git-replay.html

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 441 <body class="manpage">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>git-replay(1) Manual Page</h1>
 444 <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
 445 <div class="sectionbody">
 446 <p>git-replay - EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too</p>
 447 </div>
 448 </div>
 449 <div id="content">
 450 <div class="sect1">
 451 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 452 <div class="sectionbody">
 453 <div class="verseblock">
 454 <pre class="content">(EXPERIMENTAL!) <em>git replay</em> ([--contained] --onto &lt;newbase&gt; | --advance &lt;branch&gt;) &lt;revision-range&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</pre>
 455 </div>
 456 </div>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="sect1">
 459 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 460 <div class="sectionbody">
 461 <div class="paragraph">
 462 <p>Takes ranges of commits and replays them onto a new location. Leaves
 463 the working tree and the index untouched, and updates no references.
 464 The output of this command is meant to be used as input to
 465 <code>git</code> <code>update-ref</code> <code>--stdin</code>, which would update the relevant branches
 466 (see the OUTPUT section below).</p>
 467 </div>
 468 <div class="paragraph">
 469 <p>THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE.</p>
 470 </div>
 471 </div>
 472 </div>
 473 <div class="sect1">
 474 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 475 <div class="sectionbody">
 476 <div class="dlist">
 477 <dl>
 478 <dt class="hdlist1">--onto &lt;newbase&gt;</dt>
 479 <dd>
 480 <p>Starting point at which to create the new commits.  May be any
 481 valid commit, and not just an existing branch name.</p>
 482 <div class="paragraph">
 483 <p>When <code>--onto</code> is specified, the update-ref command(s) in the output will
 484 update the branch(es) in the revision range to point at the new
 485 commits, similar to the way how <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--update-refs</code> updates
 486 multiple branches in the affected range.</p>
 487 </div>
 488 </dd>
 489 <dt class="hdlist1">--advance &lt;branch&gt;</dt>
 490 <dd>
 491 <p>Starting point at which to create the new commits; must be a
 492 branch name.</p>
 493 <div class="paragraph">
 494 <p>When <code>--advance</code> is specified, the update-ref command(s) in the output
 495 will update the branch passed as an argument to <code>--advance</code> to point at
 496 the new commits (in other words, this mimics a cherry-pick operation).</p>
 497 </div>
 498 </dd>
 499 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;revision-range&gt;</dt>
 500 <dd>
 501 <p>Range of commits to replay. More than one &lt;revision-range&gt; can
 502 be passed, but in <code>--advance</code> <em>&lt;branch&gt;</em> mode, they should have
 503 a single tip, so that it&#8217;s clear where &lt;branch&gt; should point
 504 to. See "Specifying Ranges" in <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a> and the
 505 "Commit Limiting" options below.</p>
 506 </dd>
 507 </dl>
 508 </div>
 509 <div class="sect2">
 510 <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
 511 <div class="paragraph">
 512 <p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
 513 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
 514 limiting may be applied.</p>
 515 </div>
 516 <div class="paragraph">
 517 <p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
 518 <code>--since=</code><em>&lt;date1&gt;</em> limits to commits newer than <em>&lt;date1&gt;</em>, and using it
 519 with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> further limits to commits whose log message
 520 has a line that matches <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
 521 </div>
 522 <div class="paragraph">
 523 <p>Note that these are applied before commit
 524 ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
 525 </div>
 526 <div class="dlist">
 527 <dl>
 528 <dt class="hdlist1">-&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 529 <dt class="hdlist1">-n &lt;number&gt;</dt>
 530 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 531 <dd>
 532 <p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p>
 533 </dd>
 534 <dt class="hdlist1">--skip=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 535 <dd>
 536 <p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
 537 </dd>
 538 <dt class="hdlist1">--since=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 539 <dt class="hdlist1">--after=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 540 <dd>
 541 <p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p>
 542 </dd>
 543 <dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 544 <dd>
 545 <p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
 546 all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
 547 is older than a specific date.</p>
 548 </dd>
 549 <dt class="hdlist1">--until=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">--before=&lt;date&gt;</dt>
 551 <dd>
 552 <p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p>
 553 </dd>
 554 <dt class="hdlist1">--author=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 555 <dt class="hdlist1">--committer=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 556 <dd>
 557 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
 558 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
 559 expression).  With more than one <code>--author=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>,
 560 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
 561 chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>).</p>
 562 </dd>
 563 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 564 <dd>
 565 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
 566 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
 567 more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
 568 matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
 569 error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
 570 </dd>
 571 <dt class="hdlist1">--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</dt>
 572 <dd>
 573 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
 574 matches the specified pattern (regular expression).  With
 575 more than one <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>, commits whose message
 576 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
 577 <code>--all-match</code>).</p>
 578 <div class="paragraph">
 579 <p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is
 580 matched as if it were part of the log message.</p>
 581 </div>
 582 </dd>
 583 <dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt>
 584 <dd>
 585 <p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
 586 instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
 587 </dd>
 588 <dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt>
 589 <dd>
 590 <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
 591 match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=</code><em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em>.</p>
 592 </dd>
 593 <dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
 594 <dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt>
 595 <dd>
 596 <p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
 597 case.</p>
 598 </dd>
 599 <dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt>
 600 <dd>
 601 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
 602 this is the default.</p>
 603 </dd>
 604 <dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt>
 605 <dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt>
 606 <dd>
 607 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
 608 instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
 609 </dd>
 610 <dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt>
 611 <dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt>
 612 <dd>
 613 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don&#8217;t interpret
 614 pattern as a regular expression).</p>
 615 </dd>
 616 <dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
 617 <dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt>
 618 <dd>
 619 <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
 620 expressions.</p>
 621 <div class="paragraph">
 622 <p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
 623 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn&#8217;t compiled with support for them
 624 providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
 625 </div>
 626 </dd>
 627 <dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt>
 628 <dd>
 629 <p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
 630 </dd>
 631 <dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt>
 632 <dd>
 633 <p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
 634 </dd>
 635 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt>
 636 <dd>
 637 <p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
 638 exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
 639 </dd>
 640 <dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 641 <dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=&lt;number&gt;</dt>
 642 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt>
 643 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt>
 644 <dd>
 645 <p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
 646 commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
 647 <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>.  <code>--max-parents=0</code>
 648 gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
 649 <div class="paragraph">
 650 <p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
 651 again.  Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
 652 parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
 653 </div>
 654 </dd>
 655 <dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
 656 <dd>
 657 <p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
 658 parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
 659 can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
 660 a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
 661 branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
 662 from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
 663 the individual commits brought in to your history by such
 664 a merge.</p>
 665 </dd>
 666 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt>
 667 <dd>
 668 <p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
 669 the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
 670 This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
 671 from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
 672 that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
 673 </dd>
 674 <dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt>
 675 <dd>
 676 <p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
 677 for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
 678 When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
 679 through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
 680 via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
 681 not be affected by it.</p>
 682 </dd>
 683 <dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
 684 <dd>
 685 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
 686 listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 687 </dd>
 688 <dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 689 <dd>
 690 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
 691 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 692 branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
 693 <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 694 </dd>
 695 <dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 696 <dd>
 697 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
 698 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 699 tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 700 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 701 </dd>
 702 <dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=&lt;pattern&gt;]</dt>
 703 <dd>
 704 <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
 705 on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
 706 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
 707 If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 708 </dd>
 709 <dt class="hdlist1">--glob=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 710 <dd>
 711 <p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em>
 712 are listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
 713 is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
 714 or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
 715 </dd>
 716 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</dt>
 717 <dd>
 718 <p>Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
 719 <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
 720 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
 721 up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
 722 <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
 723 accumulated patterns).</p>
 724 <div class="paragraph">
 725 <p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
 726 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
 727 respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
 728 or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
 729 explicitly.</p>
 730 </div>
 731 </dd>
 732 <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]</dt>
 733 <dd>
 734 <p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
 735 <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
 736 <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
 737 configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
 738 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
 739 <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
 740 </dd>
 741 <dt class="hdlist1">--reflog</dt>
 742 <dd>
 743 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
 744 command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.</p>
 745 </dd>
 746 <dt class="hdlist1">--alternate-refs</dt>
 747 <dd>
 748 <p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
 749 repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
 750 repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
 751 in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>.  The set of included objects may
 752 be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
 753 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
 754 </dd>
 755 <dt class="hdlist1">--single-worktree</dt>
 756 <dd>
 757 <p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
 758 following options when there are more than one (see
 759 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
 760 <code>--indexed-objects</code>.
 761 This option forces them to examine the current working tree
 762 only.</p>
 763 </dd>
 764 <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-missing</dt>
 765 <dd>
 766 <p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
 767 the bad input was not given.</p>
 768 </dd>
 769 <dt class="hdlist1">--bisect</dt>
 770 <dd>
 771 <p>Pretend as if the bad bisection ref <code>refs/bisect/bad</code>
 772 was listed and as if it was followed by <code>--not</code> and the good
 773 bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-</code>* on the command
 774 line.</p>
 775 </dd>
 776 <dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
 777 <dd>
 778 <p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
 779 them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
 780 pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
 781 is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
 782 limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
 783 are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
 784 influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
 785 </dd>
 786 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-mark</dt>
 787 <dd>
 788 <p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
 789 with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
 790 </dd>
 791 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-pick</dt>
 792 <dd>
 793 <p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
 794 another commit on the &#8220;other side&#8221; when the set of
 795 commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
 796 <div class="paragraph">
 797 <p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
 798 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
 799 <code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
 800 the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
 801 cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, &#8220;3rd on b&#8221; may be
 802 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
 803 excluded from the output.</p>
 804 </div>
 805 </dd>
 806 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
 807 <dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
 808 <dd>
 809 <p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
 810 i.e. only those which would be marked &lt; resp. &gt; by
 811 <code>--left-right</code>.</p>
 812 <div class="paragraph">
 813 <p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
 814 commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
 815 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
 816 More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
 817 list.</p>
 818 </div>
 819 </dd>
 820 <dt class="hdlist1">--cherry</dt>
 821 <dd>
 822 <p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
 823 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
 824 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
 825 <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
 826 <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
 827 </dd>
 828 <dt class="hdlist1">-g</dt>
 829 <dt class="hdlist1">--walk-reflogs</dt>
 830 <dd>
 831 <p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
 832 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
 833 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
 834 exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
 835 and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
 836 <div class="paragraph">
 837 <p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
 838 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
 839 taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
 840 as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>} (where <em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
 841 reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em>} (with the <em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em> for that entry),
 842 depending on a few rules:</p>
 843 </div>
 844 <div class="openblock">
 845 <div class="content">
 846 <div class="olist arabic">
 847 <ol class="arabic">
 848 <li>
 849 <p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em>}, show the index
 850 format.</p>
 851 </li>
 852 <li>
 853 <p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
 854 timestamp format.</p>
 855 </li>
 856 <li>
 857 <p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
 858 the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
 859 </li>
 860 <li>
 861 <p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
 862 </li>
 863 </ol>
 864 </div>
 865 </div>
 866 </div>
 867 <div class="paragraph">
 868 <p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
 869 prefixed with this information on the same line.
 870 This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
 871 See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
 872 </div>
 873 <div class="paragraph">
 874 <p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
 875 </div>
 876 </dd>
 877 <dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
 878 <dd>
 879 <p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em>&lt;other&gt;</em>,
 880 where <em>&lt;other&gt;</em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
 881 <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
 882 when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
 883 relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
 884 </dd>
 885 <dt class="hdlist1">--boundary</dt>
 886 <dd>
 887 <p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
 888 prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
 889 </dd>
 890 </dl>
 891 </div>
 892 </div>
 893 <div class="sect2">
 894 <h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
 895 <div class="paragraph">
 896 <p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
 897 commits modifying a particular &lt;path&gt;. But there are two parts of
 898 <em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
 899 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
 900 </div>
 901 <div class="paragraph">
 902 <p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
 903 </div>
 904 <div class="dlist">
 905 <dl>
 906 <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;paths&gt;</dt>
 907 <dd>
 908 <p>Commits modifying the given &lt;paths&gt; are selected.</p>
 909 </dd>
 910 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-by-decoration</dt>
 911 <dd>
 912 <p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
 913 </dd>
 914 </dl>
 915 </div>
 916 <div class="paragraph">
 917 <p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
 918 </div>
 919 <div class="paragraph">
 920 <p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
 921 </div>
 922 <div class="dlist">
 923 <dl>
 924 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
 925 <dd>
 926 <p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
 927 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
 928 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
 929 with the same content)</p>
 930 </dd>
 931 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
 932 <dd>
 933 <p>Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
 934 commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
 935 TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
 936 the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.</p>
 937 </dd>
 938 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history</dt>
 939 <dd>
 940 <p>Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.</p>
 941 </dd>
 942 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
 943 <dd>
 944 <p>Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
 945 meaningful history.</p>
 946 </dd>
 947 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
 948 <dd>
 949 <p>All commits in the simplified history are shown.</p>
 950 </dd>
 951 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
 952 <dd>
 953 <p>Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
 954 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
 955 commits contributing to this merge.</p>
 956 </dd>
 957 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
 958 <dd>
 959 <p>When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>commit1..commit2</em>
 960 or <em>commit2 ^commit1</em>), only display commits in that range
 961 that are ancestors of &lt;commit&gt;, descendants of &lt;commit&gt;, or
 962 &lt;commit&gt; itself.  If no commit is specified, use <em>commit1</em> (the
 963 excluded part of the range) as &lt;commit&gt;.  Can be passed multiple
 964 times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
 965 given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.</p>
 966 </dd>
 967 </dl>
 968 </div>
 969 <div class="paragraph">
 970 <p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p>
 971 </div>
 972 <div class="paragraph">
 973 <p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the &lt;paths&gt;.  We shall call commits
 974 that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
 975 filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p>
 976 </div>
 977 <div class="paragraph">
 978 <p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
 979 illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
 980 that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p>
 981 </div>
 982 <div class="listingblock">
 983 <div class="content">
 984 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
 985          /     /   /   /   /   /
 986         I     B   C   D   E   Y
 987          \   /   /   /   /   /
 988           `-------------'   X</pre>
 989 </div>
 990 </div>
 991 <div class="paragraph">
 992 <p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
 993 each merge.  The commits are:</p>
 994 </div>
 995 <div class="ulist">
 996 <ul>
 997 <li>
 998 <p><code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
 999 &#8220;asdf&#8221;, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents &#8220;quux&#8221;. Initial
1000 commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1001 </li>
1002 <li>
1003 <p>In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just &#8220;foo&#8221;.</p>
1004 </li>
1005 <li>
1006 <p><code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>.  Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1007 hence TREESAME to all parents.</p>
1008 </li>
1009 <li>
1010 <p><code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to &#8220;foobar&#8221;,
1011 so it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1012 </li>
1013 <li>
1014 <p><code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to &#8220;baz&#8221;. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1015 <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to &#8220;foobarbaz&#8221;; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
1016 </li>
1017 <li>
1018 <p><code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to &#8220;xyzzy&#8221;, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1019 strings to &#8220;quux xyzzy&#8221;. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.</p>
1020 </li>
1021 <li>
1022 <p><code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1023 modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1024 <code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.</p>
1025 </li>
1026 </ul>
1027 </div>
1028 <div class="paragraph">
1029 <p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1030 commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
1031 (via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
1032 are available.</p>
1033 </div>
1034 <div class="dlist">
1035 <dl>
1036 <dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
1037 <dd>
1038 <p>Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1039 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).  If the
1040 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1041 only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
1042 parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
1043 parents.</p>
1044 <div class="paragraph">
1045 <p>This results in:</p>
1046 </div>
1047 <div class="listingblock">
1048 <div class="content">
1049 <pre>          .-A---N---O
1050          /     /   /
1051         I---------D</pre>
1052 </div>
1053 </div>
1054 <div class="paragraph">
1055 <p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
1056 available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely.  <code>C</code> was
1057 considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
1058 empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
1059 </div>
1060 <div class="paragraph">
1061 <p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1062 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1063 parent lines.</p>
1064 </div>
1065 </dd>
1066 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history without parent rewriting</dt>
1067 <dd>
1068 <p>This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1069 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1070 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1071 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
1072 the example, we get</p>
1073 <div class="listingblock">
1074 <div class="content">
1075 <pre>        I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q</pre>
1076 </div>
1077 </div>
1078 <div class="paragraph">
1079 <p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  <code>E</code>,
1080 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1081 do not appear.</p>
1082 </div>
1083 <div class="paragraph">
1084 <p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1085 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1086 them disconnected.</p>
1087 </div>
1088 </dd>
1089 <dt class="hdlist1">--full-history with parent rewriting</dt>
1090 <dd>
1091 <p>Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1092 (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).</p>
1093 <div class="paragraph">
1094 <p>Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
1095 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1096 themselves.  This results in</p>
1097 </div>
1098 <div class="listingblock">
1099 <div class="content">
1100 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1101          /     /   /   /   /
1102         I     B   /   D   /
1103          \   /   /   /   /
1104           `-------------'</pre>
1105 </div>
1106 </div>
1107 <div class="paragraph">
1108 <p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above.  Note that <code>E</code>
1109 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1110 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>.  The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1111 <code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p>
1112 </div>
1113 </dd>
1114 </dl>
1115 </div>
1116 <div class="paragraph">
1117 <p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
1118 affects inclusion:</p>
1119 </div>
1120 <div class="dlist">
1121 <dl>
1122 <dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
1123 <dd>
1124 <p>Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1125 to any parent.</p>
1126 </dd>
1127 <dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
1128 <dd>
1129 <p>All commits that are walked are included.</p>
1130 <div class="paragraph">
1131 <p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1132 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1133 sides of the merge are never walked.</p>
1134 </div>
1135 </dd>
1136 <dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
1137 <dd>
1138 <p>First, build a history graph in the same way that
1139 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).</p>
1140 <div class="paragraph">
1141 <p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C</code>' in the final
1142 history according to the following rules:</p>
1143 </div>
1144 <div class="openblock">
1145 <div class="content">
1146 <div class="ulist">
1147 <ul>
1148 <li>
1149 <p>Set <code>C</code>' to <code>C</code>.</p>
1150 </li>
1151 <li>
1152 <p>Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C</code>' with its simplification <code>P</code>'.  In
1153 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1154 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1155 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.</p>
1156 </li>
1157 <li>
1158 <p>If after this parent rewriting, <code>C</code>' is a root or merge commit (has
1159 zero or &gt;1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
1160 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.</p>
1161 </li>
1162 </ul>
1163 </div>
1164 </div>
1165 </div>
1166 <div class="paragraph">
1167 <p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
1168 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:</p>
1169 </div>
1170 <div class="listingblock">
1171 <div class="content">
1172 <pre>          .-A---M---N---O
1173          /     /       /
1174         I     B       D
1175          \   /       /
1176           `---------'</pre>
1177 </div>
1178 </div>
1179 <div class="paragraph">
1180 <p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p>
1181 </div>
1182 <div class="openblock">
1183 <div class="content">
1184 <div class="ulist">
1185 <ul>
1186 <li>
1187 <p><code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
1188 other parent <code>M</code>.  Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.</p>
1189 </li>
1190 <li>
1191 <p><code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed.  <code>P</code> was then
1192 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1193 </li>
1194 <li>
1195 <p><code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1196 was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
1197 parent and is TREESAME.</p>
1198 </li>
1199 </ul>
1200 </div>
1201 </div>
1202 </div>
1203 </dd>
1204 </dl>
1205 </div>
1206 <div class="paragraph">
1207 <p>There is another simplification mode available:</p>
1208 </div>
1209 <div class="dlist">
1210 <dl>
1211 <dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]</dt>
1212 <dd>
1213 <p>Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1214 &lt;commit&gt;, or which are a descendant of &lt;commit&gt;, or are &lt;commit&gt;
1215 itself.</p>
1216 <div class="paragraph">
1217 <p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p>
1218 </div>
1219 <div class="listingblock">
1220 <div class="content">
1221 <pre>            D---E-------F
1222            /     \       \
1223           B---C---G---H---I---J
1224          /                     \
1225         A-------K---------------L--M</pre>
1226 </div>
1227 </div>
1228 <div class="paragraph">
1229 <p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1230 but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
1231 what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
1232 that &#8220;what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>&#8221;. The result in this
1233 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1234 of course).</p>
1235 </div>
1236 <div class="paragraph">
1237 <p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1238 bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
1239 only the subset of <em>D..M</em> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
1240 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1241 option does. Applied to the <em>D..M</em> range, it results in:</p>
1242 </div>
1243 <div class="listingblock">
1244 <div class="content">
1245 <pre>                E-------F
1246                  \       \
1247                   G---H---I---J
1248                                \
1249                                 L--M</pre>
1250 </div>
1251 </div>
1252 <div class="paragraph">
1253 <p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1254 means the same thing when applied to the <em>D..M</em> range but is just more
1255 explicit.</p>
1256 </div>
1257 <div class="paragraph">
1258 <p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1259 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1260 <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
1261 <code>--ancestry-path=H</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> for example would result in:</p>
1262 </div>
1263 <div class="listingblock">
1264 <div class="content">
1265 <pre>                E
1266                  \
1267                   G---H---I---J
1268                                \
1269                                 L--M</pre>
1270 </div>
1271 </div>
1272 <div class="paragraph">
1273 <p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> would result in</p>
1274 </div>
1275 <div class="listingblock">
1276 <div class="content">
1277 <pre>                K---------------L--M</pre>
1278 </div>
1279 </div>
1280 </dd>
1281 </dl>
1282 </div>
1283 <div class="paragraph">
1284 <p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1285 create a new example history.</p>
1286 </div>
1287 <div class="paragraph">
1288 <p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1289 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file&#8217;s
1290 simplified history. Let&#8217;s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1291 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p>
1292 </div>
1293 <div class="listingblock">
1294 <div class="content">
1295 <pre>          .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1296          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1297         I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
1298          \   /     \/         /
1299           \ /      /\        /
1300            `---X--'  `---Y--'</pre>
1301 </div>
1302 </div>
1303 <div class="paragraph">
1304 <p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1305 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1306 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1307 resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
1308 and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
1309 created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
1310 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1311 <code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
1312 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1313 The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
1314 not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p>
1315 </div>
1316 <div class="paragraph">
1317 <p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1318 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1319 graph is:</p>
1320 </div>
1321 <div class="listingblock">
1322 <div class="content">
1323 <pre>        I---X</pre>
1324 </div>
1325 </div>
1326 <div class="paragraph">
1327 <p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1328 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1329 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p>
1330 </div>
1331 <div class="listingblock">
1332 <div class="content">
1333 <pre>          .-A---M--------N---O---P
1334          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1335         I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
1336          \   /     \/         /
1337           \ /      /\        /
1338            `---X--'  `------'</pre>
1339 </div>
1340 </div>
1341 <div class="paragraph">
1342 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1343 not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
1344 that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
1345 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1346 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1347 unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p>
1348 </div>
1349 <div class="paragraph">
1350 <p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1351 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1352 of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
1353 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1354 TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
1355 in a history view as follows:</p>
1356 </div>
1357 <div class="listingblock">
1358 <div class="content">
1359 <pre>          .-A---M--.
1360          /     /    \
1361         I     B      R
1362          \   /      /
1363           \ /      /
1364            `---X--'</pre>
1365 </div>
1366 </div>
1367 <div class="paragraph">
1368 <p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
1369 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1370 not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
1371 to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
1372 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p>
1373 </div>
1374 <div class="paragraph">
1375 <p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
1376 <code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
1377 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1378 use for very large repositories.</p>
1379 </div>
1380 <div class="paragraph">
1381 <p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1382 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1383 a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
1384 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1385 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1386 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1387 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1388 commit message.</p>
1389 </div>
1390 <div class="dlist">
1391 <dl>
1392 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
1393 <dd>
1394 <p>In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1395 each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1396 is TREESAME to a later parent.</p>
1397 <div class="paragraph">
1398 <p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1399 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1400 <code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
1401 graph is:</p>
1402 </div>
1403 <div class="listingblock">
1404 <div class="content">
1405 <pre>        I---X---R---N</pre>
1406 </div>
1407 </div>
1408 <div class="paragraph">
1409 <p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1410 the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
1411 merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
1412 default history.</p>
1413 </div>
1414 <div class="paragraph">
1415 <p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1416 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p>
1417 </div>
1418 <div class="listingblock">
1419 <div class="content">
1420 <pre>          .-A---M--.   N
1421          /     /    \ /
1422         I     B      R
1423          \   /      /
1424           \ /      /
1425            `---X--'</pre>
1426 </div>
1427 </div>
1428 <div class="paragraph">
1429 <p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
1430 was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
1431 important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
1432 branch.</p>
1433 </div>
1434 </dd>
1435 </dl>
1436 </div>
1437 <div class="paragraph">
1438 <p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
1439 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
1440 that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
1441 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
1442 above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
1443 contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
1444 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p>
1445 </div>
1446 </div>
1447 <div class="sect2">
1448 <h3 id="_commit_ordering">Commit Ordering</h3>
1449 <div class="paragraph">
1450 <p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p>
1451 </div>
1452 <div class="dlist">
1453 <dl>
1454 <dt class="hdlist1">--date-order</dt>
1455 <dd>
1456 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
1457 otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.</p>
1458 </dd>
1459 <dt class="hdlist1">--author-date-order</dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
1462 otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.</p>
1463 </dd>
1464 <dt class="hdlist1">--topo-order</dt>
1465 <dd>
1466 <p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
1467 avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
1468 intermixed.</p>
1469 <div class="paragraph">
1470 <p>For example, in a commit history like this:</p>
1471 </div>
1472 <div class="listingblock">
1473 <div class="content">
1474 <pre>    ---1----2----4----7
1475         \              \
1476          3----5----6----8---</pre>
1477 </div>
1478 </div>
1479 <div class="paragraph">
1480 <p>where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, <code>git</code>
1481 <code>rev-list</code> and friends with <code>--date-order</code> show the commits in the
1482 timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.</p>
1483 </div>
1484 <div class="paragraph">
1485 <p>With <code>--topo-order</code>, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
1486 3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
1487 avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
1488 together.</p>
1489 </div>
1490 </dd>
1491 <dt class="hdlist1">--reverse</dt>
1492 <dd>
1493 <p>Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
1494 section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
1495 <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
1496 </dd>
1497 </dl>
1498 </div>
1499 </div>
1500 <div class="sect2">
1501 <h3 id="_object_traversal">Object Traversal</h3>
1502 <div class="paragraph">
1503 <p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.</p>
1504 </div>
1505 <div class="dlist">
1506 <dl>
1507 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]</dt>
1508 <dd>
1509 <p>Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
1510 This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
1511 <code>unsorted</code> is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
1512 given on the command line. Otherwise (if <code>sorted</code> or no argument
1513 was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
1514 by commit time.
1515 Cannot be combined with <code>--graph</code>.</p>
1516 </dd>
1517 <dt class="hdlist1">--do-walk</dt>
1518 <dd>
1519 <p>Overrides a previous <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
1520 </dd>
1521 </dl>
1522 </div>
1523 </div>
1524 <div class="sect2">
1525 <h3 id="_commit_formatting">Commit Formatting</h3>
1526 <div class="dlist">
1527 <dl>
1528 <dt class="hdlist1">--pretty[=&lt;format&gt;]</dt>
1529 <dt class="hdlist1">--format=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
1530 <dd>
1531 <p>Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
1532 where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
1533 <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>
1534 and <em>tformat:&lt;string&gt;</em>.  When <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> is none of the above,
1535 and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
1536 <em>--pretty=tformat:&lt;format&gt;</em> were given.</p>
1537 <div class="paragraph">
1538 <p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
1539 format.  When <em>=&lt;format&gt;</em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p>
1540 </div>
1541 <div class="paragraph">
1542 <p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
1543 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
1544 </div>
1545 </dd>
1546 <dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev-commit</dt>
1547 <dd>
1548 <p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
1549 name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
1550 "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed)
1551 option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.</p>
1552 <div class="paragraph">
1553 <p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
1554 people using 80-column terminals.</p>
1555 </div>
1556 </dd>
1557 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-abbrev-commit</dt>
1558 <dd>
1559 <p>Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
1560 <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
1561 as "--oneline". It also overrides the <code>log.abbrevCommit</code> variable.</p>
1562 </dd>
1563 <dt class="hdlist1">--oneline</dt>
1564 <dd>
1565 <p>This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
1566 used together.</p>
1567 </dd>
1568 <dt class="hdlist1">--encoding=&lt;encoding&gt;</dt>
1569 <dd>
1570 <p>Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
1571 in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
1572 command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
1573 preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
1574 defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
1575 in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
1576 verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
1577 commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
1578 to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
1579 object verbatim.</p>
1580 </dd>
1581 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs=&lt;n&gt;</dt>
1582 <dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs</dt>
1583 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-expand-tabs</dt>
1584 <dd>
1585 <p>Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
1586 to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>)
1587 in the log message before showing it in the output.
1588 <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
1589 <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
1590 which disables tab expansion.</p>
1591 <div class="paragraph">
1592 <p>By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
1593 message by 4 spaces (i.e.  <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
1594 and <em>fuller</em>).</p>
1595 </div>
1596 </dd>
1597 <dt class="hdlist1">--notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]</dt>
1598 <dd>
1599 <p>Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
1600 commit, when showing the commit log message.  This is the default
1601 for <code>git</code> <code>log</code>, <code>git</code> <code>show</code> and <code>git</code> <code>whatchanged</code> commands when
1602 there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code>, or <code>--oneline</code> option given
1603 on the command line.</p>
1604 <div class="paragraph">
1605 <p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
1606 <code>core.notesRef</code> and <code>notes.displayRef</code> variables (or corresponding
1607 environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p>
1608 </div>
1609 <div class="paragraph">
1610 <p>With an optional <em>&lt;ref&gt;</em> argument, use the ref to find the notes
1611 to display.  The ref can specify the full refname when it begins
1612 with <code>refs/notes/</code>; when it begins with <code>notes/</code>, <code>refs/</code> and otherwise
1613 <code>refs/notes/</code> is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.</p>
1614 </div>
1615 <div class="paragraph">
1616 <p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
1617 being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
1618 "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
1619 "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p>
1620 </div>
1621 </dd>
1622 <dt class="hdlist1">--no-notes</dt>
1623 <dd>
1624 <p>Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
1625 resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
1626 Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
1627 "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
1628 from "refs/notes/bar".</p>
1629 </dd>
1630 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes-by-default</dt>
1631 <dd>
1632 <p>Show the default notes unless options for displaying specific
1633 notes are given.</p>
1634 </dd>
1635 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]</dt>
1636 <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]standard-notes</dt>
1637 <dd>
1638 <p>These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
1639 options instead.</p>
1640 </dd>
1641 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-signature</dt>
1642 <dd>
1643 <p>Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
1644 to <code>gpg</code> <code>--verify</code> and show the output.</p>
1645 </dd>
1646 <dt class="hdlist1">--relative-date</dt>
1647 <dd>
1648 <p>Synonym for <code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
1649 </dd>
1650 <dt class="hdlist1">--date=&lt;format&gt;</dt>
1651 <dd>
1652 <p>Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
1653 as when using <code>--pretty</code>. <code>log.date</code> config variable sets a default
1654 value for the log command&#8217;s <code>--date</code> option. By default, dates
1655 are shown in the original time zone (either committer&#8217;s or
1656 author&#8217;s). If <code>-local</code> is appended to the format (e.g.,
1657 <code>iso-local</code>), the user&#8217;s local time zone is used instead.</p>
1658 <div class="openblock">
1659 <div class="content">
1660 <div class="paragraph">
1661 <p><code>--date=relative</code> shows dates relative to the current time,
1662 e.g. &#8220;2 hours ago&#8221;. The <code>-local</code> option has no effect for
1663 <code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
1664 </div>
1665 <div class="paragraph">
1666 <p><code>--date=local</code> is an alias for <code>--date=default-local</code>.</p>
1667 </div>
1668 <div class="paragraph">
1669 <p><code>--date=iso</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601</code>) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
1670 The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:</p>
1671 </div>
1672 <div class="ulist">
1673 <ul>
1674 <li>
1675 <p>a space instead of the <code>T</code> date/time delimiter</p>
1676 </li>
1677 <li>
1678 <p>a space between time and time zone</p>
1679 </li>
1680 <li>
1681 <p>no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone</p>
1682 </li>
1683 </ul>
1684 </div>
1685 <div class="paragraph">
1686 <p><code>--date=iso-strict</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601-strict</code>) shows timestamps in strict
1687 ISO 8601 format.</p>
1688 </div>
1689 <div class="paragraph">
1690 <p><code>--date=rfc</code> (or <code>--date=rfc2822</code>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
1691 format, often found in email messages.</p>
1692 </div>
1693 <div class="paragraph">
1694 <p><code>--date=short</code> shows only the date, but not the time, in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format.</p>
1695 </div>
1696 <div class="paragraph">
1697 <p><code>--date=raw</code> shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
1698 00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
1699 from UTC (a <code>+</code> or <code>-</code> with four digits; the first two are hours, and
1700 the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
1701 with <code>strftime</code>("%s %z")).
1702 Note that the <code>-local</code> option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
1703 value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
1704 timezone value.</p>
1705 </div>
1706 <div class="paragraph">
1707 <p><code>--date=human</code> shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
1708 current time-zone, and doesn&#8217;t print the whole date if that matches
1709 (ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also skip
1710 the whole date itself if it&#8217;s in the last few days and we can just say
1711 what weekday it was).  For older dates the hour and minute is also
1712 omitted.</p>
1713 </div>
1714 <div class="paragraph">
1715 <p><code>--date=unix</code> shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
1716 1970).  As with <code>--raw</code>, this is always in UTC and therefore <code>-local</code>
1717 has no effect.</p>
1718 </div>
1719 <div class="paragraph">
1720 <p><code>--date=format:..</code>. feeds the format ... to your system <code>strftime</code>,
1721 except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
1722 Use <code>--date=format:</code>%c to show the date in your system locale&#8217;s
1723 preferred format.  See the <code>strftime</code> manual for a complete list of
1724 format placeholders. When using <code>-local</code>, the correct syntax is
1725 <code>--date=format-local:..</code>..</p>
1726 </div>
1727 <div class="paragraph">
1728 <p><code>--date=default</code> is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
1729 output.  It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
1730 three-letter month, day-of-month, hour-minute-seconds in "HH:MM:SS"
1731 format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
1732 the local time zone is used, e.g. <code>Thu</code> <code>Jan</code> <code>1</code> <code>00:00:00</code> <code>1970</code> <code>+0000</code>.</p>
1733 </div>
1734 </div>
1735 </div>
1736 </dd>
1737 <dt class="hdlist1">--parents</dt>
1738 <dd>
1739 <p>Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent&#8230;&#8203;").
1740 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
1741 </dd>
1742 <dt class="hdlist1">--children</dt>
1743 <dd>
1744 <p>Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child&#8230;&#8203;").
1745 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
1746 </dd>
1747 <dt class="hdlist1">--left-right</dt>
1748 <dd>
1749 <p>Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
1750 Commits from the left side are prefixed with &lt; and those from
1751 the right with &gt;.  If combined with <code>--boundary</code>, those
1752 commits are prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
1753 <div class="paragraph">
1754 <p>For example, if you have this topology:</p>
1755 </div>
1756 <div class="listingblock">
1757 <div class="content">
1758 <pre>             y---b---b  branch B
1759             / \ /
1760            /   .
1761           /   / \
1762          o---x---a---a  branch A</pre>
1763 </div>
1764 </div>
1765 <div class="paragraph">
1766 <p>you would get an output like this:</p>
1767 </div>
1768 <div class="listingblock">
1769 <div class="content">
1770 <pre>        $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
1771
1772         &gt;bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
1773         &gt;bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
1774         &lt;aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
1775         &lt;aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
1776         -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
1777         -xxxxxxx... 1st on a</pre>
1778 </div>
1779 </div>
1780 </dd>
1781 <dt class="hdlist1">--graph</dt>
1782 <dd>
1783 <p>Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
1784 on the left hand side of the output.  This may cause extra lines
1785 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
1786 to be drawn properly.
1787 Cannot be combined with <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
1788 <div class="paragraph">
1789 <p>This enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
1790 </div>
1791 <div class="paragraph">
1792 <p>This implies the <code>--topo-order</code> option by default, but the
1793 <code>--date-order</code> option may also be specified.</p>
1794 </div>
1795 </dd>
1796 <dt class="hdlist1">--show-linear-break[=&lt;barrier&gt;]</dt>
1797 <dd>
1798 <p>When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
1799 which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
1800 do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
1801 in between them in that case. If <em>&lt;barrier&gt;</em> is specified, it
1802 is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.</p>
1803 </dd>
1804 </dl>
1805 </div>
1806 </div>
1807 </div>
1808 </div>
1809 <div class="sect1">
1810 <h2 id="_output">OUTPUT</h2>
1811 <div class="sectionbody">
1812 <div class="paragraph">
1813 <p>When there are no conflicts, the output of this command is usable as
1814 input to <code>git</code> <code>update-ref</code> <code>--stdin</code>.  It is of the form:</p>
1815 </div>
1816 <div class="literalblock">
1817 <div class="content">
1818 <pre>update refs/heads/branch1 ${NEW_branch1_HASH} ${OLD_branch1_HASH}
1819 update refs/heads/branch2 ${NEW_branch2_HASH} ${OLD_branch2_HASH}
1820 update refs/heads/branch3 ${NEW_branch3_HASH} ${OLD_branch3_HASH}</pre>
1821 </div>
1822 </div>
1823 <div class="paragraph">
1824 <p>where the number of refs updated depends on the arguments passed and
1825 the shape of the history being replayed.  When using <code>--advance</code>, the
1826 number of refs updated is always one, but for <code>--onto</code>, it can be one
1827 or more (rebasing multiple branches simultaneously is supported).</p>
1828 </div>
1829 </div>
1830 </div>
1831 <div class="sect1">
1832 <h2 id="_exit_status">EXIT STATUS</h2>
1833 <div class="sectionbody">
1834 <div class="paragraph">
1835 <p>For a successful, non-conflicted replay, the exit status is 0.  When
1836 the replay has conflicts, the exit status is 1.  If the replay is not
1837 able to complete (or start) due to some kind of error, the exit status
1838 is something other than 0 or 1.</p>
1839 </div>
1840 </div>
1841 </div>
1842 <div class="sect1">
1843 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
1844 <div class="sectionbody">
1845 <div class="paragraph">
1846 <p>To simply rebase <code>mybranch</code> onto <code>target</code>:</p>
1847 </div>
1848 <div class="listingblock">
1849 <div class="content">
1850 <pre>$ git replay --onto target origin/main..mybranch
1851 update refs/heads/mybranch ${NEW_mybranch_HASH} ${OLD_mybranch_HASH}</pre>
1852 </div>
1853 </div>
1854 <div class="paragraph">
1855 <p>To cherry-pick the commits from mybranch onto target:</p>
1856 </div>
1857 <div class="listingblock">
1858 <div class="content">
1859 <pre>$ git replay --advance target origin/main..mybranch
1860 update refs/heads/target ${NEW_target_HASH} ${OLD_target_HASH}</pre>
1861 </div>
1862 </div>
1863 <div class="paragraph">
1864 <p>Note that the first two examples replay the exact same commits and on
1865 top of the exact same new base, they only differ in that the first
1866 provides instructions to make mybranch point at the new commits and
1867 the second provides instructions to make target point at them.</p>
1868 </div>
1869 <div class="paragraph">
1870 <p>What if you have a stack of branches, one depending upon another, and
1871 you&#8217;d really like to rebase the whole set?</p>
1872 </div>
1873 <div class="listingblock">
1874 <div class="content">
1875 <pre>$ git replay --contained --onto origin/main origin/main..tipbranch
1876 update refs/heads/branch1 ${NEW_branch1_HASH} ${OLD_branch1_HASH}
1877 update refs/heads/branch2 ${NEW_branch2_HASH} ${OLD_branch2_HASH}
1878 update refs/heads/tipbranch ${NEW_tipbranch_HASH} ${OLD_tipbranch_HASH}</pre>
1879 </div>
1880 </div>
1881 <div class="paragraph">
1882 <p>When calling <code>git</code> <code>replay</code>, one does not need to specify a range of
1883 commits to replay using the syntax <code>A</code><code>..</code><code>B</code>; any range expression will
1884 do:</p>
1885 </div>
1886 <div class="listingblock">
1887 <div class="content">
1888 <pre>$ git replay --onto origin/main ^base branch1 branch2 branch3
1889 update refs/heads/branch1 ${NEW_branch1_HASH} ${OLD_branch1_HASH}
1890 update refs/heads/branch2 ${NEW_branch2_HASH} ${OLD_branch2_HASH}
1891 update refs/heads/branch3 ${NEW_branch3_HASH} ${OLD_branch3_HASH}</pre>
1892 </div>
1893 </div>
1894 <div class="paragraph">
1895 <p>This will simultaneously rebase <code>branch1</code>, <code>branch2</code>, and <code>branch3</code>,
1896 all commits they have since <code>base</code>, playing them on top of
1897 <code>origin/main</code>. These three branches may have commits on top of <code>base</code>
1898 that they have in common, but that does not need to be the case.</p>
1899 </div>
1900 </div>
1901 </div>
1902 <div class="sect1">
1903 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1904 <div class="sectionbody">
1905 <div class="paragraph">
1906 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
1907 </div>
1908 </div>
1909 </div>
1910 </div>
1911 <div id="footer">
1912 <div id="footer-text">
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