1 gitrepository-layout(5)
2 =======================
6 gitrepository-layout - Git Repository Layout
15 A Git repository comes in two different flavours:
17 * a `.git` directory at the root of the working tree;
19 * a `<project>.git` directory that is a 'bare' repository
20 (i.e. without its own working tree), that is typically used for
21 exchanging histories with others by pushing into it and fetching
24 *Note*: Also you can have a plain text file `.git` at the root of
25 your working tree, containing `gitdir: <path>` to point at the real
26 directory that has the repository.
27 This mechanism is called a 'gitfile' and is usually managed via the
28 `git submodule` and `git worktree` commands. It is often used for
29 a working tree of a submodule checkout, to allow you in the
30 containing superproject to `git checkout` a branch that does not
31 have the submodule. The `checkout` has to remove the entire
32 submodule working tree, without losing the submodule repository.
34 These things may exist in a Git repository.
37 Object store associated with this repository. Usually
38 an object store is self sufficient (i.e. all the objects
39 that are referred to by an object found in it are also
40 found in it), but there are a few ways to violate it.
42 . You could have an incomplete but locally usable repository
43 by creating a shallow clone. See linkgit:git-clone[1].
44 . You could be using the `objects/info/alternates` or
45 `$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES` mechanisms to 'borrow'
46 objects from other object stores. A repository with this kind
47 of incomplete object store is not suitable to be published for
48 use with dumb transports but otherwise is OK as long as
49 `objects/info/alternates` points at the object stores it
52 This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
53 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/objects" will be used instead.
55 objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]::
56 A newly created object is stored in its own file.
57 The objects are splayed over 256 subdirectories using
58 the first two characters of the sha1 object name to
59 keep the number of directory entries in `objects`
60 itself to a manageable number. Objects found
61 here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects.
64 Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form,
65 along with index files to allow them to be randomly
66 accessed) are found in this directory.
69 Additional information about the object store is
70 recorded in this directory.
73 This file is to help dumb transports discover what packs
74 are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is
75 added or removed, `git update-server-info` should be run
76 to keep this file up to date if the repository is
77 published for dumb transports. 'git repack' does this
80 objects/info/alternates::
81 This file records paths to alternate object stores that
82 this object store borrows objects from, one pathname per
83 line. Note that not only native Git tools use it locally,
84 but the HTTP fetcher also tries to use it remotely; this
85 will usually work if you have relative paths (relative
86 to the object database, not to the repository!) in your
87 alternates file, but it will not work if you use absolute
88 paths unless the absolute path in filesystem and web URL
89 is the same. See also `objects/info/http-alternates`.
91 objects/info/http-alternates::
92 This file records URLs to alternate object stores that
93 this object store borrows objects from, to be used when
94 the repository is fetched over HTTP.
97 References are stored in subdirectories of this
98 directory. The 'git prune' command knows to preserve
99 objects reachable from refs found in this directory and
101 This directory is ignored (except refs/bisect,
102 refs/rewritten and refs/worktree) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
103 set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead.
106 records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branch `name`
109 records any object name (not necessarily a commit
110 object, or a tag object that points at a commit object).
112 refs/remotes/`name`::
113 records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branches copied
114 from a remote repository.
116 refs/replace/`<obj-sha1>`::
117 records the SHA-1 of the object that replaces `<obj-sha1>`.
118 This is similar to info/grafts and is internally used and
119 maintained by linkgit:git-replace[1]. Such refs can be exchanged
120 between repositories while grafts are not.
123 records the same information as refs/heads/, refs/tags/,
124 and friends record in a more efficient way. See
125 linkgit:git-pack-refs[1]. This file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
126 is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/packed-refs" will be used instead.
129 A symref (see glossary) to the `refs/heads/` namespace
130 describing the currently active branch. It does not mean
131 much if the repository is not associated with any working tree
132 (i.e. a 'bare' repository), but a valid Git repository
133 *must* have the HEAD file; some porcelains may use it to
134 guess the designated "default" branch of the repository
135 (usually 'master'). It is legal if the named branch
136 'name' does not (yet) exist. In some legacy setups, it is
137 a symbolic link instead of a symref that points at the current
140 HEAD can also record a specific commit directly, instead of
141 being a symref to point at the current branch. Such a state
142 is often called 'detached HEAD.' See linkgit:git-checkout[1]
146 Repository specific configuration file. This file is ignored
147 if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/config" will be
151 Working directory specific configuration file for the main
152 working directory in multiple working directory setup (see
153 linkgit:git-worktree[1]).
156 A deprecated way to store shorthands to be used
157 to specify a URL to 'git fetch', 'git pull' and 'git push'.
158 A file can be stored as `branches/<name>` and then
159 'name' can be given to these commands in place of
160 'repository' argument. See the REMOTES section in
161 linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details. This mechanism is legacy
162 and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
163 directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
164 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches" will be used instead.
166 Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.
169 Hooks are customization scripts used by various Git
170 commands. A handful of sample hooks are installed when
171 'git init' is run, but all of them are disabled by
172 default. To enable, the `.sample` suffix has to be
173 removed from the filename by renaming.
174 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about
175 each hook. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set
176 and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/hooks" will be used instead.
179 When multiple working trees are used, most of files in
180 $GIT_DIR are per-worktree with a few known exceptions. All
181 files under 'common' however will be shared between all
185 The current index file for the repository. It is
186 usually not found in a bare repository.
188 sharedindex.<SHA-1>::
189 The shared index part, to be referenced by $GIT_DIR/index and
190 other temporary index files. Only valid in split index mode.
193 Additional information about the repository is recorded
194 in this directory. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
195 is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/info" will be used instead.
198 This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are
199 available in this repository. If the repository is
200 published for dumb transports, this file should be
201 regenerated by 'git update-server-info' every time a tag
202 or branch is created or modified. This is normally done
203 from the `hooks/update` hook, which is run by the
204 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git push' into the
208 This file records fake commit ancestry information, to
209 pretend the set of parents a commit has is different
210 from how the commit was actually created. One record
211 per line describes a commit and its fake parents by
212 listing their 40-byte hexadecimal object names separated
213 by a space and terminated by a newline.
215 Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems
216 transferring objects between repositories; see linkgit:git-replace[1]
217 for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing.
220 This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the
221 exclude pattern list. `.gitignore` is the per-directory
222 ignore file. 'git status', 'git add', 'git rm' and
223 'git clean' look at it but the core Git commands do not look
224 at it. See also: linkgit:gitignore[5].
227 Defines which attributes to assign to a path, similar to per-directory
228 `.gitattributes` files. See also: linkgit:gitattributes[5].
230 info/sparse-checkout::
231 This file stores sparse checkout patterns.
232 See also: linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
235 Stores shorthands for URL and default refnames for use
236 when interacting with remote repositories via 'git fetch',
237 'git pull' and 'git push' commands. See the REMOTES section
238 in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details. This mechanism is legacy
239 and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
240 directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
241 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes" will be used instead.
243 Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.
246 Records of changes made to refs are stored in this directory.
247 See linkgit:git-update-ref[1] for more information. This
248 directory is ignored (except logs/HEAD) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
249 set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead.
251 logs/refs/heads/`name`::
252 Records all changes made to the branch tip named `name`.
254 logs/refs/tags/`name`::
255 Records all changes made to the tag named `name`.
258 This is similar to `info/grafts` but is internally used
259 and maintained by shallow clone mechanism. See `--depth`
260 option to linkgit:git-clone[1] and linkgit:git-fetch[1]. This
261 file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
262 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/shallow" will be used instead.
265 If this file exists, $GIT_COMMON_DIR (see linkgit:git[1]) will
266 be set to the path specified in this file if it is not
267 explicitly set. If the specified path is relative, it is
268 relative to $GIT_DIR. The repository with commondir is
269 incomplete without the repository pointed by "commondir".
272 Contains the git-repositories of the submodules.
275 Contains administrative data for linked
276 working trees. Each subdirectory contains the working tree-related
277 part of a linked working tree. This directory is ignored if
278 $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set, in which case
279 "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees" will be used instead.
281 worktrees/<id>/gitdir::
282 A text file containing the absolute path back to the .git file
283 that points to here. This is used to check if the linked
284 repository has been manually removed and there is no need to
285 keep this directory any more. The mtime of this file should be
286 updated every time the linked repository is accessed.
288 worktrees/<id>/locked::
289 If this file exists, the linked working tree may be on a
290 portable device and not available. The presence of this file
291 prevents `worktrees/<id>` from being pruned either automatically
292 or manually by `git worktree prune`. The file may contain a string
293 explaining why the repository is locked.
295 worktrees/<id>/config.worktree::
296 Working directory specific configuration file.
298 include::technical/repository-version.txt[]
303 linkgit:git-clone[1],
304 linkgit:git-config[1],
305 linkgit:git-fetch[1],
306 linkgit:git-pack-refs[1],
308 linkgit:git-checkout[1],
309 linkgit:gitglossary[7],
310 link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
314 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite