Autogenerated HTML docs for v2.47.0-229-g8f8d6
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441 <body class="manpage">
442 <div id="header">
443 <h1>git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page</h1>
444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
445 <div class="sectionbody">
446 <p>git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object</p>
447 </div>
448 </div>
449 <div id="content">
450 <div class="sect1">
451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
452 <div class="sectionbody">
453 <div class="verseblock">
454 <pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
455 <em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
456 [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
457 </div>
458 </div>
459 </div>
460 <div class="sect1">
461 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
462 <div class="sectionbody">
463 <div class="paragraph">
464 <p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
465 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p>
466 </div>
467 <div class="paragraph">
468 <p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
469 emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
470 from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p>
471 </div>
472 <div class="paragraph">
473 <p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
474 order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
475 the options are given.</p>
476 </div>
477 <div class="paragraph">
478 <p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
479 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
480 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
481 commits have no parents.</p>
482 </div>
483 <div class="paragraph">
484 <p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
485 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
486 to get there.</p>
487 </div>
488 <div class="paragraph">
489 <p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
490 doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
491 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
492 .<code>git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
493 state was.</p>
494 </div>
495 </div>
496 </div>
497 <div class="sect1">
498 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
499 <div class="sectionbody">
500 <div class="dlist">
501 <dl>
502 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree&gt;</dt>
503 <dd>
504 <p>An existing tree object.</p>
505 </dd>
506 <dt class="hdlist1">-p &lt;parent&gt;</dt>
507 <dd>
508 <p>Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.</p>
509 </dd>
510 <dt class="hdlist1">-m &lt;message&gt;</dt>
511 <dd>
512 <p>A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
513 once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.</p>
514 </dd>
515 <dt class="hdlist1">-F &lt;file&gt;</dt>
516 <dd>
517 <p>Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
518 from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
519 content of each file becomes its own paragraph.</p>
520 </dd>
521 <dt class="hdlist1">-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
522 <dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
523 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
524 <dd>
525 <p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
526 defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
527 stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
528 countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.</p>
529 </dd>
530 </dl>
531 </div>
532 </div>
533 </div>
534 <div class="sect1">
535 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
536 <div class="sectionbody">
537 <div class="paragraph">
538 <p>A commit encapsulates:</p>
539 </div>
540 <div class="ulist">
541 <ul>
542 <li>
543 <p>all parent object ids</p>
544 </li>
545 <li>
546 <p>author name, email and date</p>
547 </li>
548 <li>
549 <p>committer name and email and the commit time.</p>
550 </li>
551 </ul>
552 </div>
553 <div class="paragraph">
554 <p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
555 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
556 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p>
557 </div>
558 </div>
559 </div>
560 <div class="sect1">
561 <h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
562 <div class="sectionbody">
563 <div class="paragraph">
564 <p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
565 support the following date formats:</p>
566 </div>
567 <div class="dlist">
568 <dl>
569 <dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt>
570 <dd>
571 <p>It is <em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> <em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em>, where
572 <em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
573 <em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
574 For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p>
575 </dd>
576 <dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt>
577 <dd>
578 <p>The standard date format as described by RFC 2822, for example
579 <code>Thu,</code> <code>07</code> <code>Apr</code> <code>2005</code> <code>22:13:13</code> <code>+0200</code>.</p>
580 </dd>
581 <dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt>
582 <dd>
583 <p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
584 <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
585 <code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
586 for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
587 <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p>
588 <div class="admonitionblock note">
589 <table>
590 <tr>
591 <td class="icon">
592 <div class="title">Note</div>
593 </td>
594 <td class="content">
595 In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
596 <code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.
597 </td>
598 </tr>
599 </table>
600 </div>
601 </dd>
602 </dl>
603 </div>
604 </div>
605 </div>
606 <div class="sect1">
607 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
608 <div class="sectionbody">
609 <div class="paragraph">
610 <p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
611 </div>
612 <div class="ulist">
613 <ul>
614 <li>
615 <p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
616 of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
617 level.</p>
618 </li>
619 <li>
620 <p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
621 applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
622 path names in command line arguments, environment variables
623 and config files (.<code>git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
624 <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
625 <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
626 <div class="paragraph">
627 <p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
628 sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
629 conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
630 non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
631 systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
632 repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
633 UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
634 Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
635 be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
636 </div>
637 </li>
638 <li>
639 <p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
640 extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
641 ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
642 EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
643 EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
644 </li>
645 </ul>
646 </div>
647 <div class="paragraph">
648 <p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
649 in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
650 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
651 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
652 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
653 mind.</p>
654 </div>
655 <div class="olist arabic">
656 <ol class="arabic">
657 <li>
658 <p><em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issue
659 a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
660 like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
661 project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
662 have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
663 <div class="listingblock">
664 <div class="content">
665 <pre>[i18n]
666 commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
667 </div>
668 </div>
669 <div class="paragraph">
670 <p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
671 of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header. This is to
672 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
673 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
674 </div>
675 </li>
676 <li>
677 <p><em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
678 <code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
679 log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
680 specify the desired output encoding with
681 <code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
682 <div class="listingblock">
683 <div class="content">
684 <pre>[i18n]
685 logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
686 </div>
687 </div>
688 <div class="paragraph">
689 <p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
690 <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
691 </div>
692 </li>
693 </ol>
694 </div>
695 <div class="paragraph">
696 <p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
697 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
698 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
699 reversible operation.</p>
700 </div>
701 </div>
702 </div>
703 <div class="sect1">
704 <h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
705 <div class="sectionbody">
706 <div class="paragraph">
707 <p>/etc/mailname</p>
708 </div>
709 </div>
710 </div>
711 <div class="sect1">
712 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
713 <div class="sectionbody">
714 <div class="paragraph">
715 <p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
716 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p>
717 </div>
718 </div>
719 </div>
720 <div class="sect1">
721 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
722 <div class="sectionbody">
723 <div class="paragraph">
724 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
725 </div>
726 </div>
727 </div>
728 </div>
729 <div id="footer">
730 <div id="footer-text">
731 Last updated 2020-04-24 23:01:58 -0700
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733 </div>
734 </body>
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