git-rev-parse.html

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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-rev-parse(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-rev-parse -
 743    Pick out and massage parameters
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git rev-parse</em> [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;&#8230;</pre>
 753 <div class="attribution">
 754 </div></div>
 755 </div>
 756 </div>
 757 <div class="sect1">
 758 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 759 <div class="sectionbody">
 760 <div class="paragraph"><p>Many Git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags
 761 (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash <em>-</em>) and parameters
 762 meant for the underlying <em>git rev-list</em> command they use internally
 763 and flags and parameters for the other commands they use
 764 downstream of <em>git rev-list</em>.  This command is used to
 765 distinguish between them.</p></div>
 766 </div>
 767 </div>
 768 <div class="sect1">
 769 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 770 <div class="sectionbody">
 771 <div class="sect2">
 772 <h3 id="_operation_modes">Operation Modes</h3>
 773 <div class="paragraph"><p>Each of these options must appear first on the command line.</p></div>
 774 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 775 <dt class="hdlist1">
 776 --parseopt
 777 </dt>
 778 <dd>
 779 <p>
 780         Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below).
 781 </p>
 782 </dd>
 783 <dt class="hdlist1">
 784 --sq-quote
 785 </dt>
 786 <dd>
 787 <p>
 788         Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE
 789         section below). In contrast to the <code>--sq</code> option below, this
 790         mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input.
 791 </p>
 792 </dd>
 793 </dl></div>
 794 </div>
 795 <div class="sect2">
 796 <h3 id="_options_for_parseopt">Options for --parseopt</h3>
 797 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 798 <dt class="hdlist1">
 799 --keep-dashdash
 800 </dt>
 801 <dd>
 802 <p>
 803         Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Tells the option parser to echo
 804         out the first <code>--</code> met instead of skipping it.
 805 </p>
 806 </dd>
 807 <dt class="hdlist1">
 808 --stop-at-non-option
 809 </dt>
 810 <dd>
 811 <p>
 812         Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode.  Lets the option parser stop at
 813         the first non-option argument.  This can be used to parse sub-commands
 814         that take options themselves.
 815 </p>
 816 </dd>
 817 <dt class="hdlist1">
 818 --stuck-long
 819 </dt>
 820 <dd>
 821 <p>
 822         Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Output the options in their
 823         long form if available, and with their arguments stuck.
 824 </p>
 825 </dd>
 826 </dl></div>
 827 </div>
 828 <div class="sect2">
 829 <h3 id="_options_for_filtering">Options for Filtering</h3>
 830 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 831 <dt class="hdlist1">
 832 --revs-only
 833 </dt>
 834 <dd>
 835 <p>
 836         Do not output flags and parameters not meant for
 837         <em>git rev-list</em> command.
 838 </p>
 839 </dd>
 840 <dt class="hdlist1">
 841 --no-revs
 842 </dt>
 843 <dd>
 844 <p>
 845         Do not output flags and parameters meant for
 846         <em>git rev-list</em> command.
 847 </p>
 848 </dd>
 849 <dt class="hdlist1">
 850 --flags
 851 </dt>
 852 <dd>
 853 <p>
 854         Do not output non-flag parameters.
 855 </p>
 856 </dd>
 857 <dt class="hdlist1">
 858 --no-flags
 859 </dt>
 860 <dd>
 861 <p>
 862         Do not output flag parameters.
 863 </p>
 864 </dd>
 865 </dl></div>
 866 </div>
 867 <div class="sect2">
 868 <h3 id="_options_for_output">Options for Output</h3>
 869 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 870 <dt class="hdlist1">
 871 --default &lt;arg&gt;
 872 </dt>
 873 <dd>
 874 <p>
 875         If there is no parameter given by the user, use <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code>
 876         instead.
 877 </p>
 878 </dd>
 879 <dt class="hdlist1">
 880 --prefix &lt;arg&gt;
 881 </dt>
 882 <dd>
 883 <p>
 884         Behave as if <em>git rev-parse</em> was invoked from the <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code>
 885         subdirectory of the working tree.  Any relative filenames are
 886         resolved as if they are prefixed by <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code> and will be printed
 887         in that form.
 888 </p>
 889 <div class="paragraph"><p>This can be used to convert arguments to a command run in a subdirectory
 890 so that they can still be used after moving to the top-level of the
 891 repository.  For example:</p></div>
 892 <div class="listingblock">
 893 <div class="content">
 894 <pre><code>prefix=$(git rev-parse --show-prefix)
 895 cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
 896 # rev-parse provides the -- needed for 'set'
 897 eval "set $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" -- "$@")"</code></pre>
 898 </div></div>
 899 </dd>
 900 <dt class="hdlist1">
 901 --verify
 902 </dt>
 903 <dd>
 904 <p>
 905         Verify that exactly one parameter is provided, and that it
 906         can be turned into a raw 20-byte SHA-1 that can be used to
 907         access the object database. If so, emit it to the standard
 908         output; otherwise, error out.
 909 </p>
 910 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in
 911 your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object
 912 you require, you can add the <code>^{type}</code> peeling operator to the parameter.
 913 For example, <code>git rev-parse "$VAR^{commit}"</code> will make sure <code>$VAR</code>
 914 names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an
 915 annotated tag that points at a commit).  To make sure that <code>$VAR</code>
 916 names an existing object of any type, <code>git rev-parse "$VAR^{object}"</code>
 917 can be used.</p></div>
 918 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that if you are verifying a name from an untrusted source, it is
 919 wise to use <code>--end-of-options</code> so that the name argument is not mistaken
 920 for another option.</p></div>
 921 </dd>
 922 <dt class="hdlist1">
 923 -q
 924 </dt>
 925 <dt class="hdlist1">
 926 --quiet
 927 </dt>
 928 <dd>
 929 <p>
 930         Only meaningful in <code>--verify</code> mode. Do not output an error
 931         message if the first argument is not a valid object name;
 932         instead exit with non-zero status silently.
 933         SHA-1s for valid object names are printed to stdout on success.
 934 </p>
 935 </dd>
 936 <dt class="hdlist1">
 937 --sq
 938 </dt>
 939 <dd>
 940 <p>
 941         Usually the output is made one line per flag and
 942         parameter.  This option makes output a single line,
 943         properly quoted for consumption by shell.  Useful when
 944         you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and
 945         newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe <code>-S</code> with
 946         <em>git diff-&#42;</em>). In contrast to the <code>--sq-quote</code> option,
 947         the command input is still interpreted as usual.
 948 </p>
 949 </dd>
 950 <dt class="hdlist1">
 951 --short[=length]
 952 </dt>
 953 <dd>
 954 <p>
 955         Same as <code>--verify</code> but shortens the object name to a unique
 956         prefix with at least <code>length</code> characters. The minimum length
 957         is 4, the default is the effective value of the <code>core.abbrev</code>
 958         configuration variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
 959 </p>
 960 </dd>
 961 <dt class="hdlist1">
 962 --not
 963 </dt>
 964 <dd>
 965 <p>
 966         When showing object names, prefix them with <em>&#94;</em> and
 967         strip <em>&#94;</em> prefix from the object names that already have
 968         one.
 969 </p>
 970 </dd>
 971 <dt class="hdlist1">
 972 --abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]
 973 </dt>
 974 <dd>
 975 <p>
 976         A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name.
 977         The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict
 978         abbreviation mode.
 979 </p>
 980 </dd>
 981 <dt class="hdlist1">
 982 --symbolic
 983 </dt>
 984 <dd>
 985 <p>
 986         Usually the object names are output in SHA-1 form (with
 987         possible <em>&#94;</em> prefix); this option makes them output in a
 988         form as close to the original input as possible.
 989 </p>
 990 </dd>
 991 <dt class="hdlist1">
 992 --symbolic-full-name
 993 </dt>
 994 <dd>
 995 <p>
 996         This is similar to --symbolic, but it omits input that
 997         are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more
 998         explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you
 999         want to name the "master" branch when there is an
1000         unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full
1001         refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master").
1002 </p>
1003 </dd>
1004 </dl></div>
1005 </div>
1006 <div class="sect2">
1007 <h3 id="_options_for_objects">Options for Objects</h3>
1008 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1009 <dt class="hdlist1">
1010 --all
1011 </dt>
1012 <dd>
1013 <p>
1014         Show all refs found in <code>refs/</code>.
1015 </p>
1016 </dd>
1017 <dt class="hdlist1">
1018 --branches[=pattern]
1019 </dt>
1020 <dt class="hdlist1">
1021 --tags[=pattern]
1022 </dt>
1023 <dt class="hdlist1">
1024 --remotes[=pattern]
1025 </dt>
1026 <dd>
1027 <p>
1028         Show all branches, tags, or remote-tracking branches,
1029         respectively (i.e., refs found in <code>refs/heads</code>,
1030         <code>refs/tags</code>, or <code>refs/remotes</code>, respectively).
1031 </p>
1032 <div class="paragraph"><p>If a <code>pattern</code> is given, only refs matching the given shell glob are
1033 shown.  If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (<code>?</code>,
1034 <code>*</code>, or <code>[</code>), it is turned into a prefix match by appending <code>/*</code>.</p></div>
1035 </dd>
1036 <dt class="hdlist1">
1037 --glob=pattern
1038 </dt>
1039 <dd>
1040 <p>
1041         Show all refs matching the shell glob pattern <code>pattern</code>. If
1042         the pattern does not start with <code>refs/</code>, this is automatically
1043         prepended.  If the pattern does not contain a globbing
1044         character (<code>?</code>, <code>*</code>, or <code>[</code>), it is turned into a prefix
1045         match by appending <code>/*</code>.
1046 </p>
1047 </dd>
1048 <dt class="hdlist1">
1049 --exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;
1050 </dt>
1051 <dd>
1052 <p>
1053         Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
1054         <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
1055         consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
1056         up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
1057         <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
1058         accumulated patterns).
1059 </p>
1060 <div class="paragraph"><p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
1061 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
1062 respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
1063 or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/&#42;</em> is intended, it must be given
1064 explicitly.</p></div>
1065 </dd>
1066 <dt class="hdlist1">
1067 --exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]
1068 </dt>
1069 <dd>
1070 <p>
1071         Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
1072         <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
1073         <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
1074         configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
1075         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
1076         <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.
1077 </p>
1078 </dd>
1079 <dt class="hdlist1">
1080 --disambiguate=&lt;prefix&gt;
1081 </dt>
1082 <dd>
1083 <p>
1084         Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix.
1085         The &lt;prefix&gt; must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to
1086         avoid listing each and every object in the repository by
1087         mistake.
1088 </p>
1089 </dd>
1090 </dl></div>
1091 </div>
1092 <div class="sect2">
1093 <h3 id="_options_for_files">Options for Files</h3>
1094 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1095 <dt class="hdlist1">
1096 --local-env-vars
1097 </dt>
1098 <dd>
1099 <p>
1100         List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the
1101         repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR).
1102         Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value,
1103         even if they are set.
1104 </p>
1105 </dd>
1106 <dt class="hdlist1">
1107 --path-format=(absolute|relative)
1108 </dt>
1109 <dd>
1110 <p>
1111         Controls the behavior of certain other options. If specified as absolute, the
1112         paths printed by those options will be absolute and canonical. If specified as
1113         relative, the paths will be relative to the current working directory if that
1114         is possible.  The default is option specific.
1115 </p>
1116 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified multiple times and affects only the arguments that
1117 follow it on the command line, either to the end of the command line or the next
1118 instance of this option.</p></div>
1119 </dd>
1120 </dl></div>
1121 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options are modified by <code>--path-format</code>:</p></div>
1122 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1123 <dt class="hdlist1">
1124 --git-dir
1125 </dt>
1126 <dd>
1127 <p>
1128         Show <code>$GIT_DIR</code> if defined. Otherwise show the path to
1129         the .git directory. The path shown, when relative, is
1130         relative to the current working directory.
1131 </p>
1132 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>$GIT_DIR</code> is not defined and the current directory
1133 is not detected to lie in a Git repository or work tree
1134 print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status.</p></div>
1135 </dd>
1136 <dt class="hdlist1">
1137 --git-common-dir
1138 </dt>
1139 <dd>
1140 <p>
1141         Show <code>$GIT_COMMON_DIR</code> if defined, else <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.
1142 </p>
1143 </dd>
1144 <dt class="hdlist1">
1145 --resolve-git-dir &lt;path&gt;
1146 </dt>
1147 <dd>
1148 <p>
1149         Check if &lt;path&gt; is a valid repository or a gitfile that
1150         points at a valid repository, and print the location of the
1151         repository.  If &lt;path&gt; is a gitfile then the resolved path
1152         to the real repository is printed.
1153 </p>
1154 </dd>
1155 <dt class="hdlist1">
1156 --git-path &lt;path&gt;
1157 </dt>
1158 <dd>
1159 <p>
1160         Resolve "$GIT_DIR/&lt;path&gt;" and takes other path relocation
1161         variables such as $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY,
1162         $GIT_INDEX_FILE&#8230; into account. For example, if
1163         $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY is set to /foo/bar then "git rev-parse
1164         --git-path objects/abc" returns /foo/bar/abc.
1165 </p>
1166 </dd>
1167 <dt class="hdlist1">
1168 --show-toplevel
1169 </dt>
1170 <dd>
1171 <p>
1172         Show the (by default, absolute) path of the top-level directory
1173         of the working tree. If there is no working tree, report an error.
1174 </p>
1175 </dd>
1176 <dt class="hdlist1">
1177 --show-superproject-working-tree
1178 </dt>
1179 <dd>
1180 <p>
1181         Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject&#8217;s
1182         working tree (if exists) that uses the current repository as
1183         its submodule.  Outputs nothing if the current repository is
1184         not used as a submodule by any project.
1185 </p>
1186 </dd>
1187 <dt class="hdlist1">
1188 --shared-index-path
1189 </dt>
1190 <dd>
1191 <p>
1192         Show the path to the shared index file in split index mode, or
1193         empty if not in split-index mode.
1194 </p>
1195 </dd>
1196 </dl></div>
1197 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options are unaffected by <code>--path-format</code>:</p></div>
1198 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1199 <dt class="hdlist1">
1200 --absolute-git-dir
1201 </dt>
1202 <dd>
1203 <p>
1204         Like <code>--git-dir</code>, but its output is always the canonicalized
1205         absolute path.
1206 </p>
1207 </dd>
1208 <dt class="hdlist1">
1209 --is-inside-git-dir
1210 </dt>
1211 <dd>
1212 <p>
1213         When the current working directory is below the repository
1214         directory print "true", otherwise "false".
1215 </p>
1216 </dd>
1217 <dt class="hdlist1">
1218 --is-inside-work-tree
1219 </dt>
1220 <dd>
1221 <p>
1222         When the current working directory is inside the work tree of the
1223         repository print "true", otherwise "false".
1224 </p>
1225 </dd>
1226 <dt class="hdlist1">
1227 --is-bare-repository
1228 </dt>
1229 <dd>
1230 <p>
1231         When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false".
1232 </p>
1233 </dd>
1234 <dt class="hdlist1">
1235 --is-shallow-repository
1236 </dt>
1237 <dd>
1238 <p>
1239         When the repository is shallow print "true", otherwise "false".
1240 </p>
1241 </dd>
1242 <dt class="hdlist1">
1243 --show-cdup
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247         When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the
1248         path of the top-level directory relative to the current
1249         directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string).
1250 </p>
1251 </dd>
1252 <dt class="hdlist1">
1253 --show-prefix
1254 </dt>
1255 <dd>
1256 <p>
1257         When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the
1258         path of the current directory relative to the top-level
1259         directory.
1260 </p>
1261 </dd>
1262 <dt class="hdlist1">
1263 --show-object-format[=(storage|input|output)]
1264 </dt>
1265 <dd>
1266 <p>
1267         Show the object format (hash algorithm) used for the repository
1268         for storage inside the <code>.git</code> directory, input, or output. For
1269         input, multiple algorithms may be printed, space-separated.
1270         If not specified, the default is "storage".
1271 </p>
1272 </dd>
1273 </dl></div>
1274 </div>
1275 <div class="sect2">
1276 <h3 id="_other_options">Other Options</h3>
1277 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1278 <dt class="hdlist1">
1279 --since=datestring
1280 </dt>
1281 <dt class="hdlist1">
1282 --after=datestring
1283 </dt>
1284 <dd>
1285 <p>
1286         Parse the date string, and output the corresponding
1287         --max-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.
1288 </p>
1289 </dd>
1290 <dt class="hdlist1">
1291 --until=datestring
1292 </dt>
1293 <dt class="hdlist1">
1294 --before=datestring
1295 </dt>
1296 <dd>
1297 <p>
1298         Parse the date string, and output the corresponding
1299         --min-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.
1300 </p>
1301 </dd>
1302 <dt class="hdlist1">
1303 &lt;args&gt;&#8230;
1304 </dt>
1305 <dd>
1306 <p>
1307         Flags and parameters to be parsed.
1308 </p>
1309 </dd>
1310 </dl></div>
1311 </div>
1312 </div>
1313 </div>
1314 <div class="sect1">
1315 <h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2>
1316 <div class="sectionbody">
1317 <div class="paragraph"><p>A revision parameter <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> typically, but not necessarily, names a
1318 commit object.  It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em>
1319 syntax.  Here are various ways to spell object names.  The
1320 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
1321 blobs contained in a commit.</p></div>
1322 <div class="admonitionblock">
1323 <table><tr>
1324 <td class="icon">
1325 <div class="title">Note</div>
1326 </td>
1327 <td class="content">This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
1328 and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
1329 characters and to avoid word splitting.</td>
1330 </tr></table>
1331 </div>
1332 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1333 <dt class="hdlist1">
1334 <em>&lt;sha1&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em>
1335 </dt>
1336 <dd>
1337 <p>
1338   The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
1339   a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
1340   E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
1341   name the same commit object if there is no other object in
1342   your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
1343 </p>
1344 </dd>
1345 <dt class="hdlist1">
1346 <em>&lt;describeOutput&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em>
1347 </dt>
1348 <dd>
1349 <p>
1350   Output from <code>git describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
1351   followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
1352   <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.
1353 </p>
1354 </dd>
1355 <dt class="hdlist1">
1356 <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em>
1357 </dt>
1358 <dd>
1359 <p>
1360   A symbolic ref name.  E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit
1361   object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>.  If you
1362   happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can
1363   explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean.
1364   When ambiguous, a <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em> is disambiguated by taking the
1365   first match in the following rules:
1366 </p>
1367 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
1368 <li>
1369 <p>
1370 If <em>$GIT_DIR/&lt;refname&gt;</em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
1371     useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>
1372     and <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>);
1373 </p>
1374 </li>
1375 <li>
1376 <p>
1377 otherwise, <em>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
1378 </p>
1379 </li>
1380 <li>
1381 <p>
1382 otherwise, <em>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
1383 </p>
1384 </li>
1385 <li>
1386 <p>
1387 otherwise, <em>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
1388 </p>
1389 </li>
1390 <li>
1391 <p>
1392 otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
1393 </p>
1394 </li>
1395 <li>
1396 <p>
1397 otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;/HEAD</em> if it exists.
1398 </p>
1399 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>HEAD</code> names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
1400 <code>FETCH_HEAD</code> records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
1401 with your last <code>git fetch</code> invocation.
1402 <code>ORIG_HEAD</code> is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic
1403 way (<code>git am</code>, <code>git merge</code>, <code>git rebase</code>, <code>git reset</code>),
1404 to record the position of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that
1405 you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
1406 them.
1407 <code>MERGE_HEAD</code> records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
1408 when you run <code>git merge</code>.
1409 <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code> records the commit which you are cherry-picking
1410 when you run <code>git cherry-pick</code>.</p></div>
1411 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from
1412 the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file.
1413 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
1414 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p></div>
1415 </li>
1416 </ol></div>
1417 </dd>
1418 <dt class="hdlist1">
1419 <em>@</em>
1420 </dt>
1421 <dd>
1422 <p>
1423   <em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.
1424 </p>
1425 </dd>
1426 <dt class="hdlist1">
1427 <em>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em>
1428 </dt>
1429 <dd>
1430 <p>
1431   A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification
1432   enclosed in a brace
1433   pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
1434   second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value
1435   of the ref at a prior point in time.  This suffix may only be
1436   used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
1437   existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;ref&gt;</em>). Note that this looks up the state
1438   of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
1439   <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
1440   certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.
1441 </p>
1442 </dd>
1443 <dt class="hdlist1">
1444 <em>&lt;refname&gt;@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em>
1445 </dt>
1446 <dd>
1447 <p>
1448   A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification
1449   enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies
1450   the n-th prior value of that ref.  For example <em>master@{1}</em>
1451   is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em>
1452   is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used
1453   immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
1454   log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;refname&gt;</em>).
1455 </p>
1456 </dd>
1457 <dt class="hdlist1">
1458 <em>@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em>
1459 </dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>
1462   You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a
1463   reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
1464   branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.
1465 </p>
1466 </dd>
1467 <dt class="hdlist1">
1468 <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em>
1469 </dt>
1470 <dd>
1471 <p>
1472   The construct <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th branch/commit checked out
1473   before the current one.
1474 </p>
1475 </dd>
1476 <dt class="hdlist1">
1477 <em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em>
1478 </dt>
1479 <dd>
1480 <p>
1481   A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with
1482   <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code>) at a remote R (configured with
1483   the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at <code>refs/remotes/R/X</code>.
1484 </p>
1485 </dd>
1486 <dt class="hdlist1">
1487 <em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em>
1488 </dt>
1489 <dd>
1490 <p>
1491   The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if
1492   <code>git push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current
1493   <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Like for <em>@{upstream}</em>, we report
1494   the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.
1495 </p>
1496 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here&#8217;s an example to make it more clear:</p></div>
1497 <div class="listingblock">
1498 <div class="content">
1499 <pre><code>$ git config push.default current
1500 $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
1501 $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master
1502
1503 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
1504 refs/remotes/origin/master
1505
1506 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
1507 refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</code></pre>
1508 </div></div>
1509 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
1510 from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
1511 <em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p></div>
1512 <div class="paragraph"><p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
1513 thing no matter the case.</p></div>
1514 </dd>
1515 <dt class="hdlist1">
1516 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;, v1.5.1&#94;0</em>
1517 </dt>
1518 <dd>
1519 <p>
1520   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
1521   that commit object.  <em>&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th parent (i.e.
1522   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;</em>
1523   is equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1</em>).  As a special rule,
1524   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is the
1525   object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
1526 </p>
1527 </dd>
1528 <dt class="hdlist1">
1529 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#126;, master&#126;3</em>
1530 </dt>
1531 <dd>
1532 <p>
1533   A suffix <em>&#126;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
1534   that commit object.
1535   A suffix <em>&#126;&lt;n&gt;</em> to a revision parameter means the commit
1536   object that is the &lt;n&gt;th generation ancestor of the named
1537   commit object, following only the first parents.  I.e. <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;3</em> is
1538   equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&#94;&#94;</em> which is equivalent to
1539   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1&#94;1&#94;1</em>.  See below for an illustration of
1540   the usage of this form.
1541 </p>
1542 </dd>
1543 <dt class="hdlist1">
1544 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{&lt;type&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{commit}</em>
1545 </dt>
1546 <dd>
1547 <p>
1548   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in
1549   brace pair means dereference the object at <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> recursively until
1550   an object of type <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is found or the object cannot be
1551   dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
1552   For example, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a commit-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>
1553   describes the corresponding commit object.
1554   Similarly, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a tree-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tree}</em>
1555   describes the corresponding tree object.
1556   <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em>
1557   is a short-hand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>.
1558 </p>
1559 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> names an
1560 object that exists, without requiring <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> to be a tag, and
1561 without dereferencing <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>; because a tag is already an object,
1562 it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p></div>
1563 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> identifies an
1564 existing tag object.</p></div>
1565 </dd>
1566 <dt class="hdlist1">
1567 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{}</em>
1568 </dt>
1569 <dd>
1570 <p>
1571   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an empty brace pair
1572   means the object could be a tag,
1573   and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
1574   found.
1575 </p>
1576 </dd>
1577 <dt class="hdlist1">
1578 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{/&lt;text&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em>
1579 </dt>
1580 <dd>
1581 <p>
1582   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
1583   pair that contains a text led by a slash,
1584   is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that
1585   it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
1586   the <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> before <em>&#94;</em>.
1587 </p>
1588 </dd>
1589 <dt class="hdlist1">
1590 <em>:/&lt;text&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em>
1591 </dt>
1592 <dd>
1593 <p>
1594   A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
1595   a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
1596   This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
1597   reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
1598   The regular expression can match any part of the
1599   commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
1600   e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what
1601   is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a
1602   literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with
1603   <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now.
1604   Depending on the given text, the shell&#8217;s word splitting rules might
1605   require additional quoting.
1606 </p>
1607 </dd>
1608 <dt class="hdlist1">
1609 <em>&lt;rev&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em>
1610 </dt>
1611 <dd>
1612 <p>
1613   A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree
1614   at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
1615   before the colon.
1616   A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory.
1617   The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree&#8217;s root directory.
1618   This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
1619   the same tree structure as the working tree.
1620 </p>
1621 </dd>
1622 <dt class="hdlist1">
1623 <em>:[&lt;n&gt;:]&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em>
1624 </dt>
1625 <dd>
1626 <p>
1627   A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
1628   colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
1629   index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
1630   that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
1631   1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch&#8217;s version
1632   (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
1633   the branch which is being merged.
1634 </p>
1635 </dd>
1636 </dl></div>
1637 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger.  Both commit nodes B
1638 and C are parents of commit node A.  Parent commits are ordered
1639 left-to-right.</p></div>
1640 <div class="literalblock">
1641 <div class="content">
1642 <pre><code>G   H   I   J
1643  \ /     \ /
1644   D   E   F
1645    \  |  / \
1646     \ | /   |
1647      \|/    |
1648       B     C
1649        \   /
1650         \ /
1651          A</code></pre>
1652 </div></div>
1653 <div class="literalblock">
1654 <div class="content">
1655 <pre><code>A =      = A^0
1656 B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
1657 C =      = A^2
1658 D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
1659 E = B^2  = A^^2
1660 F = B^3  = A^^3
1661 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
1662 H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
1663 I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
1664 J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2</code></pre>
1665 </div></div>
1666 </div>
1667 </div>
1668 <div class="sect1">
1669 <h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2>
1670 <div class="sectionbody">
1671 <div class="paragraph"><p>History traversing commands such as <code>git log</code> operate on a set
1672 of commits, not just a single commit.</p></div>
1673 <div class="paragraph"><p>For these commands,
1674 specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
1675 previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given
1676 commit.</p></div>
1677 <div class="paragraph"><p>Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from
1678 any of the given commits.</p></div>
1679 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit&#8217;s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
1680 its ancestry chain.</p></div>
1681 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits
1682 (called a "revision range"), illustrated below.</p></div>
1683 <div class="sect2">
1684 <h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3>
1685 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1686 <dt class="hdlist1">
1687 <em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em> (caret) Notation
1688 </dt>
1689 <dd>
1690 <p>
1691  To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>&#94;</em>
1692  notation is used.  E.g. <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> means commits reachable
1693  from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and
1694  its ancestors).
1695 </p>
1696 </dd>
1697 </dl></div>
1698 </div>
1699 <div class="sect2">
1700 <h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3>
1701 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1702 <dt class="hdlist1">
1703 The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation
1704 </dt>
1705 <dd>
1706 <p>
1707  The <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
1708  for it.  When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according
1709  to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
1710  for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
1711  from r1 by <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.
1712 </p>
1713 </dd>
1714 <dt class="hdlist1">
1715 The <em>...</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation
1716 </dt>
1717 <dd>
1718 <p>
1719  A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference
1720  of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as
1721  <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>.
1722  It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
1723  <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.
1724 </p>
1725 </dd>
1726 </dl></div>
1727 <div class="paragraph"><p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
1728 For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What
1729 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?"  Similarly, <em>..origin</em>
1730 is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since
1731 I forked from them?"  Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an
1732 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p></div>
1733 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges
1734 (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but
1735 they are exceptions.  Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands
1736 that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range.
1737 In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each
1738 other, e.g.</p></div>
1739 <div class="literalblock">
1740 <div class="content">
1741 <pre><code>$ git log A..B C..D</code></pre>
1742 </div></div>
1743 <div class="paragraph"><p>does <strong>not</strong> specify two revision ranges for most commands.  Instead
1744 it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are
1745 reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C.
1746 In a linear history like this:</p></div>
1747 <div class="literalblock">
1748 <div class="content">
1749 <pre><code>---A---B---o---o---C---D</code></pre>
1750 </div></div>
1751 <div class="paragraph"><p>because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified
1752 by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.</p></div>
1753 </div>
1754 <div class="sect2">
1755 <h3 id="_other_lt_rev_gt_94_parent_shorthand_notations">Other &lt;rev&gt;&#94; Parent Shorthand Notations</h3>
1756 <div class="paragraph"><p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
1757 for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p></div>
1758 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
1759 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents.
1760 By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
1761 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-[&lt;n&gt;]</em> notation includes <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> but excludes the &lt;n&gt;th
1762 parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>), with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if
1763 not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
1764 can just pass <em>&lt;commit&gt;&#94;-</em> to get all the commits in the branch
1765 that was merged in merge commit <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> (including <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>
1766 itself).</p></div>
1767 <div class="paragraph"><p>While <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these
1768 three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
1769 <em>HEAD&#94;2&#94;@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD&#94;@&#94;2</em>.</p></div>
1770 </div>
1771 </div>
1772 </div>
1773 <div class="sect1">
1774 <h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2>
1775 <div class="sectionbody">
1776 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1777 <dt class="hdlist1">
1778 <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>
1779 </dt>
1780 <dd>
1781 <p>
1782         Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
1783         ancestors).
1784 </p>
1785 </dd>
1786 <dt class="hdlist1">
1787 <em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em>
1788 </dt>
1789 <dd>
1790 <p>
1791         Exclude commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
1792         ancestors).
1793 </p>
1794 </dd>
1795 <dt class="hdlist1">
1796 <em>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
1797 </dt>
1798 <dd>
1799 <p>
1800         Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude
1801         those that are reachable from &lt;rev1&gt;.  When either &lt;rev1&gt; or
1802         &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
1803 </p>
1804 </dd>
1805 <dt class="hdlist1">
1806 <em>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
1807 </dt>
1808 <dd>
1809 <p>
1810         Include commits that are reachable from either &lt;rev1&gt; or
1811         &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude those that are reachable from both.  When
1812         either &lt;rev1&gt; or &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
1813 </p>
1814 </dd>
1815 <dt class="hdlist1">
1816 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;@</em>
1817 </dt>
1818 <dd>
1819 <p>
1820   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing
1821   all parents of <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> (meaning, include anything reachable from
1822   its parents, but not the commit itself).
1823 </p>
1824 </dd>
1825 <dt class="hdlist1">
1826 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;!</em>
1827 </dt>
1828 <dd>
1829 <p>
1830   A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same
1831   as giving commit <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> and all its parents prefixed with
1832   <em>&#94;</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).
1833 </p>
1834 </dd>
1835 <dt class="hdlist1">
1836 <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-&lt;n&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;-, HEAD&#94;-2</em>
1837 </dt>
1838 <dd>
1839 <p>
1840         Equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>, with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if not
1841         given.
1842 </p>
1843 </dd>
1844 </dl></div>
1845 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
1846 with each step in the notation&#8217;s expansion and selection carefully
1847 spelt out:</p></div>
1848 <div class="literalblock">
1849 <div class="content">
1850 <pre><code>   Args   Expanded arguments    Selected commits
1851    D                            G H D
1852    D F                          G H I J D F
1853    ^G D                         H D
1854    ^D B                         E I J F B
1855    ^D B C                       E I J F B C
1856    C                            I J F C
1857    B..C   = ^B C                C
1858    B...C  = B ^F C              G H D E B C
1859    B^-    = B^..B
1860           = ^B^1 B              E I J F B
1861    C^@    = C^1
1862           = F                   I J F
1863    B^@    = B^1 B^2 B^3
1864           = D E F               D G H E F I J
1865    C^!    = C ^C^@
1866           = C ^C^1
1867           = C ^F                C
1868    B^!    = B ^B^@
1869           = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
1870           = B ^D ^E ^F          B
1871    F^! D  = F ^I ^J D           G H D F</code></pre>
1872 </div></div>
1873 </div>
1874 </div>
1875 <div class="sect1">
1876 <h2 id="_parseopt">PARSEOPT</h2>
1877 <div class="sectionbody">
1878 <div class="paragraph"><p>In <code>--parseopt</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> helps massaging options to bring to shell
1879 scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer
1880 (e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like <code>getopt(1)</code> does.</p></div>
1881 <div class="paragraph"><p>It takes on the standard input the specification of the options to parse and
1882 understand, and echoes on the standard output a string suitable for <code>sh(1)</code> <code>eval</code>
1883 to replace the arguments with normalized ones.  In case of error, it outputs
1884 usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129.</p></div>
1885 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note: Make sure you quote the result when passing it to <code>eval</code>.  See
1886 below for an example.</p></div>
1887 <div class="sect2">
1888 <h3 id="_input_format">Input Format</h3>
1889 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>git rev-parse --parseopt</em> input format is fully text based. It has two parts,
1890 separated by a line that contains only <code>--</code>. The lines before the separator
1891 (should be one or more) are used for the usage.
1892 The lines after the separator describe the options.</p></div>
1893 <div class="paragraph"><p>Each line of options has this format:</p></div>
1894 <div class="listingblock">
1895 <div class="content">
1896 <pre><code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;&lt;flags&gt;*&lt;arg-hint&gt;? SP+ help LF</code></pre>
1897 </div></div>
1898 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1899 <dt class="hdlist1">
1900 <code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;</code>
1901 </dt>
1902 <dd>
1903 <p>
1904         its format is the short option character, then the long option name
1905         separated by a comma. Both parts are not required, though at least one
1906         is necessary. May not contain any of the <code>&lt;flags&gt;</code> characters.
1907         <code>h,help</code>, <code>dry-run</code> and <code>f</code> are examples of correct <code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;</code>.
1908 </p>
1909 </dd>
1910 <dt class="hdlist1">
1911 <code>&lt;flags&gt;</code>
1912 </dt>
1913 <dd>
1914 <p>
1915         <code>&lt;flags&gt;</code> are of <code>*</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>?</code> or <code>!</code>.
1916 </p>
1917 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1918 <li>
1919 <p>
1920 Use <code>=</code> if the option takes an argument.
1921 </p>
1922 </li>
1923 <li>
1924 <p>
1925 Use <code>?</code> to mean that the option takes an optional argument. You
1926           probably want to use the <code>--stuck-long</code> mode to be able to
1927           unambiguously parse the optional argument.
1928 </p>
1929 </li>
1930 <li>
1931 <p>
1932 Use <code>*</code> to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage
1933           generated for the <code>-h</code> argument. It&#8217;s shown for <code>--help-all</code> as
1934           documented in <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>.
1935 </p>
1936 </li>
1937 <li>
1938 <p>
1939 Use <code>!</code> to not make the corresponding negated long option available.
1940 </p>
1941 </li>
1942 </ul></div>
1943 </dd>
1944 <dt class="hdlist1">
1945 <code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code>
1946 </dt>
1947 <dd>
1948 <p>
1949         <code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code>, if specified, is used as a name of the argument in the
1950         help output, for options that take arguments. <code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code> is
1951         terminated by the first whitespace.  It is customary to use a
1952         dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint.
1953 </p>
1954 </dd>
1955 </dl></div>
1956 <div class="paragraph"><p>The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used
1957 as the help associated to the option.</p></div>
1958 <div class="paragraph"><p>Blank lines are ignored, and lines that don&#8217;t match this specification are used
1959 as option group headers (start the line with a space to create such
1960 lines on purpose).</p></div>
1961 </div>
1962 <div class="sect2">
1963 <h3 id="_example">Example</h3>
1964 <div class="listingblock">
1965 <div class="content">
1966 <pre><code>OPTS_SPEC="\
1967 some-command [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;...
1968
1969 some-command does foo and bar!
1970 --
1971 h,help    show the help
1972
1973 foo       some nifty option --foo
1974 bar=      some cool option --bar with an argument
1975 baz=arg   another cool option --baz with a named argument
1976 qux?path  qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself
1977
1978   An option group Header
1979 C?        option C with an optional argument"
1980
1981 eval "$(echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?)"</code></pre>
1982 </div></div>
1983 </div>
1984 <div class="sect2">
1985 <h3 id="_usage_text">Usage text</h3>
1986 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>"$@"</code> is <code>-h</code> or <code>--help</code> in the above example, the following
1987 usage text would be shown:</p></div>
1988 <div class="listingblock">
1989 <div class="content">
1990 <pre><code>usage: some-command [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;...
1991
1992     some-command does foo and bar!
1993
1994     -h, --help            show the help
1995     --foo                 some nifty option --foo
1996     --bar ...             some cool option --bar with an argument
1997     --baz &lt;arg&gt;           another cool option --baz with a named argument
1998     --qux[=&lt;path&gt;]        qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself
1999
2000 An option group Header
2001     -C[...]               option C with an optional argument</code></pre>
2002 </div></div>
2003 </div>
2004 </div>
2005 </div>
2006 <div class="sect1">
2007 <h2 id="_sq_quote">SQ-QUOTE</h2>
2008 <div class="sectionbody">
2009 <div class="paragraph"><p>In <code>--sq-quote</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> echoes on the standard output a
2010 single line suitable for <code>sh(1)</code> <code>eval</code>. This line is made by
2011 normalizing the arguments following <code>--sq-quote</code>. Nothing other than
2012 quoting the arguments is done.</p></div>
2013 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by
2014 <em>git rev-parse</em> before the output is shell quoted, see the <code>--sq</code>
2015 option.</p></div>
2016 <div class="sect2">
2017 <h3 id="_example_2">Example</h3>
2018 <div class="listingblock">
2019 <div class="content">
2020 <pre><code>$ cat &gt;your-git-script.sh &lt;&lt;\EOF
2021 #!/bin/sh
2022 args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@")   # quote user-supplied arguments
2023 command="git frotz -n24 $args"          # and use it inside a handcrafted
2024                                         # command line
2025 eval "$command"
2026 EOF
2027
2028 $ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c"</code></pre>
2029 </div></div>
2030 </div>
2031 </div>
2032 </div>
2033 <div class="sect1">
2034 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
2035 <div class="sectionbody">
2036 <div class="ulist"><ul>
2037 <li>
2038 <p>
2039 Print the object name of the current commit:
2040 </p>
2041 <div class="listingblock">
2042 <div class="content">
2043 <pre><code>$ git rev-parse --verify HEAD</code></pre>
2044 </div></div>
2045 </li>
2046 <li>
2047 <p>
2048 Print the commit object name from the revision in the $REV shell variable:
2049 </p>
2050 <div class="listingblock">
2051 <div class="content">
2052 <pre><code>$ git rev-parse --verify --end-of-options $REV^{commit}</code></pre>
2053 </div></div>
2054 <div class="paragraph"><p>This will error out if $REV is empty or not a valid revision.</p></div>
2055 </li>
2056 <li>
2057 <p>
2058 Similar to above:
2059 </p>
2060 <div class="listingblock">
2061 <div class="content">
2062 <pre><code>$ git rev-parse --default master --verify --end-of-options $REV</code></pre>
2063 </div></div>
2064 <div class="paragraph"><p>but if $REV is empty, the commit object name from master will be printed.</p></div>
2065 </li>
2066 </ul></div>
2067 </div>
2068 </div>
2069 <div class="sect1">
2070 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2071 <div class="sectionbody">
2072 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2073 </div>
2074 </div>
2075 </div>
2076 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
2077 <div id="footer">
2078 <div id="footer-text">
2079 Last updated
2080  2023-03-17 14:32:36 PDT
2081 </div>
2082 </div>
2083 </body>
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