git-bundle.html

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 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-bundle(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git bundle</em> create [-q | --quiet | --progress]
 455                     [--version=&lt;version&gt;] &lt;file&gt; &lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;
 456 <em>git bundle</em> verify [-q | --quiet] &lt;file&gt;
 457 <em>git bundle</em> list-heads &lt;file&gt; [&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]
 458 <em>git bundle</em> unbundle [--progress] &lt;file&gt; [&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
 459 </div>
 460 </div>
 461 </div>
 462 <div class="sect1">
 463 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 464 <div class="sectionbody">
 465 <div class="paragraph">
 466 <p>Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for
 467 the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server"
 468 sitting on the other side of the network connection.</p>
 469 </div>
 470 <div class="paragraph">
 471 <p>They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a
 472 repository (see the "full backup" example in "EXAMPLES"), and to relay
 473 the state of the references in one repository to another (see the second
 474 example).</p>
 475 </div>
 476 <div class="paragraph">
 477 <p>Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as
 478 <code>ssh://</code> and <code>https://</code> can also operate on bundle files. It is
 479 possible <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> a new repository from a bundle, to use
 480 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> to fetch from one, and to list the references
 481 contained within it with <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>. There&#8217;s no
 482 corresponding "write" support, i.e. a <em>git push</em> into a bundle is not
 483 supported.</p>
 484 </div>
 485 </div>
 486 </div>
 487 <div class="sect1">
 488 <h2 id="_bundle_format">BUNDLE FORMAT</h2>
 489 <div class="sectionbody">
 490 <div class="paragraph">
 491 <p>Bundles are .<code>pack</code> files (see <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>) with a
 492 header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.</p>
 493 </div>
 494 <div class="paragraph">
 495 <p>Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be
 496 self-contained, or be created using exclusions.
 497 See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.</p>
 498 </div>
 499 <div class="paragraph">
 500 <p>Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created
 501 using the <code>--thin</code> option to <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>, and
 502 unbundled using the <code>--fix-thin</code> option to <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>.</p>
 503 </div>
 504 <div class="paragraph">
 505 <p>There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision
 506 exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By
 507 using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in
 508 size. That they&#8217;re "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a
 509 curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.</p>
 510 </div>
 511 <div class="paragraph">
 512 <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a> for more details and the discussion of
 513 "thin pack" in <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a> for further details.</p>
 514 </div>
 515 </div>
 516 </div>
 517 <div class="sect1">
 518 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 519 <div class="sectionbody">
 520 <div class="dlist">
 521 <dl>
 522 <dt class="hdlist1">create [options] &lt;file&gt; &lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</dt>
 523 <dd>
 524 <p>Used to create a bundle named <em>file</em>.  This requires the
 525 <em>&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</em> arguments to define the bundle contents.
 526 <em>options</em> contains the options specific to the <em>git bundle create</em>
 527 subcommand. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is written to stdout.</p>
 528 </dd>
 529 <dt class="hdlist1">verify &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 530 <dd>
 531 <p>Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply
 532 cleanly to the current repository.  This includes checks on the
 533 bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite
 534 commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository.
 535 Then, <em>git bundle</em> prints a list of missing commits, if any.
 536 Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object
 537 filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>
 538 for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will
 539 be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the
 540 bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 541 </dd>
 542 <dt class="hdlist1">list-heads &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 543 <dd>
 544 <p>Lists the references defined in the bundle.  If followed by a
 545 list of references, only references matching those given are
 546 printed out. If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 547 </dd>
 548 <dt class="hdlist1">unbundle &lt;file&gt;</dt>
 549 <dd>
 550 <p>Passes the objects in the bundle to <em>git index-pack</em>
 551 for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all
 552 defined references. If a list of references is given, only
 553 references matching those in the list are printed. This command is
 554 really plumbing, intended to be called only by <em>git fetch</em>.
 555 If <em>file</em> is <code>-</code>, the bundle is read from stdin.</p>
 556 </dd>
 557 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</dt>
 558 <dd>
 559 <p>A list of arguments, acceptable to <em>git rev-parse</em> and
 560 <em>git rev-list</em> (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES
 561 below), that specifies the specific objects and references
 562 to transport.  For example, <code>master~10</code><code>..</code><code>master</code> causes the
 563 current master reference to be packaged along with all objects
 564 added since its 10th ancestor commit.  There is no explicit
 565 limit to the number of references and objects that may be
 566 packaged.</p>
 567 </dd>
 568 <dt class="hdlist1">[&lt;refname&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
 569 <dd>
 570 <p>A list of references used to limit the references reported as
 571 available. This is principally of use to <em>git fetch</em>, which
 572 expects to receive only those references asked for and not
 573 necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, <em>git bundle</em> acts
 574 like <em>git fetch-pack</em>).</p>
 575 </dd>
 576 <dt class="hdlist1">--progress</dt>
 577 <dd>
 578 <p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
 579 by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
 580 is specified. This flag forces progress status even if
 581 the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.</p>
 582 </dd>
 583 <dt class="hdlist1">--version=&lt;version&gt;</dt>
 584 <dd>
 585 <p>Specify the bundle version.  Version 2 is the older format and can only be
 586 used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that
 587 permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the
 588 hash algorithm in use.</p>
 589 </dd>
 590 <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
 591 <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
 592 <dd>
 593 <p>This flag makes the command not to report its progress
 594 on the standard error stream.</p>
 595 </dd>
 596 </dl>
 597 </div>
 598 </div>
 599 </div>
 600 <div class="sect1">
 601 <h2 id="_specifying_references">SPECIFYING REFERENCES</h2>
 602 <div class="sectionbody">
 603 <div class="paragraph">
 604 <p>Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a
 605 bundle.  Alternatively <code>--all</code> can be used to package all refs.</p>
 606 </div>
 607 <div class="paragraph">
 608 <p>More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can
 609 be specified.  The objects packaged are those not contained in the
 610 union of the prerequisites.</p>
 611 </div>
 612 <div class="paragraph">
 613 <p>The <em>git bundle create</em> command resolves the reference names for you
 614 using the same rules as <code>git</code> <code>rev-parse</code> <code>--abbrev-ref=loose</code>. Each
 615 prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. <code>^master~10</code>), or implicitly
 616 (e.g. <code>master~10</code><code>..</code><code>master</code>, <code>--since=10.days.ago</code> <code>master</code>).</p>
 617 </div>
 618 <div class="paragraph">
 619 <p>All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and
 620 "next" branch):</p>
 621 </div>
 622 <div class="listingblock">
 623 <div class="content">
 624 <pre>$ git bundle create master.bundle master
 625 $ echo master | git bundle create master.bundle --stdin
 626 $ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next
 627 $ (echo master; echo next) | git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin</pre>
 628 </div>
 629 </div>
 630 <div class="paragraph">
 631 <p>And so are these (and the same but omitted <code>--stdin</code> examples):</p>
 632 </div>
 633 <div class="listingblock">
 634 <div class="content">
 635 <pre>$ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master
 636 $ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next</pre>
 637 </div>
 638 </div>
 639 <div class="paragraph">
 640 <p>A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to
 641 a reference is not accepted:</p>
 642 </div>
 643 <div class="listingblock">
 644 <div class="content">
 645 <pre>$ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD)
 646 fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
 647 $ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5
 648 fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.</pre>
 649 </div>
 650 </div>
 651 </div>
 652 </div>
 653 <div class="sect1">
 654 <h2 id="_object_prerequisites">OBJECT PREREQUISITES</h2>
 655 <div class="sectionbody">
 656 <div class="paragraph">
 657 <p>When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle
 658 that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well
 659 as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the
 660 earlier parts of the history.</p>
 661 </div>
 662 <div class="paragraph">
 663 <p>Feeding a revision such as <code>new</code> to <code>git</code> <code>bundle</code> <code>create</code> will create a
 664 bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision
 665 <code>new</code>. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full
 666 history that leads to the revision <code>new</code>:</p>
 667 </div>
 668 <div class="listingblock">
 669 <div class="content">
 670 <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle new</pre>
 671 </div>
 672 </div>
 673 <div class="paragraph">
 674 <p>A revision range such as <code>old</code><code>..</code><code>new</code> will produce a bundle file that
 675 will require the revision <code>old</code> (and any objects reachable from it)
 676 to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:</p>
 677 </div>
 678 <div class="listingblock">
 679 <div class="content">
 680 <pre>$ git bundle create full.bundle old..new</pre>
 681 </div>
 682 </div>
 683 <div class="paragraph">
 684 <p>A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted
 685 into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from
 686 (i.e., <code>new</code>, but not <code>old</code><code>..</code><code>new</code>).</p>
 687 </div>
 688 <div class="paragraph">
 689 <p>It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file
 690 to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored
 691 when unpacking at the destination.</p>
 692 </div>
 693 <div class="paragraph">
 694 <p>If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly
 695 from the source repository would get, use <code>--branches</code> <code>--tags</code> for
 696 the <em>&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;</em>.</p>
 697 </div>
 698 <div class="paragraph">
 699 <p>The <em>git bundle verify</em> command can be used to check whether your
 700 recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a
 701 bundle.</p>
 702 </div>
 703 </div>
 704 </div>
 705 <div class="sect1">
 706 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
 707 <div class="sectionbody">
 708 <div class="paragraph">
 709 <p>We&#8217;ll discuss two cases:</p>
 710 </div>
 711 <div class="olist arabic">
 712 <ol class="arabic">
 713 <li>
 714 <p>Taking a full backup of a repository</p>
 715 </li>
 716 <li>
 717 <p>Transferring the history of a repository to another machine when the
 718 two machines have no direct connection</p>
 719 </li>
 720 </ol>
 721 </div>
 722 <div class="paragraph">
 723 <p>First let&#8217;s consider a full backup of the repository.  The following
 724 command will take a full backup of the repository in the sense that all
 725 refs are included in the bundle:</p>
 726 </div>
 727 <div class="listingblock">
 728 <div class="content">
 729 <pre>$ git bundle create backup.bundle --all</pre>
 730 </div>
 731 </div>
 732 <div class="paragraph">
 733 <p>But note again that this is only for the refs, i.e. you will only
 734 include refs and commits reachable from those refs.  You will not
 735 include other local state, such as the contents of the index, working
 736 tree, the stash, per-repository configuration, hooks, etc.</p>
 737 </div>
 738 <div class="paragraph">
 739 <p>You can later recover that repository by using for example
 740 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>:</p>
 741 </div>
 742 <div class="listingblock">
 743 <div class="content">
 744 <pre>$ git clone backup.bundle &lt;new directory&gt;</pre>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div class="paragraph">
 748 <p>For the next example, assume you want to transfer the history from a
 749 repository R1 on machine A to another repository R2 on machine B.
 750 For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed,
 751 but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.).
 752 We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.</p>
 753 </div>
 754 <div class="paragraph">
 755 <p>To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have
 756 any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last
 757 processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository
 758 with an incremental bundle:</p>
 759 </div>
 760 <div class="listingblock">
 761 <div class="content">
 762 <pre>machineA$ cd R1
 763 machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master
 764 machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre>
 765 </div>
 766 </div>
 767 <div class="paragraph">
 768 <p>Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this
 769 bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can
 770 create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:</p>
 771 </div>
 772 <div class="listingblock">
 773 <div class="content">
 774 <pre>machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2</pre>
 775 </div>
 776 </div>
 777 <div class="paragraph">
 778 <p>This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that
 779 lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will
 780 have an entry like this:</p>
 781 </div>
 782 <div class="listingblock">
 783 <div class="content">
 784 <pre>[remote "origin"]
 785     url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle
 786     fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</pre>
 787 </div>
 788 </div>
 789 <div class="paragraph">
 790 <p>To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after
 791 replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental
 792 updates.</p>
 793 </div>
 794 <div class="paragraph">
 795 <p>After working some more in the original repository, you can create an
 796 incremental bundle to update the other repository:</p>
 797 </div>
 798 <div class="listingblock">
 799 <div class="content">
 800 <pre>machineA$ cd R1
 801 machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master
 802 machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master</pre>
 803 </div>
 804 </div>
 805 <div class="paragraph">
 806 <p>You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace
 807 /home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.</p>
 808 </div>
 809 <div class="listingblock">
 810 <div class="content">
 811 <pre>machineB$ cd R2
 812 machineB$ git pull</pre>
 813 </div>
 814 </div>
 815 <div class="paragraph">
 816 <p>If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should
 817 have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the
 818 prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go
 819 in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag
 820 for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to
 821 the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> command. Here are more examples:</p>
 822 </div>
 823 <div class="paragraph">
 824 <p>You can use a tag that is present in both:</p>
 825 </div>
 826 <div class="listingblock">
 827 <div class="content">
 828 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master</pre>
 829 </div>
 830 </div>
 831 <div class="paragraph">
 832 <p>You can use a prerequisite based on time:</p>
 833 </div>
 834 <div class="listingblock">
 835 <div class="content">
 836 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master</pre>
 837 </div>
 838 </div>
 839 <div class="paragraph">
 840 <p>You can use the number of commits:</p>
 841 </div>
 842 <div class="listingblock">
 843 <div class="content">
 844 <pre>$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master</pre>
 845 </div>
 846 </div>
 847 <div class="paragraph">
 848 <p>You can run <code>git-bundle</code> <code>verify</code> to see if you can extract from a bundle
 849 that was created with a prerequisite:</p>
 850 </div>
 851 <div class="listingblock">
 852 <div class="content">
 853 <pre>$ git bundle verify mybundle</pre>
 854 </div>
 855 </div>
 856 <div class="paragraph">
 857 <p>This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the
 858 bundle and will error out if you do not have them.</p>
 859 </div>
 860 <div class="paragraph">
 861 <p>A bundle from a recipient repository&#8217;s point of view is just like a
 862 regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map
 863 references when fetching:</p>
 864 </div>
 865 <div class="listingblock">
 866 <div class="content">
 867 <pre>$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef</pre>
 868 </div>
 869 </div>
 870 <div class="paragraph">
 871 <p>You can also see what references it offers:</p>
 872 </div>
 873 <div class="listingblock">
 874 <div class="content">
 875 <pre>$ git ls-remote mybundle</pre>
 876 </div>
 877 </div>
 878 </div>
 879 </div>
 880 <div class="sect1">
 881 <h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
 882 <div class="sectionbody">
 883 <div class="paragraph">
 884 <p>A naive way to make a full backup of a repository is to use something to
 885 the effect of <code>cp</code> <code>-r</code> <em>&lt;repo&gt;</em> <em>&lt;destination&gt;</em>.  This is discouraged since
 886 the repository could be written to during the copy operation.  In turn
 887 some files at <em>&lt;destination&gt;</em> could be corrupted.</p>
 888 </div>
 889 <div class="paragraph">
 890 <p>This is why it is recommended to use Git tooling for making repository
 891 backups, either with this command or with e.g. <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>.
 892 But keep in mind that these tools will not help you backup state other
 893 than refs and commits.  In other words they will not help you backup
 894 contents of the index, working tree, the stash, per-repository
 895 configuration, hooks, etc.</p>
 896 </div>
 897 <div class="paragraph">
 898 <p>See also <a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a>, section "TRANSFERS" for a discussion of the
 899 problems associated with file syncing across systems.</p>
 900 </div>
 901 </div>
 902 </div>
 903 <div class="sect1">
 904 <h2 id="_file_format">FILE FORMAT</h2>
 905 <div class="sectionbody">
 906 <div class="paragraph">
 907 <p>See <a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a>.</p>
 908 </div>
 909 </div>
 910 </div>
 911 <div class="sect1">
 912 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 913 <div class="sectionbody">
 914 <div class="paragraph">
 915 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 916 </div>
 917 </div>
 918 </div>
 919 </div>
 920 <div id="footer">
 921 <div id="footer-text">
 922 Last updated 2024-12-13 08:40:02 -0800
 923 </div>
 924 </div>
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 926 </html>