li>
 886 <p>If a version-1 repository specifies any <code>extensions.</code>* keys that
 887 the running git has not implemented, the operation MUST NOT
 888 proceed. Similarly, if the value of any known key is not understood
 889 by the implementation, the operation MUST NOT proceed.</p>
 890 </li>
 891 </ol>
 892 </div>
 893 <div class="paragraph">
 894 <p>Note that if no extensions are specified in the config file, then
 895 <code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> SHOULD be set to <code>0</code> (setting it to <code>1</code>
 896 provides no benefit, and makes the repository incompatible with older
 897 implementations of git).</p>
 898 </div>
 899 <div class="paragraph">
 900 <p>The defined extensions are given in the <code>extensions.</code>* section of
 901 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. Any implementation wishing to define a new
 902 extension should make a note of it there, in order to claim the name.</p>
 903 </div>
 904 </div>
 905 </div>
 906 </div>
 907 <div class="sect1">
 908 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 909 <div class="sectionbody">
 910 <div class="paragraph">
 911 <p><a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>,
 912 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>,
 913 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>,
 914 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>,
 915 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>,
 916 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>,
 917 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>,
 918 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>,
 919 <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a></p>
 920 </div>
 921 </div>
 922 </div>
 923 <div class="sect1">
 924 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 925 <div class="sectionbody">
 926 <div class="paragraph">
 927 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 928 </div>
 929 </div>
 930 </div>
 931 </div>
 932 <div id="footer">
 933 <div id="footer-text">
 934 Last updated 2025-02-03 11:48:31 -0800
 935 </div>
 936 </div>
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