git-range-diff.html

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 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-range-diff(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-range-diff - Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch)</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content"><em>git range-diff</em> [--color=[&lt;when&gt;]] [--no-color] [&lt;diff-options&gt;]
 455         [--no-dual-color] [--creation-factor=&lt;factor&gt;]
 456         [--left-only | --right-only] [--diff-merges=&lt;format&gt;]
 457         [--remerge-diff]
 458         ( &lt;range1&gt; &lt;range2&gt; | &lt;rev1&gt;&#8230;&#8203;&lt;rev2&gt; | &lt;base&gt; &lt;rev1&gt; &lt;rev2&gt; )
 459         [[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
 460 </div>
 461 </div>
 462 </div>
 463 <div class="sect1">
 464 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 465 <div class="sectionbody">
 466 <div class="paragraph">
 467 <p>This command shows the differences between two versions of a patch
 468 series, or more generally, two commit ranges (ignoring merge commits).</p>
 469 </div>
 470 <div class="paragraph">
 471 <p>In the presence of <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> arguments, these commit ranges are limited
 472 accordingly.</p>
 473 </div>
 474 <div class="paragraph">
 475 <p>To that end, it first finds pairs of commits from both commit ranges
 476 that correspond with each other. Two commits are said to correspond when
 477 the diff between their patches (i.e. the author information, the commit
 478 message and the commit diff) is reasonably small compared to the
 479 patches' size. See ``Algorithm`` below for details.</p>
 480 </div>
 481 <div class="paragraph">
 482 <p>Finally, the list of matching commits is shown in the order of the
 483 second commit range, with unmatched commits being inserted just after
 484 all of their ancestors have been shown.</p>
 485 </div>
 486 <div class="paragraph">
 487 <p>There are three ways to specify the commit ranges:</p>
 488 </div>
 489 <div class="ulist">
 490 <ul>
 491 <li>
 492 <p><em>&lt;range1&gt;</em> <em>&lt;range2&gt;</em>: Either commit range can be of the form
 493 <em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>, <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em><code>^</code>! or <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em><code>^-</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em>. See <code>SPECIFYING</code> <code>RANGES</code>
 494 in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a> for more details.</p>
 495 </li>
 496 <li>
 497 <p><em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em><code>...</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>. This is equivalent to
 498 <em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em> <em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>.</p>
 499 </li>
 500 <li>
 501 <p><em>&lt;base&gt;</em> <em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em> <em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>: This is equivalent to <em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em>
 502 <em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>.</p>
 503 </li>
 504 </ul>
 505 </div>
 506 </div>
 507 </div>
 508 <div class="sect1">
 509 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 510 <div class="sectionbody">
 511 <div class="dlist">
 512 <dl>
 513 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-dual-color</dt>
 514 <dd>
 515 <p>When the commit diffs differ, <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> recreates the
 516 original diffs' coloring, and adds outer -/+ diff markers with
 517 the <strong>background</strong> being red/green to make it easier to see e.g.
 518 when there was a change in what exact lines were added.</p>
 519 <div class="paragraph">
 520 <p>Additionally, the commit diff lines that are only present in the first commit
 521 range are shown "dimmed" (this can be overridden using the <code>color.diff.</code><em>&lt;slot&gt;</em>
 522 config setting where <em>&lt;slot&gt;</em> is one of <code>contextDimmed</code>, <code>oldDimmed</code> and
 523 <code>newDimmed</code>), and the commit diff lines that are only present in the second
 524 commit range are shown in bold (which can be overridden using the config
 525 settings <code>color.diff.</code><em>&lt;slot&gt;</em> with <em>&lt;slot&gt;</em> being one of <code>contextBold</code>,
 526 <code>oldBold</code> or <code>newBold</code>).</p>
 527 </div>
 528 <div class="paragraph">
 529 <p>This is known to <code>range-diff</code> as "dual coloring". Use <code>--no-dual-color</code>
 530 to revert to color all lines according to the outer diff markers
 531 (and completely ignore the inner diff when it comes to color).</p>
 532 </div>
 533 </dd>
 534 <dt class="hdlist1">--creation-factor=&lt;percent&gt;</dt>
 535 <dd>
 536 <p>Set the creation/deletion cost fudge factor to <em>&lt;percent&gt;</em>.
 537 Defaults to 60. Try a larger value if <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> erroneously
 538 considers a large change a total rewrite (deletion of one commit
 539 and addition of another), and a smaller one in the reverse case.
 540 See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation of why this is
 541 needed.</p>
 542 </dd>
 543 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
 544 <dd>
 545 <p>Suppress commits that are missing from the first specified range
 546 (or the "left range" when using the <em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em><code>...</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em> format).</p>
 547 </dd>
 548 <dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
 549 <dd>
 550 <p>Suppress commits that are missing from the second specified range
 551 (or the "right range" when using the <em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em><code>...</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em> format).</p>
 552 </dd>
 553 <dt class="hdlist1">--diff-merges=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
 554 <dd>
 555 <p>Instead of ignoring merge commits, generate diffs for them using the
 556 corresponding <code>--diff-merges=</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em> option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
 557 and include them in the comparison.</p>
 558 <div class="paragraph">
 559 <p>Note: In the common case, the <code>remerge</code> mode will be the most natural one
 560 to use, as it shows only the diff on top of what Git&#8217;s merge machinery would
 561 have produced. In other words, if a merge commit is the result of a
 562 non-conflicting <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, the <code>remerge</code> mode will represent it with an empty
 563 diff.</p>
 564 </div>
 565 </dd>
 566 <dt class="hdlist1">--remerge-diff</dt>
 567 <dd>
 568 <p>Convenience option, equivalent to <code>--diff-merges=remerge</code>.</p>
 569 </dd>
 570 <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]</dt>
 571 <dd>
 572 <p>This flag is passed to the <code>git</code> <code>log</code> program
 573 (see <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>) that generates the patches.</p>
 574 </dd>
 575 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;range1&gt; &lt;range2&gt;</dt>
 576 <dd>
 577 <p>Compare the commits specified by the two ranges, where
 578 <em>&lt;range1&gt;</em> is considered an older version of <em>&lt;range2&gt;</em>.</p>
 579 </dd>
 580 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;rev1&gt;&#8230;&#8203;&lt;rev2&gt;</dt>
 581 <dd>
 582 <p>Equivalent to passing <em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>.</p>
 583 </dd>
 584 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;base&gt; &lt;rev1&gt; &lt;rev2&gt;</dt>
 585 <dd>
 586 <p>Equivalent to passing <em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev1&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;rev2&gt;</em>.
 587 Note that <em>&lt;base&gt;</em> does not need to be the exact branch point
 588 of the branches. Example: after rebasing a branch <code>my-topic</code>,
 589 <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> <code>my-topic@</code>{u} <code>my-topic@</code>{1} <code>my-topic</code> would
 590 show the differences introduced by the rebase.</p>
 591 </dd>
 592 </dl>
 593 </div>
 594 <div class="paragraph">
 595 <p><code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> also accepts the regular diff options (see
 596 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>), most notably the <code>--color=</code>[<em>&lt;when&gt;</em>] and
 597 <code>--no-color</code> options. These options are used when generating the "diff
 598 between patches", i.e. to compare the author, commit message and diff of
 599 corresponding old/new commits. There is currently no means to tweak most of the
 600 diff options passed to <code>git</code> <code>log</code> when generating those patches.</p>
 601 </div>
 602 </div>
 603 </div>
 604 <div class="sect1">
 605 <h2 id="_output_stability">OUTPUT STABILITY</h2>
 606 <div class="sectionbody">
 607 <div class="paragraph">
 608 <p>The output of the <code>range-diff</code> command is subject to change. It is
 609 intended to be human-readable porcelain output, not something that can
 610 be used across versions of Git to get a textually stable <code>range-diff</code>
 611 (as opposed to something like the <code>--stable</code> option to
 612 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>). There&#8217;s also no equivalent of
 613 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a> for <code>range-diff</code>, the output is not intended to
 614 be machine-readable.</p>
 615 </div>
 616 <div class="paragraph">
 617 <p>This is particularly true when passing in diff options. Currently some
 618 options like <code>--stat</code> can, as an emergent effect, produce output
 619 that&#8217;s quite useless in the context of <code>range-diff</code>. Future versions
 620 of <code>range-diff</code> may learn to interpret such options in a manner
 621 specific to <code>range-diff</code> (e.g. for <code>--stat</code> producing human-readable
 622 output which summarizes how the diffstat changed).</p>
 623 </div>
 624 </div>
 625 </div>
 626 <div class="sect1">
 627 <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
 628 <div class="sectionbody">
 629 <div class="paragraph">
 630 <p>This command uses the <code>diff.color.</code>* and <code>pager.range-diff</code> settings
 631 (the latter is on by default).
 632 See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
 633 </div>
 634 </div>
 635 </div>
 636 <div class="sect1">
 637 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
 638 <div class="sectionbody">
 639 <div class="paragraph">
 640 <p>When a rebase required merge conflicts to be resolved, compare the changes
 641 introduced by the rebase directly afterwards using:</p>
 642 </div>
 643 <div class="listingblock">
 644 <div class="content">
 645 <pre>$ git range-diff @{u} @{1} @</pre>
 646 </div>
 647 </div>
 648 <div class="paragraph">
 649 <p>A typical output of <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> would look like this:</p>
 650 </div>
 651 <div class="listingblock">
 652 <div class="content">
 653 <pre>-:  ------- &gt; 1:  0ddba11 Prepare for the inevitable!
 654 1:  c0debee = 2:  cab005e Add a helpful message at the start
 655 2:  f00dbal ! 3:  decafe1 Describe a bug
 656     @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 657      Author: A U Thor &lt;author@example.com&gt;
 658
 659     -TODO: Describe a bug
 660     +Describe a bug
 661     @@ -324,5 +324,6
 662       This is expected.
 663
 664     -+What is unexpected is that it will also crash.
 665     ++Unexpectedly, it also crashes. This is a bug, and the jury is
 666     ++still out there how to fix it best. See ticket #314 for details.
 667
 668       Contact
 669 3:  bedead &lt; -:  ------- TO-UNDO</pre>
 670 </div>
 671 </div>
 672 <div class="paragraph">
 673 <p>In this example, there are 3 old and 3 new commits, where the developer
 674 removed the 3rd, added a new one before the first two, and modified the
 675 commit message of the 2nd commit as well as its diff.</p>
 676 </div>
 677 <div class="paragraph">
 678 <p>When the output goes to a terminal, it is color-coded by default, just
 679 like regular <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>'s output. In addition, the first line (adding a
 680 commit) is green, the last line (deleting a commit) is red, the second
 681 line (with a perfect match) is yellow like the commit header of <code>git</code>
 682 <code>show</code>'s output, and the third line colors the old commit red, the new
 683 one green and the rest like <code>git</code> <code>show</code>'s commit header.</p>
 684 </div>
 685 <div class="paragraph">
 686 <p>A naive color-coded diff of diffs is actually a bit hard to read,
 687 though, as it colors the entire lines red or green. The line that added
 688 "What is unexpected" in the old commit, for example, is completely red,
 689 even if the intent of the old commit was to add something.</p>
 690 </div>
 691 <div class="paragraph">
 692 <p>To help with that, <code>range</code> uses the <code>--dual-color</code> mode by default. In
 693 this mode, the diff of diffs will retain the original diff colors, and
 694 prefix the lines with -/+ markers that have their <strong>background</strong> red or
 695 green, to make it more obvious that they describe how the diff itself
 696 changed.</p>
 697 </div>
 698 </div>
 699 </div>
 700 <div class="sect1">
 701 <h2 id="_algorithm">Algorithm</h2>
 702 <div class="sectionbody">
 703 <div class="paragraph">
 704 <p>The general idea is this: we generate a cost matrix between the commits
 705 in both commit ranges, then solve the least-cost assignment.</p>
 706 </div>
 707 <div class="paragraph">
 708 <p>The cost matrix is populated thusly: for each pair of commits, both
 709 diffs are generated and the "diff of diffs" is generated, with 3 context
 710 lines, then the number of lines in that diff is used as cost.</p>
 711 </div>
 712 <div class="paragraph">
 713 <p>To avoid false positives (e.g. when a patch has been removed, and an
 714 unrelated patch has been added between two iterations of the same patch
 715 series), the cost matrix is extended to allow for that, by adding
 716 fixed-cost entries for wholesale deletes/adds.</p>
 717 </div>
 718 <div class="paragraph">
 719 <p>Example: Let commits <code>1--2</code> be the first iteration of a patch series and
 720 <code>A--C</code> the second iteration. Let&#8217;s assume that <code>A</code> is a cherry-pick of
 721 <code>2,</code> and <code>C</code> is a cherry-pick of <code>1</code> but with a small modification (say,
 722 a fixed typo). Visualize the commits as a bipartite graph:</p>
 723 </div>
 724 <div class="listingblock">
 725 <div class="content">
 726 <pre>    1            A
 727
 728     2            B
 729
 730                  C</pre>
 731 </div>
 732 </div>
 733 <div class="paragraph">
 734 <p>We are looking for a "best" explanation of the new series in terms of
 735 the old one. We can represent an "explanation" as an edge in the graph:</p>
 736 </div>
 737 <div class="listingblock">
 738 <div class="content">
 739 <pre>    1            A
 740                /
 741     2 --------'  B
 742
 743                  C</pre>
 744 </div>
 745 </div>
 746 <div class="paragraph">
 747 <p>This explanation comes for "free" because there was no change. Similarly
 748 <code>C</code> could be explained using <code>1</code>, but that comes at some cost c&gt;0
 749 because of the modification:</p>
 750 </div>
 751 <div class="listingblock">
 752 <div class="content">
 753 <pre>    1 ----.      A
 754           |    /
 755     2 ----+---'  B
 756           |
 757           `----- C
 758           c&gt;0</pre>
 759 </div>
 760 </div>
 761 <div class="paragraph">
 762 <p>In mathematical terms, what we are looking for is some sort of a minimum
 763 cost bipartite matching; <code>1</code> is matched to <code>C</code> at some cost, etc. The
 764 underlying graph is in fact a complete bipartite graph; the cost we
 765 associate with every edge is the size of the diff between the two
 766 commits' patches. To explain also new commits, we introduce dummy nodes
 767 on both sides:</p>
 768 </div>
 769 <div class="listingblock">
 770 <div class="content">
 771 <pre>    1 ----.      A
 772           |    /
 773     2 ----+---'  B
 774           |
 775     o     `----- C
 776           c&gt;0
 777     o            o
 778
 779     o            o</pre>
 780 </div>
 781 </div>
 782 <div class="paragraph">
 783 <p>The cost of an edge <code>o--C</code> is the size of <code>C</code>'s diff, modified by a
 784 fudge factor that should be smaller than 100%. The cost of an edge
 785 <code>o--o</code> is free. The fudge factor is necessary because even if <code>1</code> and
 786 <code>C</code> have nothing in common, they may still share a few empty lines and
 787 such, possibly making the assignment <code>1--C</code>, <code>o--o</code> slightly cheaper
 788 than <code>1--o</code>, <code>o--C</code> even if <code>1</code> and <code>C</code> have nothing in common. With the
 789 fudge factor we require a much larger common part to consider patches as
 790 corresponding.</p>
 791 </div>
 792 <div class="paragraph">
 793 <p>The overall time needed to compute this algorithm is the time needed to
 794 compute n+m commit diffs and then n*m diffs of patches, plus the time
 795 needed to compute the least-cost assignment between n and m diffs. Git
 796 uses an implementation of the Jonker-Volgenant algorithm to solve the
 797 assignment problem, which has cubic runtime complexity. The matching
 798 found in this case will look like this:</p>
 799 </div>
 800 <div class="listingblock">
 801 <div class="content">
 802 <pre>    1 ----.      A
 803           |    /
 804     2 ----+---'  B
 805        .--+-----'
 806     o -'  `----- C
 807           c&gt;0
 808     o ---------- o
 809
 810     o ---------- o</pre>
 811 </div>
 812 </div>
 813 </div>
 814 </div>
 815 <div class="sect1">
 816 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 817 <div class="sectionbody">
 818 <div class="paragraph">
 819 <p><a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></p>
 820 </div>
 821 </div>
 822 </div>
 823 <div class="sect1">
 824 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 825 <div class="sectionbody">
 826 <div class="paragraph">
 827 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
 828 </div>
 829 </div>
 830 </div>
 831 </div>
 832 <div id="footer">
 833 <div id="footer-text">
 834 Last updated 2024-12-23 10:48:30 -0800
 835 </div>
 836 </div>
 837 </body>
 838 </html>